sanitation and waste to value for informal settlements1219674/fulltext02.pdf · 2018. 9. 4. · 1...
TRANSCRIPT
IN DEGREE PROJECT TECHNOLOGY,FIRST CYCLE, 15 CREDITS
, STOCKHOLM SWEDEN 2018
Sanitation and Waste to Value for Informal SettlementsA field study in Johannesburg, South Africa
KRISTIN HOLMLUND
JOHANNA WINDH
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYSCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Sammanfattning Människors levnadsstandard i underutvecklade områden kan förbättras genom att möjliggöra
tillgång till adekvat sanitet och ren förnybar energi. Det kan också generera positiva effekter
såsom minskad arbetslöshet och bättre hälsa vilket i sin tur leder till minskad kriminalitet och
segregation i samhället.
Detta kandidatexamensarbete utfördes inom det större projektet “Sanitation and Waste to
Value for Informal Settlement Project” som en förstudie i Johannesburg, Sydafrika. Syftet
med arbetet var att ta fram ett underlag om rådande situation i studieområdet för att i ett
senare skede kunna utveckla och implementera ett sanitetssystem som möter samhällets
behov och utvinner förnybar energi från avfall. Målet med sanitetssystemet är att det ska bidra
till en bättre levnadsstandard i samhället genom att införa ett lokalt kretslopp som innefattar
energi, sanitet och socioekonomi.
Målet med denna studie var att identifiera de styrkor, (S- strength), svagheter, (W-
weaknesses), möjligheter, (O- opportunities), och hot, (T- threats), som implementationen av
ett nytt sanitetssystem står inför genom en så kallad SWOT-analys. Undersökningar utfördes
för att identifiera nuvarande använda energikällor, sanitetsfaciliteter och den socioekonomiska
situationen i studieområdet. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställning inhämtades data
genom en omfattande enkätundersökning och genom en workshop med en fokusgrupp.
Från SWOT-analysen identifierades de huvudsakliga fördelarna och nackdelarna med den
kommande vidareutvecklingen och implementeringen av sanitetssystemet. Resultatet visade
på att de största hoten och svagheterna är kopplade till acceptansen och viljan hos invånarna i
området att införa ett nytt sanitetssystem, medan de centrala styrkorna och möjligheterna
grundar sig i att förbättra människors nuvarande låga levnadsstandard. Det sistnämnda
innebär att det finns potential till att öka människors välmående genom att angripa de problem
som råder i samhället idag med hjälp av att implementera ett förbättrat sanitetssystem som
utvinner förnybar energi från biologiskt avfall.
Abstract
Access to adequate sanitation and renewable clean energy can improve the living standards in
developing communities in informal settlements. This can also generate effects such as
reduced unemployment and better health, which in turn can contribute to less violence and
less segregation.
This work was conducted as a pre study within a bigger project which includes development
of a new sanitation system intended to provide renewable energy, proper toilets and create job
opportunities in Jackson, an informal settlement in Gauteng, South Africa. The objectives of
this study was to identify the strengths, (S), weaknesses, (W), opportunities, (O) and threats,
(T) that an implementation of a new sanitation system could face from a sustainability point
of view. Investigations were made to define currently used energy sources, sanitation facilities
and the socio-economic situation. To be able to reach the objectives of the research question,
data were collected through a workshop with a focus group and distributions of questionnaires
in the study area was made.
Through the sustainability SWOT-analysis, the main advantages and disadvantages which the
continuance of the project can face were identified. The results indicate that the biggest
threats and weaknesses are strongly connected to the people’s acceptability of a new
sanitation system, while the opportunities and strengths are linked to the possibilities to
increase the present low living standards in Jackson.
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our very great appreciation to the University of South Africa,
especially the Institution for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability who
hosted us and were very helpful during our stay in Johannesburg. Regarding funding for this
study, we would like to thank Åforsk and Palmefonden for their financial support.
We would also like to thank Sten Stenbeck at RISE for introducing us to this project and the
company Mundati for letting us onboard on the project. We are particularly grateful for all the
guidance that our supervisor, Daniel Franzén, has provided us with for the progress of our
work.
List of figures
Figure 1. Circular economy of the Sandati™ system (Nersjö et al., 2018) .............................. 9
Figure 2. The design of the future sanitation facilities (Nersjö et al., 2018) ........................... 11
Figure 3. Jackson, Johannesburg (Google Earth, 2018) ........................................................ 14
Figure 4. Households and road conditions in Jackson ........................................................... 15
Figure 5. sSWOT model based on the original idea from Metzger, et al., (2012) .................. 18
Figure 6. Use of energy sources in Jackson .......................................................................... 19
Figure 7. Paraffin use per week ............................................................................................ 21
Figure 8. Accessibility and collection of water ..................................................................... 22
Figure 9. Construction of toilet............................................................................................. 23
Figure 10. Satisfaction of current toilets ............................................................................... 24
Figure 11. Experience of criminality regarding toilets .......................................................... 24
Figure 12. Experience of going to toilet at night ................................................................... 25
Figure 13. Willingness to pay for a new sanitation facility ................................................... 26
Figure 14. sSWOT idenfied from defined system ................................................................. 28
Figure 15. sSWOT identified from Q and S .......................................................................... 29
Figure 16. sSWOT identified from the workshop ................................................................. 30
Figure 17. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S .................................................................... 31
Figure 18. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S .................................................................... 32
List of tables
Table 1. Data outcome of question regarding worries about usage of energy sources ..... 20
Table 2. Importance of different improvement areas regarding sanitation facilities ........ 26
Table of content 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................8
1.1 Aim and objective............................................................................................................... 8
2 Background ..........................................................................................................................................9 2.1 The sanitation system ......................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 First phase ................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Second phase → Sandati™ .......................................................................................... 10
2.2 Socio-economic situation in South Africa ......................................................................... 11 2.3 Energy and environmental situation in South Africa ......................................................... 12
3 Methodology...................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Site description ................................................................................................................ 14 3.2 System definition .............................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Field work and questionnaires ......................................................................................... 15
3.3.1 Questions ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Workshop with focus group .............................................................................................. 16 3.5 sSWOT based on defined system, questionnaires and workshop ........................................ 17
3.5.1 Threats and Opportunities ............................................................................................ 18 3.5.2 Strengths and Weaknesses ........................................................................................... 18
4 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 19 4.1 Results from questionnaires ............................................................................................. 19
4.1.1 sSWOT-analysis based on defined system .................................................................... 28 4.1.2 Socio-economic sSWOT-analysis based on questionnaires ........................................... 29
4.2 Results from the workshop with focus group ..................................................................... 30 4.3 Final sSWOT-analysis ...................................................................................................... 31
5 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 33 5.1 Interpretation and analysis of results ............................................................................... 33
5.1.1 Consequences with providing renewable energy........................................................... 33 5.1.2 Quality of life .............................................................................................................. 34 5.1.3 Project Management .................................................................................................... 35 5.1.4 Willingness and acceptance.......................................................................................... 35
5.2 Limitations and significance ............................................................................................. 37
6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 39 6.1 Future work ..................................................................................................................... 39
7 Reference List ................................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix A………………………………………………………………………...............................................................44
8
1 Introduction South Africa is a country of 56 million people inhabitants (UNCTADstat, 2018). Statistics
shows that 22.3 % of the households of South Africa are non-formal dwellings and that 22.1
% do not have access to improved sanitation, meaning facilities that are hygienical enough for
non-human contact with human excreta (Statistics South Africa, 2013). Informal settlements
are often unplanned and illegal, inhabited by poor people, these areas are highly disposed to
inadequate sanitation and solid waste management systems (UNHabitat, 2003). Hence, the
lack of proper hygienic facilities could cause serious health and safety issues (Mwanza,
2003).
Implementing new sanitation systems in informal settlements will provide the communities
with renewable clean energy, job opportunities as well as adequate and secure sanitation. This
will not only increase the human well-being in rural areas but also have an impact towards
reaching the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. (Amigun et al., 2012).
1.1 Aim and objective
This work was conducted as a part of a pilot project with the goal to develop a new sanitation
system for rural areas called Sanitation and waste to value for informal settlements. The
purpose is to contribute to better living standards in underdeveloped communities as it will
generate effects, such as reduced unemployment and better health, which in turn will
contribute to less violence and segregation.
This bachelor thesis aimed to provide useful data for future development of the sanitation
system to meet the needs of the people in an informal settlement, Jackson, South Africa. The
goal was to deliver a sSWOT analysis (sustainability aspects of the Strength, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats identified). Hence, following research question was developed:
What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats regarding
implementation of a new sanitation system in an informal settlement?
9
2 Background Firstly a definition of the sanitation system is presented, followed by a theoretical background
describing the sanitation, socio-economic, energy and environmental situation in South
Africa.
2.1 The sanitation system
A pilot project called Sanitation and Waste to value for informal settlements was initiated
during 2017 with the vision to create a circular economy system that will produce low-cost
renewable energy and increase job opportunities while providing clean, safe and sustainable
sanitation, see Figure 1. The initiator of the project is the company Mundati which develop a
sanitation system named Sandati™, facilities intended to be implemented in areas where there
is no supportive infrastructure and no adequate sanitation system. The purpose with the
implementation is to contribute to better living standards in underdeveloped communities as it
will generate effects, such as reduced unemployment and better health, which in turn will
contribute to less violence and segregation. (Nersjö et al., 2018).
Figure 1. Circular economy of the Sandati™ system (Nersjö et al., 2018)
The research institute RISE is one partner in the project together with the University of South
Africa (UNISA) and Water Research Commission (WRC). The country of South Africa has a
great need for new sanitation solutions and have therefore been selected as the test site for the
pilot project. The great knowledge and good cooperation climate that South Africa and
UNISA/WRC can provide was an important factor in the choice of a test site. (Nersjö et al.,
2018)
10
2.1.1 First phase
The first stage of the project aimed at collecting data to design a successful and accepted
system for a particular research area named Jackson, an informal settlement in South Africa.
For this part of the project, UNISA was the main stakeholder as the local representative. Their
role was to work as project leader with front-end responsibility towards the Jackson
community and the research needed from the area. (Nersjö et al., 2018)
2.1.2 Second phase → Sandati™
Once the required data from Jackson is compiled and analyzed, the next phase of the project
will consist of implementing public simple sanitation cabinets and a biogas facility in the
area. The aim of this phase is to conduct a user study that will be necessary for the final
design of the Sandati™ system. The end user facilities will be provided with energy from
built-in solar panels that will be connected to lightning and radio modules. (Nersjö et al.,
2018)
The intended final system is planned to make use of the human waste collected in the
Sandati™ cabinets through digestion to create biogas and organic fertilizers, see Figure 3. Job
opportunities are hoped to increase as a collection of sanitation sludge is needed. The
fertilizers produced as a residue from the biological and chemical treatment is required to be
100% contamination free and could contribute to a new market, including job creation where
chemical fertilizers can be partly phased out with organic fertilizers. Sandati™ aims to be a
social accepted sanitation system which will address all human needs regarding sanitation and
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations Sustainable
Development, 2018). The goal is to generate effects by improving living standards, with
increased employment rates and well-being, that could lower the occurrence of crime and
segregation. (Nersjö et al., 2018)
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Figure 2. The design of the future sanitation facilities (Nersjö et al., 2018)
2.2 Socio-economic situation in South Africa
Most of the informal settlements in South Africa appeared during the post-Apartheid period
which mean that people living in these areas have different cultural backgrounds and various
socio-economic conditions. Some of the people live in the informal settlements for a short
period of time, while others stay in the area their whole lives which can complicate cohesion
creation within the community. (Mels et al., 2009).
Richard et al., (2007) identified the key factors contributing to the quality of life in an
informal settlement outside Johannesburg, being employment status, having access to
entertainment, clean streets, roads, and services, such as flush toilets and community services.
Dissatisfaction was found to be clearly connected to crime and violence, along with drug
abuse and the lack of government officials to deal with these problems. In addition, stress,
low number of employment opportunities and being unhealthy were factors that were found
having a strong influence on the quality of life (Richard et al., 2007).
Mwanza (2003) further points out the important linkage between water and sustainable
development, poverty, health, and energy. The lack of having access to adequate sanitation
systems and water supply is a clear source of communicable diseases, which in turn reduce
vitality and economic productivity. Hence, Mwanza (2003) means that this connection
between hygiene and socio-economic development can either reinforce each other to improve
the development or become a vicious circle where poor socio-economics inhibits the access to
safe water.
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Due to the lack of resources in informal settlements, sanitation systems are often shared
among several households (Mels et al., 2009). Conflicts between households, regarding
maintenance care of the sanitation system therefore often appear and lead to vandalism,
damage, and destruction of the systems. (Mels et al., 2009). Another result of having shared
sanitation systems and toilets far from the house is that people refuse to go to the toilet
because they are afraid of being assaulted or robbed on their way to the facilities (Hangulu et
al., 2017).
To encourage people to use sanitation facilities it is important to have in mind the cultural and
social aspects while designing new systems (Hangulu et al., 2017). A helpful parameter would
be to involve members from the communities in the design phase to create sustainable
sanitation (Hangulu et al., 2017).
2.3 Energy and environmental situation in South Africa
The use of biofuels is low in South Africa and 77 % of the electricity is generated from coal,
making South Africa the 6th biggest user of coal for electricity (Jain et al., 2017).
Implementing biogas technology requires a contribution from the government, such as
financial incentives and supportive policies (Boyd, 2012). The effects that these technologies
could offer are vital for sustainable development where human well-being could be improved,
unemployment rates could decrease and resources could be spared (Boyd, 2012). Sibanda et
al. (2013) verifies the above said, the use of biogas as a primary source of energy will
increase the human well-being through better indoor air quality and improved human living
standards. The bio-digester also produces organic fertilizers which could be used as an
alternative to chemical fertilizer and could in turn reduce the costs from imported fertilizers
(Gautam et al., 2009). The crop productivity could therefore increase as the soil’s biological,
chemical and physical attributes enhances from the organic fertilizer (Surendra et al., 2014).
Despite the positive aspects of biogas implementation, political support and incentives in
South Africa are poor to favor the usage of biogas, unlike countries which have been steered
towards renewable energy sources through feed-in tariffs and CO2 taxes (Boyd, 2012). In
addition, there is an economic barrier for widespread implementation of biogas technology as
the high costs are out of reach for rural households regarding financial assets (Surendra et al.,
2014).
13
A study conducted to address sanitations problems in rural areas made by Sibanda et al.
(2013), showed that biogas from human waste as primary source of energy could involve
savings of wood and paraffin. It could also lead to reduced CO2 emissions and therefore
decrease the environmental impact (Sibanda et al., 2013). A high percentage of South Africa’s
population does not have access to adequate sanitation systems which is a primary source for
human well-being and an improved system could increase the quality of life (Richard et al.,
2007).
Areas that are disposed to inadequate sanitation systems are mostly informal settlements due
to poor maintenance of the facilities. A crucial parameter for maintenance of sanitation
systems is the accessibility. A study named “Sanitation services for the informal settlements
of Cape Town, South Africa” made by Mels et al., (2009) shows that due to flooding prone
areas and lack of infrastructure, only 22% of the settlements are reachable for trucks and
tankers to empty toilet waste. In addition, a numerous of settlements are situated on private
land which means that service staff will need permission to enter and to perform their duties.
(Mels et al., 2009).
A system that extracts biogas energy from human waste collected from sanitation facilities
could have an impact on rural areas that addresses the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals by reducing poverty and inequality, increasing health and wellbeing by
providing clean energy and sanitation, as well as promoting environmental sustainability
(Amigun et al., 2012).
14
3 Methodology The bachelor’s thesis consisted of gathering the Energy & Environmental and Socio-
Economic aspects to create a sustainability SWOT-analysis. The methods that were used
were dialogues with the company Mundati to define the sanitation system, distribution of
questionnaires to people living in Jackson, Johannesburg, along with a workshop with a focus
group which will be described further in this chapter.
3.1 Site description
The field study took place in Jackson which is an informal settlement located in Gauteng,
South Africa. Jackson is surrounded by farming and consists of approximately 1500
households, see Figure 3.
Figure 3. Jackson, Johannesburg (Google Earth, 2018)
15
The community is built on private land which makes it an illegal settlement. The people live
in shacks which do not have access to electricity and the infrastructure, such as roads and
sewage systems is poor in the area (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Households and road conditions in Jackson
3.2 System definition
The sanitation system was defined through dialogues, meetings and email conversations with
the company Mundati.
3.3 Field work and questionnaires
Questionnaires were handed out in Jackson, Johannesburg, to investigate the socio-economic,
sanitation, energy, and environmental situation in the area. The involved parties in the
questionnaires were researchers, PhD students, master’s students, and bachelor’s students
together with Mundati. The questionnaires were designed by participants from the Institute
for the development of Energy for African Sustainability at UNISA to suit all areas of
interest.
16
To process the questionnaires, UNISA had established contact with Elethu Themba Public
high school situated next to Jackson. A class of students got to hand out the UNISA made
questionnaires a couple of times to neighbors and family two weeks before the main
distribution of questionnaires was held in Jackson. Seminars were held together with the high
school to discuss the accuracy of the findings from the first questionnaires and to awaken
interest of students in sustainability and technology. This way the questionnaires could be
tested, and changes could be made to adjust the questions to be more understandable and
clear. The final questionnaire can be found in Appendix A. The purpose of having the
children help handing out the questionnaires was to collect many responses and to build trust
between the community in Jackson and the research group. The data from the questionnaires
were compiled in Google Forms and Excel before they were analyzed
3.3.1 Questions
The main issues regarding energy, environment, sanitation and socio-economic aspects that
address the research question of the study in Jackson were evaluated through the questions
below:
1. What are the energy sources used for cooking, lightening, heating of house and
boiling water?
2. What are the worries and thoughts about the energy sources (Paraffin, Gas, Wood,
Coal, Generator/petrol, Electricity) used in the household?
3. What are the cost of buying the energy source used in the household?
4. What are the living conditions regarding sanitation, water accessibility and waste
management in Jackson?
5. What are the experience of using current sanitation system?
3.4 Workshop with focus group
A workshop was held with a focus group consisting of PhD students, master students and
researchers, from the Institution for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability at
UNISA. The aim was to create discussions that would lead to a conclusion of what the
strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O) and threats (T) are with implementing a new
Sanitation system in Jackson, which could be used for evaluation of the sSWOT made based
17
on the questionnaires. Additional purposes of the workshop were to widen the perspective and
get more input that might not have been covered by the questionnaires.
The workshop started with an introduction of how a sSWOT-analysis is conducted and how
the project could gain from using the tool. Before initiating the group discussion, all
participants got to create a sSWOT individually to make sure everyone got the chance to
reflect on their own opinions and avoid influence other participants. During the individual
task, the questions below were displayed for the participants to have in mind when writing
down their own reasoning.
● The current sanitation system in Jackson?
● The current use of energy in Jackson?
● The current solid waste handling system in Jackson?
● What will be changed with the new implementation of the planned sanitation system in
Jackson?
3.5 sSWOT based on defined system, questionnaires and workshop
An analysis was made to highlight the S, W, O and T identified from the system definition,
questionnaires and the workshop with a focus group. It addressed sustainability factors
regarding the current sanitation systems in use and the intended system which will be
implemented in the future, named a sustainability SWOT-analysis. The purpose with this twist
on the traditional framework of SWOT-analysis is to encourage and challenge the project
team and other external stakeholders to have in mind the environmental aspects which may
have impact on business risks or opportunities (Metzger et al., 2012). The methodology of the
sustainability SWOT is illustrated in Figure 5, where the first step is to evaluate
environmental challenges and big trends to continue further with the sSWOT-analysis. Once
the sSWOT is finalized a prioritization can be made and then one can act accordingly.
18
Figure 5. sSWOT model based on the original idea from Metzger, et al., (2012)
The analysis based on the questionnaire data was compiled in three sSWOTs, one based on
the defined sanitation system and one containing the results from the questionnaires. One
additional sSWOT with the same structure were created based on the analysis of the
workshop. The three sSWOTs were compiled in one final sSWOT to present the most crucial
parameters for making a future prioritization and act accordingly. The main factors of the
analysis will be explained further in the following two sections.
3.5.1 Threats and Opportunities
The startup of the analysis consisted of identifying the main parameters with an external point
of view to highlight threats and opportunities. The investigation of threats was based on
finding obstacles with direct and indirect impact for implementation of a new sanitation
system in Jackson, Johannesburg. Once the threats were identified opportunities were listed to
eliminate the challenges (Metzger et al., 2012).
3.5.2 Strengths and Weaknesses
The strengths and weaknesses were discovered through an investigation of internal aspects
within the project. The strengths were identified as the core competencies in implementing a
new sanitation system in Jackson, Johannesburg. To find the weaknesses within the project,
vulnerabilities, obstacles, risks and blind spots were analyzed. (Metzger et al., 2012).
19
4 Results The outcome of the field study in Jackson was 104 fully or partly answered questionnaires.
The findings from the questionnaire are explained further in the following chapters. 49% of
the respondents were women and 25% were men, the remaining percentage did not answer
the question about gender. Among the respondents who answered the question about gender,
48% have an education level lower than grade 10. The currency used to describe prices is
South African Rand, 1 rand (R1) equals 0.70 Swedish Krona (VA Finans, 2018).
4.1 Results from questionnaires
The findings are explained further in the next couple of chapters.
1. What are the energy sources used for cooking, lightening and heating of house?
The statistics presenting the usage of energy sources are shown in Figure 6. The most
common energy source used for cooking is paraffin with a percentage of 69.9%, followed by
gas with a percentage of 33%. Regarding heating the households, the most common energy
sources are wood, coal and paraffin heater. Candles are the main source used for lighting.
Figure 6. Use of energy sources in Jackson
20
2. What are the worries and thoughts about the energy sources (Paraffin, Gas, Wood,
Coal, Generator/petrol, Electricity) used in the household?
The respondents were asked to rate their worry for usage of their particular energy sources on
a scale from 0 to 5, 0 being not worried and 5 being very worried every time I use it. The
result from these questions is shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Data outcome of question regarding worries about usage of energy sources
0 1 2 3 4 5
Paraffin 20,3% 1,4% 0,0% 1,4% 4,1% 73,0%
Coal 33,3% 6,7% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 60,0%
Wood 43,9% 5,3% 0,0% 1,8% 1,8% 47,4%
Gas 52,5% 2,5% 2,5% 0,0% 0,0% 42,5%
Candles 13,1% 6,6% 0 3,3% 3,3% 73,8%
If the respondents experienced worry when using their energy source, they were asked to
explain the reasons further. 73% of the respondents are very worried every time they use
paraffin and the most common explanations was the disliking of smoke and that the paraffin
affects eyes, lungs and the food cooked by it. People also shared their worries about having
children mistaking the paraffin for water and drinking it.
“My small children can harm and they can also drink it”.
“It smells and it is not good for people’s health, it also causes headache”.
Coal users have worries about the smoke and the risk of fire spreading. 66.2% of the wood
users get their wood by collecting it from the bush. Hence, people are worried about the
distance it takes to walk there and not finding enough wood. In addition, the respondents are
worried about the smoke caused when making fire from wood.
“Hate collecting wood, there are snakes in the bush”
“It affects the chest and the smoke is harmful to your eyes”
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The data in Table 1 shows that gas users are more confident with their energy source.
Respondents explain positive parameters about gas usage, such as fast cooking and long-
lasting containers. The worries about gas were about the risk of leaking containers and
explosions.
“Like that it cooks very fast and makes light to the house and dislike that it can cause fires
if its left opened.”
“It may explode and catch up flames and it can affect you in chest pains. It is easy to
burn”
73% of the candle users are worried every time they light candles. A majority of the
respondents explain that they are scared of candles causing a fire.
“It is dangerous, if you forget to blow them out it can burn the whole house”
3. What are the cost of buying the energy source used in the household?
The majority of paraffin users (86%) uses 1-5 liters of paraffin per week, 11.6% uses 6-10
liters and remaining respondents use 11-16 liters per week (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Paraffin use per week
22
The cost of paraffin per liter is R10 according to 54% of the respondents. However, the data
compiled regarding the cost of paraffin, coal and wood was highly scattered.
4. What are the living conditions regarding sanitation, water accessibility and waste
management in Jackson?
The result from the questionnaires says that it is most common to have 2-4 persons living in
each household in Jackson and only 34.7% (95 responses) share their yard with other
households. It is common that 1-7 people stay in the same yard and 86% (43 responses) say
they share one toilet. The drinking water is mostly collected from taps located outside the
houses (70.1%) or community taps (23.7%) and 6.2% (97 responses) have their tap for
drinking water inside the house (Figure 8). Regarding accessibility of water, 77.4% ( 93
responses) does not experience any problem while the remaining percentage do (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Accessibility and collection of water
23
93.8% ( 96 responses) have a non-flushing toilet and 90.5% (95 responses) have a pit toilet.
The toilets were built by the government according to 95.8% (96 responses) and the
remaining amount was built by the family or previous owner of the house (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Construction of toilet
93.7% (95 responses) get their toilet waste collected by the municipality and the frequency is
according to 54.7% of the respondents once a month. The distance the respondents have to
their toilet is most commonly 5-10 steps (66.7%) or 10-20 steps (26%), (96 responses).
24
5. What are the experiences of using the current sanitation system?
The satisfaction rate identified was that 47.2% (89 responses) is not satisfied while the rest is
very satisfied with their current toilet (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Satisfaction of current toilets
35.2% (54 responses) has experienced criminals who steal or break things in the toilets
(Figure 11).
Figure 11. Experience of criminality regarding toilets
25
An issue that could be identified was that 60.8% (97 responses) does not feel safe enough to
use their toilet at night (Figure 12).
Figure 12. Experience of going to toilet at night
The reasons for this was explained through people who feel afraid of criminals in the area and
the darkness since the toilets does not have lighting. However, most of the respondent do not
have any problem, except from the smell, of going to the toilet during daytime.
“At night time, I am scared of criminals and darkness”
“At night, it is dark and I'm having fear of being robbed”
“Yes, someone could catch me, kill me, or do anything bad to me.”
Data regarding factors that the respondents find important about a sanitation system is shown
in Table 2. On a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being not important and 5 being very important, the
respondents rated the importance of having a toilet that is smell free, close to the house, just
for your family, provided with lighting, efficiently and regularly removed from sewage, safe
and secure, not need of cleaning, clean and contamination free.
26
Table 2. Importance of different improvement areas regarding sanitation facilities
1 2 3 4 5
…smell free? 3,2% 0,0% 2,1% 3,2% 91,6%
…close to the house? 24,0% 2,1% 7,3% 5,2% 61,5%
…just for your family? 7,4% 1,1% 3,2% 5,3% 83,0%
…provided with lighting? 10,4% 1,0% 4,2% 2,1% 82,3%
…efficiently and regularly removed from sewage? 4,1% 2,1% 6,2% 2,1% 85,6%
…safe and secure? 5,1% 0,0% 2,0% 5,1% 87,8%
…not in need of cleaning? 34,0% 3,1% 3,1% 4,1% 55,7%
…clean? 3,1% 0,0% 1,0% 4,1% 91,8%
…contamination free? 5,6% 0,0% 4,5% 3,4% 86,5%
From the question regarding what the people believed what a new and better toilet would cost
them, the majority of 54.3% (81 responses) answered R500 - R1000 and 59.3% (91
responses) answered Yes to the question if they would be willing to pay for it (Figure 13).
Figure 13. Willingness to pay for a new sanitation facility
The rest of the respondents who answered No were asked to give an explanation, 34.5% gave
the reason of being unemployed and other responses were that people experienced it as too
expensive or that it is the government responsibility to provide new toilets. An additional
27
question about willingness to pay for new improved toilets were about public ones that are
safe, clean and serviced with toilet paper, cleaning and waste collection. The collected data
showed that 57% (93 responses) would pay for it while the remaining percentage would not.
The respondents were asked to share their thoughts about the amount they think they would
have to pay for such toilets per month, the 52 responses were highly scattered with an interval
between R1 - R1500.
28
4.1.1 sSWOT-analysis based on defined system
The sSWOT-analysis in Figure 14 presents the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats based on the defined sanitation system.
sSWOT based on defined system
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
• Renewable energy provider • Usage of solar panels to light up the
toilets • Usage of solar panels to connect
electronics to analyze the use of cabinets • Smell free and clean toilets • IT-system for waste management • The system will provide lighted toilets • The system will provide water for hygiene
purposes
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
• Chemical fertilizers can be partly phased out by organic fertilizers
• Using biogas as a source for cooking, lightning and heating up water will reduce the use of paraffin, coal, wood, and candles, and reduce the environmental impact and health risks
• The system will increase job opportunities • The system will provide low cost and
renewable energy source for cooking, lighting and heating
Figure 14. sSWOT idenfied from defined system
29
4.1.2 Socio-economic sSWOT-analysis based on questionnaires
The sSWOT-analysis in Figure 15 presents S, W, O and Ts related to the socio-economic,
energy and environmental factors of the user study collected from the questionnaires.
sSWOT based on questionnaires STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
• Lighted toilets are considered very important by the community
• 86.5% of the community finds it very important that their toilet is contamination free
• One of the biggest dissatisfaction factor is the odor of the current toilets
• The people of Jackson already have an accepted and free of charge sanitation system
• 61.5% of the respondents find it very important to have nearby toilets*
• 43% would not pay for a public toilet that is safe, clean and serviced*
• 83% of the households find it very important to have a toilet only for the family
• 40.7% would not pay for a better private toilet because they are unemployed and cannot afford it
• The community of Jackson already has an accepted and free of charge sanitation system
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
• A majority of the people are worried every time they use their current energy sources: paraffin, candles, wood and coal
• The current gas users like the fast heating for cooking
• 82.3% of the respondents would like to improve their toilet with lighting
• 47.2% of the respondents is not satisfied with their current sanitation system
• 87.8% of the respondents finds it very important to have a safe and secure toilet
• The majority of the community members want to improve the solid waste handling in the area
• Littering and the waste handling system is an issue in Jackson
• 26.8% of the community throws other waste than toilet paper in the toilet
• Rats are common in the area and damage properties
• High occurrence of murders, robberies and people being locked inside toilets prevent people from using toilets at night
• Majority of the people wish to have a flushing toilet
* Refers to the implementation of a public sanitation system
Figure 15. sSWOT identified from Q and S
30
4.2 Results from the workshop with focus group
Two master students, one PhD student and three researchers working within the project
participated in the workshop. The findings are presented in Figure 16.
sSWOT based on workshop STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
• Good relationships and partnerships • Real need for new toilets • Currently used energy sources are poor • Multidiscipline: civil engineers, chemical
engineers, mechanical engineers and social scientist can provide different aspects on the project
• Positive Involvement of the community: through the high school students
• People are excited
• A big test site consisting of 1500 households • Uncertainties regarding where to build the
bio-digester — need space and permission • Residents who are not willing or do not have
the resources to pay for a toilet • The project does not have a clear project
management, dedicated team and resources to manage the progress
• Low level of education within the community
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
• Possible employment opportunities • Possibility for clean environment to reduce
health issues • Better facilities that will reduce
contamination of water and environment • Provide clean energy — reduce the carbon
footprint • The project can get subsidies • Improve current sanitation • Improve safety regarding energy use —
gas as substitute for paraffin • Educating the community regarding
renewable energy, health and sustainability in connection to the implementation
• Understanding how to conduct similar projects in other places in the future
• Catalyze economic activities — circular economy, keep the resources within the project and community
• There is an existing identified source for biomass to produce renewable energy
• Safety of the proposed sanitation facility — the risk of theft of toilet parts
• Could be a bad attitude towards the new sanitation system since people might be satisfied with current system
• Community issues — criminality, lack of cohesion
• Municipality might not be willing to have the project installed
• No acceptability due to cultural issues • Legal constraints • Lack of interest of people to get involved • The community might not be able to
understand the objectives of the project • Natural disasters: floods and hail storms • Disappointment of the people if the
expectations are not met, for example job opportunities, sanitation and energy
• People within the community might not have work ethics to take ownership of daily job
Figure 16. sSWOT identified from the workshop
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4.3 Final sSWOT-analysis
The final Strengths and Weaknesses that was compiled as the most crucial parameters from
the defined sanitation system [S], questionnaires [Q] and workshop [W] are presented in
Figure 17. The compiled Opportunities and Threats are presented in Figure 17 below.
sSWOT
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
• Renewable energy provider [S, W] • Usage of solar panels to light up the
toilets [S] — lighting is considered very important by the community [Q]
• Smell free and clean toilets [S] — one of the biggest dissatisfaction factors is the odor of the current toilets [Q]
• Poor energy sources — a majority of the people are worried every time they use their current energy sources: paraffin, candles, wood and coal [Q, W]
• Multidiscipline: civil engineers, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers and social scientist can provide different aspects on the project
• Positive involvement of the community: through the high school students [W]
• The people in Jackson already have an accepted and free of charge sanitation system [Q, W]
• 61.5% of the households finds it very important to have nearby toilets* [Q]
• 83% of the households finds it very important to have a toilet only for their family* [Q]
• 43% would not pay for a public toilet that is safe, clean and serviced* [Q] • 40.7% would not pay for a better private
toilet because they are unemployed and cannot afford it [Q, W]
• A big community for a pilot project (1500 households) [W]
• The project does not have a clear project management system, a dedicated team and resources to manage the progress [W]
• Some of the current gas users are worried about explosions and leakages [Q]
* Refers to the implementation of a public sanitation system
Figure 17. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S
32
sSWOT
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
• There is an existing identified source for biomass to produce renewable energy [W]
• Chemical fertilizers can be partly phased out by organic fertilizers [S]
• Possible employment opportunities [S, W] • Possibility for clean environment to reduce
health issues [W] • Better sanitation facilities that will reduce
contamination of water and environment [S] — 86.5% of the community find it very important that their toilet is contamination free [Q, W]
• Provide clean, low cost, and safe energy — reduce the carbon footprint — Using biogas as a source for cooking, lighting and heating will reduce the use of paraffin, coal, wood, and candles, and reduce the environmental impact and health risks [Q, S, W]
• Educating the community regarding renewable energy, health and sustainability in connection to the implementation [W]
• Catalyze economic activities — circular economy, keep the resources within the project and community [S, W]
• The current gas users like the fast heating for cooking [Q]
• 82.3% of the respondents would like to improve their toilet with lighting [Q]
• 47.2% of the community are not satisfied with their current sanitation system [Q]
• 87.8% of the households find it very important to have a safe and secure toilet [Q]
• Littering and the waste handling system is an issue in Jackson [Q]
• Safety of the proposed sanitation facility —the risk of theft — Community issues — criminality, disliking of neighbors [Q, W]
• Could be a bad attitude towards the new sanitation system since some of the people are satisfied with their current system [Q, W]
• Municipality might not be willing to have the project installed [W]
• No acceptability due to cultural issues [W] • Legal constraints [W] • Lack of interest of people to get involved in
the project [W] • The community might not be able to
understand the objectives of the project [W] • Low level of education within the
community [W] • Disappointment of the people if the
expectations are not met, for example job opportunities, sanitation and energy improvements [W]
• High occurrence of murders, robberies and people being locked inside toilets prevent people from using toilets at night [Q]
• Majority of the people wish to have a flushing toilet [Q]
• 26.8% of the community throws other waste than toilet paper in the toilet [Q]
* Refers to the implementation of a public sanitation system
Figure 7. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S
33
5 Discussion This chapter contains an analysis and interpretation of the results of the study, it also explains
the limitations and significance of the research and results. The first part highlights the aims
and objectives of the study, what the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are
regarding the implementation of a new sanitation system in Jackson, Gauteng. The
limitations, reliability and validity are presented in the second part.
5.1 Interpretation and analysis of results
This user study was conducted with the purpose to gain understanding of an area to be able to
proceed to the next step of the project, the design phase of a new sanitation system. The
findings from the three methodologies could be used to reply to the research question about
what the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are with implementing a new
sanitation system in Jackson. From the results, three main areas could be identified as
particularly important for the continuance of the project.
5.1.1 Consequences with providing renewable energy
The sSWOT-analysis highlights the system advantages that could have an improved effect on
living conditions for the people of Jackson. The current living situation in Jackson is primitive
with no access to electricity, adequate sanitation, infrastructure, and a high level of
unemployment. The intended system is supposed to provide renewable energy and create a
circular economy to keep the money within the areas of the project. Job opportunities that
follow the implementation of the system could mean that the people of Jackson get a steady
income which in turn could increase the living standards. An effect of this could be that
people now will afford to move to proper settlements or settle down even more in the illegal
settlement of Jackson. The latter could be considered as a threat for the Government who
might want to take actions to prevent the implementation since the people of Jackson are
considered as illegal occupants of privately owned land (Mels et al., 2009).
The effects that the production and distribution of renewable energy could have are firstly a
reduced ecological footprint as resources such as wood, paraffin, and coal will be spared
(Boyd, 2012). Secondly, people would get access to a new, healthier and less riskful source of
energy for cooking through biogas. Biogas as a substitute for the current energy sources in use
34
could increase human well-being by improved indoor air quality (Sibanda et al. 2013). The
worries in the area about the use of current energy sources such as paraffin, coal, and wood
are proved to be high through the questionnaires. This could be a contributing factor for
people’s willingness to implement a new energy system in the community which can be
considered as an opportunity for the implementation. But on the other hand, people are afraid
and worried about using gas as an energy source for cooking, which will be a disadvantage
for the implementation of biogas in Jackson.
The worries about using gas for cooking and heating might be based on the low level of
education within Jackson, shown from both questionnaires and workshop and is strengthened
by Webb and Ronan (2014). The education level might also be a threat to the project, not
having people understand the long-term objectives of the implementation of a new sanitation
system which was pointed out at the workshop. Hence, an opportunity for the project could be
to educate and make people in Jackson understand the importance of renewable energy,
health, and sustainability in connection with the implementation of the new sanitation system.
This would not only increase the level of education within the community but could also
contribute to reducing the ecological footprint (Lambert & Kao Cushing, 2017).
5.1.2 Quality of life
Adequate sanitation is considered as an important contributing factor for quality of life since
poor sanitation might lead to communicable diseases, low vitality rates and low economic
productivity (Mwanza, 2003). One definition of adequate sanitation is a facility hygienical
enough for benefiting human health (World Health Organization, 2018). This parameter is
something that could be seen as an opportunity for the implementation, to provide a
contamination-free system for the community which was also proved to be desired by the
people of Jackson through the administration of the questionnaires. Another fact identified
through the questionnaires is that people living in Jackson throw other waste than toilet paper
in their current toilets. This could be seen as a threat to the implementation and use of the
biogas system since having non-organic waste in the biodigester might obstruct the
production of biogas (National Energy Education Development, 2018). A solution could be to
integrate a solid waste handling system with the sanitation facilities to reduce littering in the
community and to prevent people from throwing other waste than toilet paper in the toilets
(Scorgie et al., 2015).
35
5.1.3 Project Management
From the workshop, it was revealed that the management system of the project was more or
less non-existent through the explanation that different roles of the project and its main phases
have not yet been defined. This is an important threat to take into consideration for future
plans as the time consumption will be longer if people are not completely committed to the
project and do not have clear goals to work towards (Lindgren et al., 2014). The students and
researchers at UNISA have so far conducted their part of the project on the side of their day-
to-day work and no person in South Africa dedicates full-time work for the project. To make
this project work and be accepted by the people it is important to not give out false hopes and
disappoint the community of Jackson which could be a result of long waiting for change,
while nothing happens. As explained in The more things change the more they remain the
same by Darkey and Visagie (2012) to avoid disappointment it is also important to develop,
plan and implement the sanitation system with the people in Jackson and it should not be
imposed on the community.
However, a high level of commitment can be found within the project where for example high
school students have a positive attitude to make their contribution to the project and learn
about renewable energy. Additionally, there are postgraduate students involved from different
areas of studies such as civil, mechanical, and chemical engineering which is an opportunity
for the project to be provided with multidisciplinary perspectives on the implementation.
Thus, the need for a clear project management is important with this high number of people
involved in the project’s progress. It is also important to have a clear project management and
a project plan to motivate the involved people and avoid disappointment since they are
sacrificing and spending their time on the project (Lindgren et al., 2014).
5.1.4 Willingness and acceptance
A big issue for the implementation of the system is about the acceptance and willingness of
the people to be provided with a new system. The implementation is more or less dependent
on people wanting to work and having an improved system to make sure that the sanitation
systems stay maintained, fresh and clean. The investigation of this issue through the
questionnaires gave the result that some people are not willing to pay for a new system,
mostly due to unemployment. This economic restriction could be considered as a weakness
for the implementation. In addition, the households of Jackson have already been provided
36
with free pit latrines from the government. The people complain about the smell and the
desires that could be identified through the questionnaires regarding the improvement of
sanitation were that people would like to have a private toilet that could flush. Hence, one
weakness that could be identified is that the first test implementation of the system might not
meet these desires as the plan is to first provide the community with dry public toilets.
In addition, the identification of criminality in the area can be considered as a threat since
people have experienced getting parts of their toilets stolen and are afraid of going to the toilet
at night, which is also strengthened by Hangulu, L and O. Akintola (2017). Public toilets
might increase the risk of thefts and amplify the fear of using the toilets after sunset.
However, the toilets are planned to be safe, secure, and provided with lighting that might
simplify the usage of toilets during nighttime, but will not reduce the fear of walking to the
toilets at night since there are no street lights and the criminality rate is high in Jackson.
Crime and violence occur as a cause of dissatisfaction with life and low living standards
(Richard et al., 2007). The dissatisfaction rates in Jackson could be decreased by
implementing a new sanitation system that is intended to catalyze economic activities within
the area. As a result, there will be improved sanitation systems and the unemployment rates
could be decreased, which in turn will increase the quality of life and decrease criminality
(Richard et al., 2007).
As mentioned above, some of the weaknesses and threats that could be identified in the result
are highly connected to human acceptability and willingness to implement a new sanitation
system. Jackson is a community with approximately 1500 households which makes it a
challenge to implement a pilot project without creating jealousy within the area. Jealousy
could occur as a result of the selective choice of households for the first implementation
which might lead to worsening of community cohesion, an increased threat level of vandalism
of the facilities and higher criminality rates. Another contributing factor for acceptability is
honesty about the implementation and avoidance of making promises to the community that
cannot be held to prevent people from getting disappointed (Darkey & Visagie 2012).
37
The result gave the indication that 49.4% of the people are satisfied with their current
sanitation facilities, 83% would like to have a private toilet only for the family and 61.5%
would like a toilet that is close to their house. To make the people in Jackson willing to use
the new facilities instead of their current toilets this has to be taken into account when
developing the first test cabinets. Other things to have in mind when designing the facilities
for the first phase is the risk of theft and the high criminality rate in the community. Since the
inhabitants of Jackson would like to improve their solid waste management system and
experience pests, such as rats as a big issue, the system could approach this problem with
integrating recycling waste management in the sanitation system.
5.2 Limitations and significance
The research was limited to three methodologies consisting of a user study, conducted by
questionnaires, system definition and a workshop with focus group. The thesis highlights
socio-economic, energy and environmental aspects with implementing a sanitation system
through an sSWOT-analysis. Investigations that were not included in the scope of this thesis,
were among others: energy system analysis, how the criminality and violence rates could be
decreased in Jackson, how the intended fertilizers will affect and be used in the surrounded
farming and what impact the regulations and laws in South Africa will have on the
implementation. These investigations are important for the future implementation of the
sanitation system, due to the limitation of time and resources; this were not be covered in this
work.
For the user study, the 120 questionnaires were handed out randomly without any limitation
regarding who the respondents should have been. Having three sources of information for one
particular issue enhanced getting a broad perspective and finding strengthening reasoning
from all of the sources. However, the accuracy of the questionnaires might be discussed. One
limitation was that several areas of studies needed to be investigated which resulted in a large
questionnaire containing a high number of questions on different topics. An issue that was
identified during the collection of data was that some of the questionnaires were not fully
responded which might be an effect of having it contain a big amount of questions. The
uncompleted questionnaires resulted in unclear data regarding costs and amount of energy
sources used, which in turn lead to squatters and vague data. Additionally, it was not possible
38
to identify any trends regarding gender, age and education level that could be connected to the
experience of the people regarding energy sanitation and waste in the households.
The inhabitants of Jackson were not the direct respondents of the questionnaires, instead, the
learners noted the responses through interviewing a number of people from Jackson. This
might mean that the collected responses could have been influenced by the learners’ way of
interpreting the questions and the way of asking them to the interviewees. But not to forget,
the learners’ contribution to the project was crucial to collect that high amount of data in such
short matter of time. The high school students were also a major part in the establishment of
the relationship and trust between UNISA and the community which is, as mentioned earlier,
of great importance to gain acceptance from the inhabitants of Jackson.
The perspective on the SWOT-analysis that was revealed from the workshop was important
as the focus group consisted of locals who know the society of South Africa and are aware of
the situation in informal settlements. The outcome of the workshop was mainly parameters
that highlighted the project as whole and not specified details such as the data from
questionnaires.
Additional limitations of the study were that the system was still in the development phase
and did not have a clear definition which made it difficult to point out its strengths and
weaknesses through the findings from the questionnaires. However, thanks to having the
system undefined in the development phase, the identification of S, W O and Ts gave wide
results and enhanced that the outcome of the study can be applied to other systems and areas.
39
6 Conclusion The findings from the study indicate that the biggest threats and weaknesses are highly
connected to the acceptability of the people while the opportunities and strengths are linked to
the bad living standards in Jackson. The latter implies that the disappointment factors are the
ones to approach during the technology development to be able to implement an improved
system from the user’s point of view. Crucial disadvantages that were found from the study
are the lack of project management and knowledge of possible legal constraints. The fact that
the households in Jackson already have an accepted and free of charge sanitation system
along with people who does not want to share public toilets are also identified as central
weaknesses. Future work should be focused on prioritizing what actions should be taken next
to minimize the weaknesses and threats.
The benefits that will be gained from the implementation of the sanitation system are effects
of providing the community of Jackson with adequate sanitation, job opportunities and
renewable energy. This will not only increase the human well-being in the informal
settlement, but also have an impact towards reaching the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals.
6.1 Future work
Future work should be focused on prioritizing what actions should be taken next to minimize
the weaknesses and threats that have been identified through this study. To be able to set up a
test run of toilet facilities in Jackson as a next phase of the project, it is of importance to
investigate the community acceptance and all legal issues that might be threatening to the
continuation of the project. To approach the social and cultural matters, it would be good to
analyze and review how to make the acceptance of a new system an opportunity instead of a
threat in the informal settlement. This could include research of how crime and violence may
be reduced through an improved sanitation and circular economy system.
40
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World Health Organization. 2018. Sanitation. [online] Available at:
http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ [Accessed: 2018-03-30].
Sanitation & EnergyThe University of South Africa (UNISA) is an African university that aims at shaping the future in the service of humanity. UNISA is 100% committed to the individuals and communities that it serves and has a strong commitment to community engagement projects. UNISA through the Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability (IDEAS) is establishing simplified cost effective waste to energy technologies in communities to make them more energy independent, clean up the environment, lessen water pollution, reduce pests as well as create job opportunities.
The following questionnaires are part of an educational and investigative project involving students from tertiary as well as high school level. The project seeks to provide knowledge and understanding of issues related to access and use of sanitation in various community with the aim of finding practical alternatives that are cost effective, clean and environmentally friendly. In order to achieve this, we would need the following information to be provided as accurately as possible.
All answers are anonymous and all material are for research purpose and strictly confidential.
1.What do you use for cooking?Tick all that apply.
Paraffin
Gas
Coal
Electricity
Other:
2.What do you use for lightning at night?Tick all that apply.
Paraffin
Gas
Electricity
Candles
Other:
3.What do you use to heat up the house when it is cold?Tick all that apply.
Paraffin heater
Gas heater
Wood
Coal
Electricity heater
Other:
4. How do you warm water for bathing?Tick all that apply.
Paraffin
Gas
Wood
Coal
Other:
5. If you boil water for bathing, what do you use?Tick all that apply.
Electricity Kettle
Wood or Coal Kettle (Hart Kettle)
Pot
Bucket with element
Other:
Appendix A
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6. Do you have electronics? (TV, Radio, Laptop, Computer..)Mark only one oval.
YES
No
7. If YES, where do you get power to run them?Mark only one oval.
Electricity
Batteries (like car batteries)
Solar Panel
Generator
Other:
GENERATOR
8. If you use a GENERATOR how many litres PETROL do you use per week? (one litre is like amedium size coke bottle )Mark only one oval.
Less than 1 litre per week
15 litres per week
610 litres per week
1115 litres per week
More than 16 litres per week
9.What is it that you like and dislike about using a GENERATOR?
10. Do you have any worries about using a GENERATOR?Mark only one oval.
0 1 2 3 4 5
No, I'm not worriedat all
Yes, I'm worried every time I usea GENERATOR
11. If you are worried, what are you worried about?
PARAFFIN
12. If you use PARAFFIN, how many litres do you use per week? (one litre is like a medium sizecoke bottle )Mark only one oval.
15 litres per week
610 litres per week
1115 litres per week
More than 16 litres per week
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13. How much does it cost you to buy PARAFFINper litre?
14. What is it that you like and dislike about using PARAFFIN?
15. Do you have any worries about using PARAFFIN?Mark only one oval.
0 1 2 3 4 5
No, I'm not worriedat all
Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse PARAFFIN
16. If you are worried, what are you worried about?
COAL
17. If you use COAL how much do you use?Mark only one oval.
1 bag per day
2 bags per day
3 bags per day
4 bags per day
5 bags per day
6 bags per day
Other:
18. How much does it cost you to buy COAL per bag or other (Specify)?
19. What is it that you like and dislike about using COAL?
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20. Do you have any worries about using COAL?Mark only one oval.
0 1 2 3 4 5
No, I'm not worried atall
Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse COAL
21. If you are worried, what are you worried about?
WOOD
22. If you use WOOD where do you get it?Tick all that apply.
Buy it
Collect it form the bush or in the neighborhodd
Other:
23. If you buy wood how much do you use?Mark only one oval.
1 bag per day
2 bag per day
3 bag per day
4 bag per day
5 bag per day
Other:
24. If you buy WOOD how much does it cost youper bag?
25. What is it that you like and dislike about using WOOD?
26. Do you have any worries about using WOOD?Mark only one oval.
0 1 2 3 4 5
No, I'm not worriedat all
Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse WOOD
27. If you are worried, what are you worried about?
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GAS
28. If you use GAS, what size of gas cylinder (bottle) do you buy?Mark only one oval.
3 kg
9 kg
15 kg
Other:
29. How long does the GAS last?Mark only one oval.
1 week
2 week
1 month
Other:
30. What is it that you like and dislike about using GAS?
31. Do you have any worries about using GAS?Mark only one oval.
0 1 2 3 4 5
No, I'm not worried atall
Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse GAS
32. If you are worried, what are you worried about?
ELECTRICITY
33. If you use ELECTRICITY, how much do you buy(per week, per month...etc)
34. What is it that you like and dislike about using ELECTRICITY?
35. Do you have any worries about using ELECTRICITY?Mark only one oval.
0 1 2 3 4 5
No, I'm not worriedat all
Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse ELECTRICITY
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36. If you are worried, what are you worried about?
CANDLES
37. If you have CANDLES, how many do you use per week?Mark only one oval.
15 per week
610 per week
1115 per week
1620 per week
Other:
38. What is it that you like and dislike about using CANDLES?
39. Do you have any worries about using CANDLES?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
No, I'm not worried atall
Yes, I'm worried every time I useCANDLES
40. If you have any worries, what are you worried about?
Sanitation: Living conditions
41. 1. How many people live in your HOUSE?Mark only one oval.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Other:
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42. Complete table below for the people who are living in your HOUSE. (Rel: XX, F/M, Gr/STD/N,Tert)
43. Do you have other families in your yard with their own houses?Mark only one oval.
YES
NO (please jump directly to question 7 and leave 4 to 6 blank)
44. How many people live in your yard? Including people in your family.Mark only one oval.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Other:
50
45. Where is the toilet that you use in your yard?Mark only one oval.
Each family has their own inside the house or in the yard
We share the toilet with other families in the yard (answer question 6)
We use public toilets outside the yard
Other:
46. If you share the toilet with other families in the yard how many toilet are there?Mark only one oval.
1
2
3
4
5
Other:
Current sanitation system
47. The toilet that you use, what type of toilet is it?Tick all that apply.
Pit toilet (Ventilated Improved Pit or VIP)
Chemical toilet
Bucket
No toilet (plastic bags)
Other:
48. Does your toilet flush?Mark only one oval.
YES
NO
49. If you do not have a toilet, where do you emptyyour “Poo”?
50. How did you get your toilet?Mark only one oval.
Built by my family or previous owner of the house
Built by government
Other:
51. If your family built your toilet how much did itcost you to build it?
52. How far is the toilet that you are using from your house?Mark only one oval.
Inside the house
Outside very close to the house, it takes 5 to 10 steps to get there
A little bit far from the house, it takes 10 to 20 steps to get there
Far from the house, it takes more than 20 steps to get there
Other:
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53. Do you feel safe to go to the toilet at night?Mark only one oval.
YES
NO
54. If NO, why don't you feel safe?
Maintainance
55. How is the waste (sewage) from the toilet removed?Mark only one oval.
It is never collected
It is collected by the truck
Other:
56. If it is never collected what happens when the toilet is full?
57. If it is collected by the truck how many times do they collect it?Tick all that apply.
Once every week
Once every two weeks
Once in more than two weeks
Once in a month
They come whenever they want
Somebody must call them to empty it
Other:
Satisfaction
58. How satisfied are you with the toilet that you use?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
I am not satisfied at all and wouldprefer a much better toilet
I am very satisfiedand everything iswell with my toilet
59. If you are not satisfied what is it that you would like to be improved on your toilet. Or what kindof toilet you would want to have?
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60. Is there anything that makes it difficult for you to go to the toilet during the day or at night?Please explain.
61. Is there anything inside the toilet that makes it difficult to use it? During the day or at night?Tick all that apply.
No water
No door
No roof
Door doesn't close
No lock
No lights
No seat
Squatting
Other:
62. Is your toilet damaged or does it have any other problems?
63. Are there criminals who steal or break anything in your toilet? If yes what is that they steal orbreak?
Improvement
64. How important is it that your toilet is smell free?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
65. How important is it that your toilet is close to your house?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
66. How important is it that your toilet is just for your family?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
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67. How important is it that your toilet has lightning?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
68. How important is it that your toilet has a efficient and regular collection of sewage?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
69. How important is it that your toilet feels secure and safe to use?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not improtant Very important
70. How important is it that your toilet doesn't need cleaning?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
71. How important is it that your toilet is clean?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
72. How important is it that your toilet is contamination free?Mark only one oval.
1 2 3 4 5
Not important Very important
73. What other features do you find important in your toilet?
74. How much do you think a better toilet you would like to have will cost you?Mark only one oval.
R500 – R1000
R1000R5000
R5000R10000
Other:
75. Would you pay for it?Mark only one oval.
YES
NO
76. If NO, why?
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77. Would you pay for a public toilet that is safe, clean and serviced: Toilet paper, cleaned andwaste collected. So you don’t have to do anything.Mark only one oval.
YES
NO
78. If YES how much do you think you would payfor it per month?
79. Any ideas on how to improve your toilet?
80. Do you throw other waste than toilet paper in your toilet?Mark only one oval.
YES
NO
81. Is there anything else you would like to tell us about your toilet?
Water usage
82. What is your drinking water source?Tick all that apply.
Buying from neighbour
Taps outside the house
Lorries that supply wateer
Rain water
Well
Taps inside the house
Buying from street vendors
Community taps
Other:
83. Any problems when accessing water?Mark only one oval.
YES
NO
84. If YES, please specify
85. Are there any water drainage (sewage) pipes?Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Other: 55
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86. Are there mosquitoes in your area?Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Other:
87. What would you improve in terms of your water and drainage in the area?
88. How does your family get rid of solid waste (rubbish, garbage, food waste, plastics)?Tick all that apply.
Burn it
Dump it inside the yard
Dump it at a dumpsite
Collected by municipal
Other:
Waste
89. Are Pests (rats, cockroaches, flies) a problem?Explain
90. What would you improve in terms of your solid waste in the area?
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