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Introduction to Renewable Energy
Technologies in India
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Publishing-in-support-of,
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© Copyright, 2018, Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather
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Printed in India
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Introduction to Renewable
Energy Technologies
in India
Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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Preface
The importance of Renewable Energy and its technology
dissemination has motivated the author to compile this book which
is written in simple language so that students from diploma,
B.Tech and M.Tech are well versed with different renewable
energy technologies and their applications in daily life. The manual
incorporated some latest and modern technologies in Renewable
Energy like solar (thermal and photovoltaics), biomass
gasification, bioenergy, wind energy and solid waste management.
The book covers the general aspects of renewable energy and its
advantages in Indian perspective. The comments of readers will be
acknowledged and suggestions will be incorporated in next edition
of this book.
Dr Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather
PhD Renewable Energy Engineering
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Content Table
Sr. Chapters Page
1 Introduction of Renewable Energy 1
2 Solar Thermal Energy 17
3 Photovoltaic Energy 55
4 Biomass Energy 69
5 Biogas Technology 92
6 Energy from waste 99
7 Wind Energy 109
8 Energy conservation and Energy Audit 127
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Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather
Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies in India | 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY (INDIAN PERSPECTIVE)
India is predominantly a rural oriented country. Notwithstanding
the present growth rates, it would be a long time before the
population in the villages exceeds the population in the urban
areas. It is also accepted that the urbanization adds much more
pressure and expenses in providing civic amenities, especially the
water and sewage facilities. Enough has been said about the energy
demand projection outgrowing the energy generation with respect
to electricity.
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
Every sector of Indian economy – agriculture, industry, transport,
commercial and domestic needs –need inputs of energy. The
economic development plans implemented since independence
have necessarily required increasing amounts of energy. As a
result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising
all over the country.
This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the
country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as
coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and potential
shortages in future lead to concerns about the security of energy
supply needed to sustain our economic growth. Increased use of
fossil fuels also causes environmental problems both locally and
globally. Against this backdrop, the country urgently needs to
develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of
energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy
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Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather
Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies in India | 2
resources are the twin planks of sustainable energy supply.
Fortunately, India is blessed with a variety of renewable energy
sources, the main ones being biomass, biogas, the sun, wind,
geothermal and small hydro power. Municipal and industrial
wastes can also be useful sources of energy, but are basically
different forms of biomass.
As India‘s energy demand increases, its contribution to global
warming is also likely to increase, however there is a lot of
pressure about India‘s need to start looking at reduction of
greenhouse gases. Thus, we have three independent problems,
namely,
Low Rural economy
Electrical energy shortage
Post-harvest losses in agriculture and allied sectors.
India is blessed with huge sources of renewable energy. The
solar, biomass, biogas, alternate hydro energy, geothermal, waste
to heat energy and wind energy are abundantly found in various
parts of our state. However, there is a wide gap between estimated
potential and cumulative achievements made so far. India is
blessed with diverse agro climatic conditions, topography and
natural resources. The Renewable Energy policy has to be a subset
of the larger electricity sector policy. we are merely considering
measures that are required to ensure that the large envisaged
Renewable Energy capacity integrates well with the electricity
system.
Renewable energy accounted for 18.37% of the total installed
power capacity in India in 2017. India set a target of producing
40% of its total energy needs through renewable sources by 2030,
as stated in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
statement in the Paris Agreement.
The country has an installed capacity of 62,053 MWp of grid-
connected renewable power as of 31 November, 2017. Wind power
capacity is at 32,746 MW, making India the fourth-largest wind
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Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather
Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies in India | 3
power producer in the world. Installed solar power reached 16,611
MW, through both solar parks as well as roof-top solar panels.
India currently has the largest solar park in the world at Kurnool,
Andhra Pradesh, with a capacity of 1000 MW. Large hydro
installed capacity was 44.41 GW as of 28 February 2017 and is
administered separately by the Ministry of Power and not included
in MNRE targets.
India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of energy
from renewable sources by 2022 - 100GW through solar power,
60GW from wind power, 10 GW from biomass power and 5GW
from small hydro power. The government has announced that no
new coal-based capacity addition is required beyond the 50 GW
under different stages of construction likely to come online
between 2017 and 2022.
India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of
non-conventional energy resources, in the early 1980s. Solar
Energy Corporation of India is responsible for the development of
solar energy industry in India. National Institute of Solar Energy at
Gurgaon is R&D institute for solar energy technologies and
hybridization. National institute of Bioenergy at Kapurthala,
Punjab is mandated with dissemination of R&D in field of
bioenergy including biofuels. National Institute of Wind Energy at
Chennai is premiere institute for R&D in the field of Wind energy
and solar resource assessment.
According to data released by the Department of Industrial
Policy and Promotion (DIPP), FDI inflows in the Indian non-
conventional energy sector between April 2000 and June 2017
stood at US$ 5.9 billion.
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) expects investment in
India's power transmission sector to reach Rs 2.6 trillion (US$ 40.3
billion) during the 13th plan (2017-22), and to enhance the
transmission capacity of the inter-regional links by 45,700
megawatt (MW).
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Nasir Ul Rasheed Rather
Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies in India | 4
Some major investments and developments in the Indian
renewable energy sector are as follows:
Private Equity (PE) investments in India's wind and solar
power have increased by 47 per cent in 2017 (January 1 to
September 25) to US$ 920 million, across nine deals, as
compared to US$ 630 million coming from 10 deals during
the corresponding period in 2016**
.
JSW Energy has signed a memorandum of understanding
(MoU) with the Government of Gujarat for setting up an
electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing unit in Gujarat at an
estimated cost of Rs 4,000 crore (US$ 608.88 million).
Tata Capital Ltd and International Finance Corporation
(IFC) have invested Rs 200 crore (US$ 31.0 million) in
their joint venture (JV), Tata Cleantech Capital Ltd
(TCCL), to increase its loan book for investing in
renewable energy projects.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Punjab
National Bank (PNB) have signed a financing loan worth
US$ 100 million, which will be used to support solar
rooftop projects on commercial and industrial buildings
across India.
India‘s first ever multi-modal electric vehicle project has
been launched at Nagpur, which will bring together a fleet
of 200 electric vehicles including taxis, buses, e-rickshaw
and auto rickshaws, on cab aggregator Ola‘s app platform
in Nagpur.
Private equity (PE) investment firm, Actis LLP, is planning
to invest about US$ 500 million in Solenergi Power Pvt
Ltd, its second renewable energy platform in India.
Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Construction bagged an order
worth Rs 5,250 crore (US$ 814.6 million) from Qatar
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