sarah kenyon agronomy specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 2: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plant Growth or Yield
Quality
Putting it Together
![Page 3: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Plant Growth or Yield
![Page 4: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sun
CO2
H2O
O2
CHO
Mineral Nutrients
![Page 5: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
9 Macronutrient elements:
C H O N K P Ca Mg S
8 Micronutrient elements:
Mn Zn Cu Cl B Fe Mo Ni
Some other elements that are beneficial:
Na Si V Co Al
![Page 7: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Grass Anatomy
Iowa State University Extension PM 1791
![Page 8: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Tillers
Initially, tillers depend on carbohydrates developed the previous fall. Then as leaf area explodes with additional tillers, new sugars are made
![Page 9: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Legume Anatomy
Iowa State University Extension PM 1791
![Page 10: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3 primary stages of forage development
1. Vegetative
![Page 11: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tillers emerge from buds in the crown
Tiller growth uses stored carbohydrates
Plants begin making new sugars
Most new sugars supplement carbohydrates to help growth
Very little if any is put into storage
![Page 12: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Leaves get longer
New tillers grow from buds, tillers branch
More leaf area speeds up photosynthesis
Some new sugars continue to be used in growth
Some new sugars stored as carbohydrates
![Page 13: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3 primary stages of forage development
1. Vegetative
2. Elongation/Jointing
![Page 14: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Leaf growth slows down
Photosynthesis continues making sugars
Most new sugars stored as carbohydrates
Reproductive tillers begin to elongate
![Page 15: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3 primary stages of forage development
1. Vegetative
2. Elongation/Jointing
3. Reproductive
![Page 16: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Leaf growth stops, formation of stems and reproductive structures
Photosynthesis continues making sugars
Most new sugars used for seed production
Little stored carbohydrates used for seed development
![Page 17: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Perennial ◦ Production of Seeds
◦ Vegetative
Tillers
Rhizomes
Annual ◦ Production of Seeds
![Page 18: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Iowa State University Extension PM 1791
![Page 19: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
3 primary stages of forage development
1. Vegetative
2. Elongation/Jointing
3. Reproductive
![Page 20: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
In Tall Fescue – growing point are not removed
In Tall Fescue – residual stubble contains chloroplasts
In Alfalfa – many auxiliary buds (growing points) are removed
In Alfalfa – most chloroplasts are gone
![Page 23: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
In both plants – regrowth seen in light green
In Tall Fescue – regrowth from intact growing points
In Tall Fescue – regrowth uses some stored carbohydrates
In Alfalfa – regrowth from basal buds
In Alfalfa – regrowth uses most stored carbohydrates
![Page 24: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dry Matter Yield at Various Cutting Heights
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Per. Ryegrass Tall Fescue
Species
Dry
Matt
er
Yie
ld (
lb/a
cre
)
1 inch
2 inches
3 inches
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches
![Page 25: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
% Leaf Removed
% Root Growth Stopped
10 0
20 0
30 0
40 0
50 2 to 4
60 50
70 78
80 100
90 100
Stops root growth 12 days
Stops root growth 18 days
To remain healthy,
30% of grass root
systems must be
replaced annually.
![Page 27: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dry Matter Yield at Various Cutting Heights
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Per. Ryegrass Tall Fescue
Species
Dry
Matt
er
Yie
ld (
lb/a
cre
)
1 inch
2 inches
3 inches
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches
Overgrazing is removing too much of the canopy too often
![Page 28: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cool Season Grasses ◦ Tall Fescue
◦ Orchardgrass
Warm Season Grasses ◦ Native Grasses
◦ Bermudagrass
Annuals ◦ Pearl Millett
◦ Winter Wheat
![Page 29: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Take Half / Leave Half Residual
![Page 32: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Allows plant to recover completely after grazing ◦ Recovery of shoots and roots
Allows for plant and stand persistence
![Page 33: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
During grazing periods: control stubble height • Keep growing points
• Provide for good photosynthesis
• Keep roots growing
Between grazing periods: schedule rest periods • Allows for photosynthesis
• Allows leaves to regrow
• Vegetative reproduction can occur
![Page 34: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Short-lived perennials reseed ◦ Red Clover
Annuals reseed ◦ Annual Lespedeza, Crabgrass
Grasses are given the chance to spread ◦ Bermudagrass
Plants are allowed to thicken naturally by reseeding
![Page 35: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
www.agriseed.co.nz
![Page 36: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Incorporates a grazing strategy and rest periods ◦ Quality & quantity increases
◦ Enhanced forage utilization
◦ Persistence increases
![Page 37: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Quality
![Page 38: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Working definition:
“high protein, low fiber”
Measured Components
• Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) = cellulose & lignin
• Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) =
total cell walls =
cellulose, lignin & hemicellulose
• Nitrogen
• Minerals
• Antiquality
Calculated Components
• Net Energy (NE) calculated from ADF
• Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) calculated from ADF
• Digestible Dry Matter (DDM) calculated from ADF
• Dry Matter Intake (DMI) calculated from NDF
• Relative Feed Value (RFV)
calculated from NDF & ADF
• Crude Protein (CP) calculated from Nitrogen
![Page 39: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1. Maturity
CP = 13 – 14% CP = 5 - 6%
The sharpest decrease in quality occurs during the reproductive phase. During this growth phase plants lose quality by the hour!
![Page 40: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
What is the boot stage?
![Page 42: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Changes in botanical composition and forage quality of forage groups at different maturity stages.
Forage Group Leaves CP NDF
------------------------% DM-----------------------
Grasses
Vegetative > 50 > 18 < 55
Boot 40 - 50 13 - 18 55 - 60
Heading 30 - 40 8 - 12 61 - 65
Mature 20 - 30 < 8 > 65
Legumes
Vegetative 40 - 50 > 19 < 40
Bud 35 - 45 17 - 19 40 - 46
Early Flower 25 - 40 13 - 16 47 - 51
Late Flower < 30 < 13 > 51
Source: Schroeder, 1996
![Page 43: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
•When 4th leaf emerges, the first leaf begins to die •Most grasses will have no more than 3 live leaves any point in time •Pasture quality begins to decline and is wasted
The 3 to 3½ leaf stage is the optimum stage for grazing
![Page 44: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
www.agriseed.co.nz
![Page 45: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Iowa State University Extension PM 1791
![Page 46: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
1st bite: leaves with low fiber
2nd bite
3rd bite: stems with high fiber
1. Maturity 2. Plant Part
![Page 47: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
1st bite: leaves low fiber 27.4 38.5 0.79
2nd bite 22.9 44.6 0.76
3rd bite: stems high fiber 14.0 60.0 0.67
CP NDF NeL
![Page 49: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Crude Protein Content of Pastures
12-Paddock Rotation
![Page 50: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Variation in Milk Production Between Pastures
![Page 51: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dry Matter Yield at Various Cutting Heights
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Per. Ryegrass Tall Fescue
Species
Dry
Matt
er
Yie
ld (
lb/a
cre
)
1 inch
2 inches
3 inches
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches
![Page 52: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Dry Matter Yield at Various Cutting Heights
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Per. Ryegrass Tall Fescue
Species
Dry
Matt
er
Yie
ld (
lb/a
cre
)
1 inch
2 inches
3 inches
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches
![Page 54: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
1. Maturity 2. Plant Part 3. Species
![Page 55: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Annual & Perennial
Cool-Season & Warm-Season
Grasses & Legumes
Forbs & Browse
![Page 56: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Palatability of Cool-Season Forage Grasses – Univ. of Wisconsin
Specie Variety Palatability*
Orchardgrass TAKENA 4.3
Timothy CLIMAX 4.3
Perennial Ryegrass KEMAL 4.2
Orchardgrass BARIDANA 4.0
Orchardgrass DAWN 4.0
Perennial Ryegrass ANACONDA 4.0
Smooth bromegrass BLIZZARD 3.8
Orchardgrass BENCHMARK 3.7
Timothy DOLINA 3.7
Orchardgrass HAYMATE 3.5
Orchardgrass WARRIOR 3.0
Smooth bromegrass ALPHA 2.3
Tall fescue KY 31 1.4
Tall fescue BRONSON 1.2
Tall fescue SEINE 0.6
*Palatability rating 0=0% grazed, 1=20%, 2=40%, 3=60%, 4=80%, 5=100% grazed. Palatability of grasses under grazing is determined by visual estimation of percent defoliation of plots. The visual determination is made midway during mob grazing by beef cows of the grass plots for yield determination.
![Page 57: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
1. Maturity 2. Plant Part 3. Species 4. Anti-quality Factors
![Page 58: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Nutrient Deficiency ◦ Grass Tetany
Weeds
Poison Compounds ◦ Nitrate Poisoning
◦ Prussic Acid
Bloat
Fescue Toxicosis
![Page 59: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Early spring production Medium to high yield Excellent persistence Good tolerance to: ◦ Poor drainage ◦ Low soil fertility ◦ Drought ◦ Heat stress ◦ Cold temperatures ◦ Insects ◦ Nematodes
![Page 60: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Fungus found in stem, leaf sheaths & seed
Increases progressively season long
Minimized in young growth
Cannot survive outside of the plant host
Roberts and Andrae, 2004
![Page 61: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
www.agricom.co.nz
![Page 62: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◦ Plant providses habitat and nutrition for the
endophyte
◦ Endophyte (fungus) provides plant with multiple benefits
Drought Tolerance
Insect Resistance
Increase Nutrient Acquisition
Grazing Tolerance
Others
![Page 63: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Produces alkaloids which confer pasture pest resistance but can also cause animal health problems ◦ Peramine
◦ Lolines
◦ Ergovaline
![Page 64: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Medicinal Alkaloids ◦ Morphine, quinine, atropine, vincristine
Addictive Alkaloids ◦ Cocaine, heroin, caffeine, nicotine
Very toxic in small amounts ◦ Strychnine, coniine
![Page 65: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Lower conception rates
Reduced milk production
Reduced feed intake
Rough hair coat
Increased core body temperature in summer (leads to heat stress)
Frozen nose, ears, tails, etc (in winter)
Fescue foot
![Page 66: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
US beef industry over $600 million annually
Missouri beef industry over $160 million annually
All US livestock sectors over $1 billion (Roberts and Andrae, 2010)
![Page 67: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Test < 20% = Low Infection
> 55% = High Infection
![Page 68: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
(West, 1998)
Endophyte generally necessary for
persistence south of this line
![Page 69: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Bouton et al., 2002 www.noble.org
![Page 70: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Non-toxic endophytes (Novel or Friendly) ◦ Retain persistent qualities
◦ Animal performance similar to E-
Available Varieties: ◦ Jesup Tall Fescue with MaxQ
◦ Advance with AR37
◦ Bar-Optima with E34
◦ Others
AR4 E- E+ Location Average Daily Gain (lb) Fayetteville, AR 1.43 1.55 0.93 Mt. Vernon, MO 1.21 1.21 0.55
West et al., 1998
![Page 71: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Roberts and Andrae, 2004
![Page 72: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
1. Maturity 2. Plant Part 3. Species 4. Anti-quality Factors
![Page 73: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Plant Growth or Yield
Quality
Putting it Together
![Page 74: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Monitor forage before, during and after the grazing event ◦ Determines forage
availability for livestock
◦ Identifies which paddocks to graze, rest, and cut for hay
◦ Helps to prevent overgrazing
◦ Helps to identify weak pasture stands
![Page 76: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Monitor pastures at least twice a month ◦ Weekly is better
Walking is better than driving
![Page 77: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Forage available for livestock in KNOWN
Able to construct pasture budgets and establish paddock rotations
Able to Adjust: ◦ Forage Allocation
◦ Number of Cattle in Paddock
◦ Number of Days for Grazing
![Page 78: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Write down pasture measurements and management decisions ◦ Rest Periods
◦ Number of Cattle on Pasture/ Days Cattle are on Pasture
◦ Forage Demand
◦ Paddock Rotation Schedule
◦ Many More
![Page 79: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Write down pasture measurements and management decisions
![Page 80: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Grazing Wedge ◦ http://plantsci.missouri.edu/grazingwedge/
![Page 82: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Ranchers should adopt the philosophy that pasture production is their business.
Therefore, the health of the pastures is the most important aspect of ranching.
![Page 84: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
THANK YOU!
![Page 85: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Observe pasture growth regularly ◦ Yield
◦ Stand Density and Health
◦ Over time can help to identify:
Low producing paddocks
Need to weed control
Management strengths and weaknesses
![Page 87: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Allow adequate rest between grazing for plant recovery
Begin Grazing at the 3 – 3 ½ leaf stage Harvest hay during the boot stage Manage stands for improved pasture quality
Keep pasture records!!!
![Page 88: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Questions?
![Page 89: Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 …extension.missouri.edu/ozark/documents/2014... · Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu . Plant Growth](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062506/5f027d817e708231d4048553/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)