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Dr. Harish Kakrani & Purvi KakraniDr. Harish Kakrani & Purvi Kakrani 11

SAPONINSSAPONINS

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Introduction to SaponinsIntroduction to Saponins

SaponinsSaponins plant constituent which bring aboutplant constituent which bring aboutfrothing in an aqueous solutionfrothing in an aqueous solution. Historically. Historicallyused for their detergent properties.used for their detergent properties.

Saponins =Saponins = glycosidesglycosides

Saponins haveSaponins have haemolytichaemolytic propertiesproperties whenwheninjected into the blood stream are highlyinjected into the blood stream are highly toxictoxic(used as an arrow poisons).(used as an arrow poisons).

When taken orally, saponins are harmless.When taken orally, saponins are harmless.

2 Types of saponins are recognized2 Types of saponins are recognized

pentacyclic triterpenoidpentacyclic triterpenoid andand steroidal types.steroidal types.

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Saponins = GlycosidesSaponins = GlycosidesThereforeTherefore hydrolyzedhydrolyzed (by acids) to give an(by acids) to give an aglyconeaglycone andand

different sugars related to uronic acids.different sugars related to uronic acids.

Aglycone calledAglycone called sapogenin (insoluble in water).sapogenin (insoluble in water).

Structure of the sapogeninStructure of the sapogenin (aglycone) determines the(aglycone) determines thetype of saponintype of saponin

((steroidal or tetracyclicsteroidal or tetracyclic triterpenoidtriterpenoid andand pentacyclicpentacyclictypes).types).

Both types of glycosides have a glycosidal linkage at CBoth types of glycosides have a glycosidal linkage at C--3.3.

Both types of saponins have aBoth types of saponins have a common biogenic origincommon biogenic originmevalonic acid and iso renoid unitsmevalonic acid and iso renoid units

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Pentacyclic Triterpenoid SaponinsPentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins

Rare in monocotyledons, but abundant inRare in monocotyledons, but abundant in

dicotyledons.dicotyledons.

Sapogenin is attached to a chain of sugarSapogenin is attached to a chain of sugar

or uronic acid units (or both) often in theor uronic acid units (or both) often in the

CC--3 position.3 position.

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Steroidal SaponinsSteroidal Saponins Also calledAlso called tetracyclictetracyclic

triterpenoidstriterpenoids

Found in manyFound in manymonocotyledons such asmonocotyledons such asWild yam (Wild yam (DioscoreaDioscoreavilosavilosa).).

SaponinSaponin DiosgeninDiosgenin..

Also found inAlso found in

dicotyledons fenugreek.dicotyledons fenugreek.

StrophanthusStrophanthus andandDigitalisDigitalis contain bothcontain bothsteroidal saponinssteroidal saponins(glycosides) and cardiac(glycosides) and cardiacglycosides.glycosides.

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Significance of Steroidal SaponinsSignificance of Steroidal Saponins

Generate much interestGenerate much interestdue to their relationshipdue to their relationshipwith compounds such aswith compounds such assex hormones, cortisone,sex hormones, cortisone,diuretic steroids, vitamindiuretic steroids, vitamin

D and the cardiacD and the cardiacglycosides.glycosides.

Some are used asSome are used asstarting materials for thestarting materials for the

synthesis of thesesynthesis of thesecompounds.compounds.

DiosgeninDiosgenin is the mainis the mainsapogenin used bysapogenin used byindustry .industry .

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Biogenesis of Steroidal SaponinsBiogenesis of Steroidal Saponins

Formed via theFormed via the

mevalonic acidmevalonic acid

pathway.pathway.

During this pathway,During this pathway,

cholesterolcholesterol forms partforms part

of numerousof numeroussapogenins (not all).sapogenins (not all).

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Natural Steroids for the ProductionNatural Steroids for the Production

of Pharmaceuticalsof Pharmaceuticals

Natural products serve as starting points for theNatural products serve as starting points for the

partial synthesis of commercial products.partial synthesis of commercial products.

E.g. CortisoneE.g. Cortisone synthesized from Hecogenin.synthesized from Hecogenin.

Sex horomonesSex horomones (oral contraceptives)(oral contraceptives)

synthesized fromsynthesized from diosgenindiosgenin..

Diosgenin can also be used to makeDiosgenin can also be used to make

corticosteriodscorticosteriods..

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Dioscorea villosaDioscorea villosa -- DioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceae

Definition:Definition: Wild yam isWild yam is

the underground rootsthe underground roots

and tubers ofand tubers ofDioscoreaDioscorea

villosa.villosa.

There is no suggestionThere is no suggestion

that the plant was usedthat the plant was used

as a contraceptive in theas a contraceptive in the

past. It has, howeverpast. It has, however

traditionally been used totraditionally been used to

treat menstrual, ovarian &treat menstrual, ovarian &

labour pains.labour pains.

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Dioscorea villosaDioscorea villosa Wild YamWild Yam

ConstituentsConstituents

Steroidal saponinsSteroidal saponins

(mainly(mainly dioscindioscin))

Phytosterols, alkaloids,Phytosterols, alkaloids,tannins, starch.tannins, starch.

Actions:Actions:

AntiAnti--spasmodic, antispasmodic, anti--inflammatory, antiinflammatory, anti--rheumatic,rheumatic,

diaphoretic, diuretic, qi tonic,diaphoretic, diuretic, qi tonic,expectorantexpectorant

OTHER USESOTHER USES

In Zulu traditions, wild yam isIn Zulu traditions, wild yam isused to treat convulsions,used to treat convulsions,epilepsy and hysteria.epilepsy and hysteria.

Also used for colic, dry cough,Also used for colic, dry cough,depression, diarrhoea,depression, diarrhoea,diabetes, emotional weakness,diabetes, emotional weakness,immune weakness, IBS, legimmune weakness, IBS, legpain, low sperm count, lungpain, low sperm count, lung

weakness, morning sickness,weakness, morning sickness,neuralgia, night sweats, RA,neuralgia, night sweats, RA,senility, spermatorrhoea,senility, spermatorrhoea,threatened miscarriage.threatened miscarriage.

TopicallyTopically: salve for eczema,: salve for eczema,

poultice for bruises andpoultice for bruises andscabies.scabies.

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Eleutherococcus senticosusEleutherococcus senticosus --

AralaiceaeAralaiceae Definition:Definition: SiberianSiberian

ginseng consists of theginseng consists of the

dried roots and rhizomesdried roots and rhizomes

ofofEleutherococcusEleutherococcus

senticosussenticosus..

Unlike other medicinalUnlike other medicinal

herbs, this one is better atherbs, this one is better at

maintaining good healthmaintaining good health

rather than treatingrather than treating

illness.illness.

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Siberian GinsengSiberian Ginseng EleuthrococcusEleuthrococcus

ConstituentsConstituents

Triterpenoid saponinsTriterpenoid saponins

GlycansGlycans

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

CoumarinsCoumarins

LigninsLignins

ActionsActions

AdaptogenAdaptogen

TonicTonic

ImmuneImmune--modulatormodulator

UsesUses

InsomniaInsomnia

StressStress

Surgery RecoverySurgery Recovery

Chemotherapy patientsChemotherapy patients

Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease

CONTRACONTRA--INDICATIONSINDICATIONSContinuous useContinuous use

Hypertensive patientsHypertensive patients

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GinsengGinseng Panax ginsengPanax ginseng

Definition:Definition: GinsengGinseng

consists of the driedconsists of the dried

or fresh roots ofor fresh roots of

Panax ginsengPanax ginseng. Also. Alsocalled Korean orcalled Korean or

Asian ginseng.Asian ginseng.

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Panax ginsengPanax ginseng Korean GinsengKorean Ginseng

Active ConstituentsActive Constituents Triterpenoid saponinsTriterpenoid saponins

(ginsenosides), B vitamins,(ginsenosides), B vitamins,selenium, phytosterols,selenium, phytosterols,volatile oils.volatile oils.

Medicinal Actions:Medicinal Actions: Adaptogenic tonic, antiAdaptogenic tonic, anti--

inflammatory, antiinflammatory, anti--oxidant,oxidant,antianti--spasmodic,spasmodic,cardiotonic,cardiotonic,hepatoprotective, immunehepatoprotective, immune--stimulant, nervinestimulant, nervine

Medicinal UsesMedicinal Uses

To Improve stamina, reactionTo Improve stamina, reactiontime, decrease hightime, decrease highcholesterol.cholesterol.

Speeds up recovery time afterSpeeds up recovery time afterillness, childbirth andillness, childbirth andsurgery.surgery.

Aids, Alzheimers, anaemia,Aids, Alzheimers, anaemia,appetite loss, chronicappetite loss, chronicfatigue, depression,fatigue, depression,infertility, memory loss,infertility, memory loss,tacchycardia, PTSS.tacchycardia, PTSS.

Helps soften skinHelps soften skin antianti--wrinkle products.wrinkle products.

Leaves can be used for fever.Leaves can be used for fever.

EffectsEffects cumulativecumulative workworkbest after a period of use,best after a period of use,but should not forbut should not forexcessive/continuous use.excessive/continuous use.

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Panax ginsengPanax ginseng ContraContra--indicationsindications

Should not be used ifShould not be used ifpregnant or lactating.pregnant or lactating.

Not to be used inNot to be used in

cases of heat orcases of heat orinflammation.inflammation.

Should not be taken ifShould not be taken ifsuffering from flu,suffering from flu,

fever, pneumonia,fever, pneumonia,constipation orconstipation orhypertension.hypertension.

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Trigonella foenumTrigonella foenum--graecumgraecum

Fabaceae (Legume Family)Fabaceae (Legume Family) Definition:Definition: FenugreekFenugreek


seeds ofseeds ofTrigonellaTrigonella

foenumfoenum--graecum.graecum.

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FenugreekFenugreek -- TrigonellaTrigonella

Active ConstituentsActive Constituents Steroidal saponinsSteroidal saponins

(diosgenin, yamogenin), B(diosgenin, yamogenin), Bvitamins, alkaloids,vitamins, alkaloids,

glycosides, flavonoids,glycosides, flavonoids,courmarin, mucilage.courmarin, mucilage.

NOTE:NOTE: Should not beShould not beused to treat diabetesused to treat diabeteswithout professionalwithout professionalsupervision.supervision.

Medicinal ActionsMedicinal Actions AntiAnti--inflammatory,inflammatory,

carminative, antiseptic,carminative, antiseptic,emollient, expectorant,emollient, expectorant,hypoglycaemic,hypoglycaemic,

phytoeostrogenic.phytoeostrogenic.

Medicinal Uses:Medicinal Uses: Stabilize blood glucoseStabilize blood glucose

levels, anorexia, catarrh,levels, anorexia, catarrh,

cough, sore throat.cough, sore throat.Topically for boils, burns,Topically for boils, burns,cellulitis, gargle for sorecellulitis, gargle for sorethroats, eyewash forthroats, eyewash forinflammed eyes and ainflammed eyes and afacial wash.facial wash.

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Quillaja saponariaQuillaja saponaria RosaceaeRosaceae

Definition:Definition: QuillaiaQuillaia

bark consits of thebark consits of the

dried inner bark ofdried inner bark of

Quillaja saponaria.Quillaja saponaria.

It is also called SoapIt is also called Soap

bark, Quillaia orbark, Quillaia or

Panama wood.Panama wood.

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Quillaia BarkQuillaia Bark -- ConstituentsConstituents

Mixture of saponinsMixture of saponins(10%)(10%)

On hydrolysis: mainOn hydrolysis: mainsapogeninsapogenin quillaicquillaicacidacid && gypsogeningypsogenin..

Also consists ofAlso consists ofsugars, starch andsugars, starch andcalcium oxalates.calcium oxalates.

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Quillaia BarkQuillaia Bark -- UsesUses

Used as anUsed as an emulsifyingemulsifying agent.agent.

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Glycyrrhiza glabraGlycyrrhiza glabra -- LeguminosaeLeguminosae

Definition:Definition: LiquoriceLiquorice


unpeeled roots andunpeeled roots and

stolons ofstolons ofGlycyrrhizaGlycyrrhizaglabra.glabra.

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GlycyrrhizaGlycyrrhiza Cultivation &Cultivation &

CollectionCollection

Plants grow well in deepPlants grow well in deep

sandy, fertile soil.sandy, fertile soil.

The underground partsThe underground parts

are collected in their 3are collected in their 3rdrd--

44thth year.year.

Dug up & washed.Dug up & washed.

Some are peeled and cutSome are peeled and cut

shorter before drying;shorter before drying;

others are left unpeeled.others are left unpeeled.

Imported in bales, orImported in bales, or

made into stick or blockmade into stick or block

liquorice (decoction).liquorice (decoction).

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Glycyrrhiza glabraGlycyrrhiza glabra -- ConstituentsConstituents GlycrrhizinGlycrrhizin responsible for the sweet taste.responsible for the sweet taste.

Glycerrhizic acidGlycerrhizic acid triterpenoid saponin.triterpenoid saponin.

FlavonoidsFlavonoids responsible for yellow colour.responsible for yellow colour.

LiquiritinLiquiritin a chalconea chalcone

Sugars (glucose and sucrose), protein & starch.Sugars (glucose and sucrose), protein & starch.

GlycyramarinGlycyramarin bitter principles (mostly in outerbitter principles (mostly in outer

tissuetissue removed in peeled varieties)removed in peeled varieties)

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Glycyrrhiza glabraGlycyrrhiza glabra -- AdulterantsAdulterants

Glycyrrhiza uralensisGlycyrrhiza uralensis

Glycyrrhiza hirsutuGlycyrrhiza hirsutu

Glycyrrhiza echinataGlycyrrhiza echinata

GlycyrrhizaGlycyrrhizamacedoniamacedonia

Glycyrrhiza pallidifloraGlycyrrhiza pallidiflora

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Glycyrrhiza glabraGlycyrrhiza glabra

Actions & UsesActions & Uses ActionsActions

DemulcentDemulcent

ExpectorantExpectorant

AntiAnti--microbial/antimicrobial/anti--viralviral

AntiAnti--spasmodicspasmodic AntiAnti--UlcerogenicUlcerogenic

UsesUses Flavouring agentFlavouring agent

RARA

Addisons diseaseAddisons disease

Inflammatory conditionsInflammatory conditions

Peptic ulcersPeptic ulcers

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Polygala senegaPolygala senega -- PolygalaceaePolygalaceae

Definition:Definition: SenegaSenega


rootstock and root ofrootstock and root of

Polygala senegaPolygala senega..

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Polygala senegaPolygala senega ConstituentsConstituents

Triterpenoid SaponinsTriterpenoid Saponins

Main saponinMain saponin seneginsenegin

consisting ofconsisting ofsenegeninsenegeninsenegenic acidsenegenic acid

polygalic acidpolygalic acid

Also contains sorbitol (sweet taste), sucrose, fatAlso contains sorbitol (sweet taste), sucrose, fat

and sterols.and sterols.

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Polygala senegaPolygala senega -- AdulterantsAdulterants

White senegaWhite senega PolygalaPolygalaalbaalba

Southern senegaSouthern senega Polygala boykiniPolygala boykini

Pakistan senegaPakistan senega GlinusGlinusoppositifoliusoppositifolius

Turkey senegaTurkey senega Polygala pruinosaPolygala pruinosa

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Polygala senegaPolygala senega -- UsesUses

ActionsActions

Stimulant expectorantStimulant expectorant

UsesUses Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis

TRADITIONAL USESTRADITIONAL USES

First used by the NativeFirst used by the NativeAmerican Indians as aAmerican Indians as a

remedy for snakeremedy for snake--bite. Itbite. It

was later used by thewas later used by the

English as cure for pleurisyEnglish as cure for pleurisy

and pneumonia.and pneumonia.

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Genitana luteaGenitana lutea -- GentianaceaeGentianaceae

Definition:Definition: GentianGentian

consists of the dried,consists of the dried,

fermented roots andfermented roots and

rhizomes of therhizomes of theyellow gentian,yellow gentian,

Gentiana luteaGentiana lutea..

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GentianaGentiana

Collection & PreparationCollection & Preparation

In Autumn the Roots are dug up in plants 2In Autumn the Roots are dug up in plants 2--5 years old.5 years old.

There is no demand for the unfermented white gentian,There is no demand for the unfermented white gentian,all commercial drugs consist of the fermented redall commercial drugs consist of the fermented redvariety.variety.

Herb is made into heaps, packed on a hillside andHerb is made into heaps, packed on a hillside andoccasionally covered with earth and left there for someoccasionally covered with earth and left there for sometime.time.

Washed and cut into slices.Washed and cut into slices.

Dried: open air and then in sheds.Dried: open air and then in sheds.

When prepared this way, the herb becomes much darkerWhen prepared this way, the herb becomes much darker

in colour (fermented), loses some of its bitterness andin colour (fermented), loses some of its bitterness and

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Gentiana luteaGentiana lutea

Allied DrugsAllied Drugs Gentiana purpureaGentiana purpurea

Gentiana pannonicaGentiana pannonica

Gentiana punctataGentiana punctata

Gentiana kurrooGentiana kurroo Picrohiza kurrooPicrohiza kurroo

AdulterantsAdulterants umex alpinusRumex alpinus rhizomesrhizomes

(give a positive test for(give a positive test foranthraquinones).anthraquinones).

Veratrum albumVeratrum album

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Gentiana luteaGentiana lutea -- ConstituentsConstituents

GentiopicrosideGentiopicroside andand

gentiogeningentiogenin

Also bitter glycosides,Also bitter glycosides,

alkaloids, yellowalkaloids, yellow

colouring matter,colouring matter,

sugars, pectin andsugars, pectin and

fixed oil.fixed oil.

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Gentiana luteaGentiana lutea -- UsesUses

ActionsActions

BitterBitter

UsesUses Bitter tonicBitter tonic

Liver disordersLiver disorders

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Picrasma excelsaPicrasma excelsa -- SimaroubaceaeSimaroubaceae

Quassia woodQuassia wood

consists of the stemconsists of the stem

wood ofwood ofPicrasmaPicrasma

excelsaexcelsa, commercially, commerciallyknown as Jamaicaknown as Jamaica

quassia.quassia.

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Picrasma excelsaPicrasma excelsa -- ConstituentsConstituents

Quassia consits ofQuassia consits of

Triterpenoid saponinTriterpenoid saponin

quassinquassin (bitter(bitter

principle)principle) NeoquassinNeoquassin

USESUSES

Bitter tonicBitter tonicInsecticideInsecticide

Enema for thread wormsEnema for thread worms

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Saponins: SummarySaponins: Summary

2 types2 types

Wild Yam,Wild Yam,

Fenugreek, GinsengFenugreek, Ginseng& Siberian Ginseng,& Siberian Ginseng,Gentian, Liquorice,Gentian, Liquorice,Quassia, Quillaia andQuassia, Quillaia and

SenegaSenega

Generally responsibleGenerally responsiblefor an expectorantfor an expectorant

action.action.

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