Jatin,Raghav,Nisarg,Lovin,Abhineet,MunnezaSanitation Problem in India

Presentation Agenda

Introduction to the problem

Costs associated with poor sanitation

Government Initiatives

Role of private sector & NGOs

Learnings & Opportunities as future managers

Indians defecate everywhere. They defecate mostly besides the railway tracks. But they also defecate on the beaches; they defecate on the hills; they defecate on the river banks; they defecate on the streets; they never look for cover.”—V.S. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness, 1964

“There is no use blasting Agni missiles if the sanitation problem is not solved ““It’s more important than the launch of Agni missiles. If there are no toilets, then Agni is of no use. The price of just one fighter aircraft is enough to free one thousand villages from open defecation.”—Jairam Ramesh

My identity is of a Hindutvawadi, but I say build toilets before you build temples,“—Narendra Modi

More Temples than Toilets!!!!

More Mobiles than Toilets!!!!

60% of all open defecations in the world are in India 64% of Indians defecate in the open That amounts to a staggering 626 million people going to relieve themselves in the

open every morning!!!

India – Next Superpower or World’s Largest open air

Loo

India is all set to miss United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals to double the number of households with a toilet facility by 2015.

A point to ponder – a case of misplaced priorities???

Primary Research

The group visited the village Farmana Khas located about 15 kilometers from the Rohtak-Hissar highway.

The village was awarded the Nirmal Gram award for achieving 100% sanitation under the "total sanitation programme.

Success of “No bride without a toilet campaign in the village”

“The greatest obstacle in improving sanitation conditions is in changing the mindset of people. There are families with Corollas parked in their houses, but the houses have no toilets.”

-Mr. Sheel Kumar, Chief Sanitary Officer -Rohtak District

Costs of poor Sanitation

Cost of poor Sanitation

Public sector InitiativesInitiative % Description Target Shortcomings

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan or

Total Sanitation Campaign

• Construction of Individual Household Toilets• Community Sanitary Complex• Institutional Toilets - Schools and Anganwadi• Solid and Liquid Waste Management• Maintenance of facilities under NBA• Participatory Approach–Individual / Community• Active involvement of PRIs, CBOs, NGOs & SHGs

• Make India Open Defecation free by 2022• To cover all schools with toilets by December 2008;

• Households that have benefitted once would not be eligible for any further assistance• No involvement of private sector• Issue of local leadership

Nirmal Gram Puraskar

• Largest incentive scheme launched by GOI for Panchayati Raj Institutions• Award given to panchayats which become free from Open Defecation and maintain clean environment

• Improving and maintaining sanitation facilities• Solid and Liquid Waste Management and creation of additional sanitation facilities

• Officials’ vested interests in clocking higher numbers.• Quality of sanitation not assured before awarding the status

Central Rural Sanitation Program

• Improving the quality of life of people in rural areas • Provide privacy and dignity to women• Expanded in 1993 to include personal hygiene and home sanitation

• Construction of sanitary toilets for households below poverty line in rural areas

•Inefficiencies in implementation

CHALLENGES

The current system of financing sanitation is fragmented between the national and state governments which poses several delivery challenges

There is general lack of awareness, especially in the rural areas, about the importance of proper sanitation

Socio-economic factors like poverty and caste discrimination among the poor and SCs/STs have led to lower reach of sanitation and clean drinking water among them.

Lack of proper waste disposal systems

NGOs & Private Sector

• Started Water, Sanitation and hygiene program• To create the next generation of sanitation technologies.• Investments in sanitation tools and technologies—

including toilet design, pit emptying, sludge treatment, and the disposal or reuse of waste

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

• Notable success in field of cost-effective sanitation and liberation of scavengers

• 1.2 million Sulabh Household toilets constructed and 54 million government toilets constructed based on Sulabh design

• 8000+ Sulabh community toilet blocks constructed

Sulabh International Social

Service Organization

• Public Private Partnerships- Finance, Skill, Expertise• CSR Initiatives by companiesPrivate Sector

Media Campaigns

Recommendations

Recommendations

Recommendations

Enable all households to have access to and use toilets

Ensure all government schools and anganwadis have functional toilets, urinals and access to safe drinking water

Ensure sustainability of Drinking water sources and systems

Enable rural communities to monitor and keep surveillance n their drinking water resources

Objectives

Sustainable Ecosystem

of USE

Local Govt.

MR

Slum

Community organizatio

ns/NGO

Facilitator

Technology Partner

Active Government Participation

Community based

finances

Community Mobilization

Technology & Infrastructure

Support

Local Government: Provide and maintain drainage and toilet facilities, subsidize toilet infrastructure and specialized awareness campaigns, legal environment, regulator, maintains trunk infrastructure and approves individual household levelsMicro Financial Institutions: Link funds to projects and infrastructureSlum Household Support: Sense of ownership among households-chit fund concept, improved maintenance, target must be willing for initial contributionCommunity based Organizations: Acts as link between government/MFIs and households, motivates the slums and attracts the government, guides families to connections, attracts entrepreneurs for opportunity at the bottom of the pyramid and guides and trains facilitators in motivating individual householdsFacilitator: motivates households , people’s representative involved in decision makingTechnology partner: Start ups gaining credibility by being in government projects, cheap technology providers and advisors

Framework for sanitation in slums

• NGO’s to be involved only in initial period following which community takes over.

• Involvement from corporations help sourcing of funds• Large FMCG groups can provide toilet cleaning agents and soaps as a part of

CSR e.g. Sustainable living Programme by Unilever

Role of Institutions

• Electricity generated for the village• Permanent Employment for villagers• Revenue from power generation can be used t further scale up and provide

better solutions

Incentives

• Use social donors to keep donors and stakeholders updated about progress• Progress made in a particular community can be used as a model for their

villagesInformation

• During the initial phase NGO’s will be involved in educating the villagers about sanitation and only once there this complete buy in, they should go ahead setting up the infrastructureInclination

4 I Framework to help improve sanitation condition

Focus on change at different levels

Multiple dimensions influence individual behaviour as depicted in the figure below

Interpersonal factors, socio- cultural and policy environments all influence sanitation and hygiene behaviours  

Knowledge

Attitudes

Social Environment

Individual

practices

CHANGE

Promoting Individual Behaviour Change

STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENTInfrastructure, economic barriers

PUBLIC POLICYNational, state, local laws

INSTITUTIONALStaff capacities, resources, mandate

SOCIO-CULTURALCommunity norms and social networks

INTERPERSONALFamily & friends

INDIVIDUALKnowledge,

attitudes, skills, practices

C 4 D - I C O

SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL MODEL

14%

Early Adopters

34%

Early Majority

34%

Late Majority

10%

Late Adopters

6%

ResistorsInnovators

2%

Individuals and peers groups can effectively influence others groups and draw them in to be more open to new ideas, as their peers have already modeled before them.

How do new ideas spread ?

Reinventing The Toilet

BIO-DIGESTER technology to be

installed in Konkan Railway

Eram’s “She Toilet” and “Ceti Projects”

implemeted in Kerela has bagged innovation

award

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundations “Reinvent the toilet- challenge”

launched in India

But Marketing and Communication is a problem for ERAM

& also

Lack of Knowledge of private companies and NGO

Learning as Managers

680 billion sanitation

market by 2020

Sanitation is more important than freedom.

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