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Sample Copy. Not For Distribution.

i

Introduction to Renewable Energy

Technologies in India


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Publishing-in-support-of,

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING

RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110075 Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001

Website: www.educreation.in

________________________________________________________________

© Copyright, 2018, Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.

ISBN: 978-1-5457-1836-0

Price: ` 199.00

The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the authors and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation or the Editors . The book is released by using the services of self-publishing house.

Printed in India


iii

Introduction to Renewable

Energy Technologies

in India

Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


iv


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Preface

The importance of Renewable Energy and its technology

dissemination has motivated the author to compile this book which

is written in simple language so that students from diploma,

B.Tech and M.Tech are well versed with different renewable

energy technologies and their applications in daily life. The manual

incorporated some latest and modern technologies in Renewable

Energy like solar (thermal and photovoltaics), biomass

gasification, bioenergy, wind energy and solid waste management.

The book covers the general aspects of renewable energy and its

advantages in Indian perspective. The comments of readers will be

acknowledged and suggestions will be incorporated in next edition

of this book.

Dr Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather

PhD Renewable Energy Engineering


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Content Table

Sr. Chapters Page

1 Introduction of Renewable Energy 1

2 Solar Thermal Energy 17

3 Photovoltaic Energy 55

4 Biomass Energy 69

5 Biogas Technology 92

6 Energy from waste 99

7 Wind Energy 109

8 Energy conservation and Energy Audit 127



Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies in India | 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY (INDIAN PERSPECTIVE)

India is predominantly a rural oriented country. Notwithstanding

the present growth rates, it would be a long time before the

population in the villages exceeds the population in the urban

areas. It is also accepted that the urbanization adds much more

pressure and expenses in providing civic amenities, especially the

water and sewage facilities. Enough has been said about the energy

demand projection outgrowing the energy generation with respect

to electricity.

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.

Every sector of Indian economy – agriculture, industry, transport,

commercial and domestic needs –need inputs of energy. The

economic development plans implemented since independence

have necessarily required increasing amounts of energy. As a

result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising

all over the country.

This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the

country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as

coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and potential

shortages in future lead to concerns about the security of energy

supply needed to sustain our economic growth. Increased use of

fossil fuels also causes environmental problems both locally and

globally. Against this backdrop, the country urgently needs to

develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of

energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy




resources are the twin planks of sustainable energy supply.

Fortunately, India is blessed with a variety of renewable energy

sources, the main ones being biomass, biogas, the sun, wind,

geothermal and small hydro power. Municipal and industrial

wastes can also be useful sources of energy, but are basically

different forms of biomass.

As India‘s energy demand increases, its contribution to global

warming is also likely to increase, however there is a lot of

pressure about India‘s need to start looking at reduction of

greenhouse gases. Thus, we have three independent problems,

namely,

Low Rural economy

Electrical energy shortage

Post-harvest losses in agriculture and allied sectors.

India is blessed with huge sources of renewable energy. The

solar, biomass, biogas, alternate hydro energy, geothermal, waste

to heat energy and wind energy are abundantly found in various

parts of our state. However, there is a wide gap between estimated

potential and cumulative achievements made so far. India is

blessed with diverse agro climatic conditions, topography and

natural resources. The Renewable Energy policy has to be a subset

of the larger electricity sector policy. we are merely considering

measures that are required to ensure that the large envisaged

Renewable Energy capacity integrates well with the electricity

system.

Renewable energy accounted for 18.37% of the total installed

power capacity in India in 2017. India set a target of producing

40% of its total energy needs through renewable sources by 2030,

as stated in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

statement in the Paris Agreement.

The country has an installed capacity of 62,053 MWp of grid-

connected renewable power as of 31 November, 2017. Wind power

capacity is at 32,746 MW, making India the fourth-largest wind




power producer in the world. Installed solar power reached 16,611

MW, through both solar parks as well as roof-top solar panels.

India currently has the largest solar park in the world at Kurnool,

Andhra Pradesh, with a capacity of 1000 MW. Large hydro

installed capacity was 44.41 GW as of 28 February 2017 and is

administered separately by the Ministry of Power and not included

in MNRE targets.

India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of energy

from renewable sources by 2022 - 100GW through solar power,

60GW from wind power, 10 GW from biomass power and 5GW

from small hydro power. The government has announced that no

new coal-based capacity addition is required beyond the 50 GW

under different stages of construction likely to come online

between 2017 and 2022.

India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of

non-conventional energy resources, in the early 1980s. Solar

Energy Corporation of India is responsible for the development of

solar energy industry in India. National Institute of Solar Energy at

Gurgaon is R&D institute for solar energy technologies and

hybridization. National institute of Bioenergy at Kapurthala,

Punjab is mandated with dissemination of R&D in field of

bioenergy including biofuels. National Institute of Wind Energy at

Chennai is premiere institute for R&D in the field of Wind energy

and solar resource assessment.

According to data released by the Department of Industrial

Policy and Promotion (DIPP), FDI inflows in the Indian non-

conventional energy sector between April 2000 and June 2017

stood at US$ 5.9 billion.

The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) expects investment in

India's power transmission sector to reach Rs 2.6 trillion (US$ 40.3

billion) during the 13th plan (2017-22), and to enhance the

transmission capacity of the inter-regional links by 45,700

megawatt (MW).




Some major investments and developments in the Indian

renewable energy sector are as follows:

Private Equity (PE) investments in India's wind and solar

power have increased by 47 per cent in 2017 (January 1 to

September 25) to US$ 920 million, across nine deals, as

compared to US$ 630 million coming from 10 deals during

the corresponding period in 2016**

.

JSW Energy has signed a memorandum of understanding

(MoU) with the Government of Gujarat for setting up an

electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing unit in Gujarat at an

estimated cost of Rs 4,000 crore (US$ 608.88 million).

Tata Capital Ltd and International Finance Corporation

(IFC) have invested Rs 200 crore (US$ 31.0 million) in

their joint venture (JV), Tata Cleantech Capital Ltd

(TCCL), to increase its loan book for investing in

renewable energy projects.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Punjab

National Bank (PNB) have signed a financing loan worth

US$ 100 million, which will be used to support solar

rooftop projects on commercial and industrial buildings

across India.

India‘s first ever multi-modal electric vehicle project has

been launched at Nagpur, which will bring together a fleet

of 200 electric vehicles including taxis, buses, e-rickshaw

and auto rickshaws, on cab aggregator Ola‘s app platform

in Nagpur.

Private equity (PE) investment firm, Actis LLP, is planning

to invest about US$ 500 million in Solenergi Power Pvt

Ltd, its second renewable energy platform in India.

Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Construction bagged an order

worth Rs 5,250 crore (US$ 814.6 million) from Qatar


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