saltwater / brackish-water aq [objectives] chapter 14
DESCRIPTION
SALTWATER / BRACKISH-WATER AQ [objectives] Chapter 14. Discuss fundamentals of sw/bw AQ Identify and explain the kinds of facilities and sites ID and explain production considerations Discuss government regs Discuss culture of shrimp, salmon, mollusks, crustaceans and fish. FUNDAMENTALS. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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SALTWATER / BRACKISH-WATER AQ [objectives]
Chapter 14
• Discuss fundamentals of sw/bw AQ
• Identify and explain the kinds of facilities and sites
• ID and explain production considerations
• Discuss government regs
• Discuss culture of shrimp, salmon, mollusks, crustaceans and fish
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FUNDAMENTALS
• 15 states have shorelines on the Atlantic Ocean, 5 on the GOM, and 5 on Pacific
• Saltwater and brackish-water aquaculture is called as mariculture
• Salinity is the amount of salt in water
• Salinity is measured either with a hydrometer, a refractometer, or a salinometer
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HYDROMETER
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REFRACTOMETER
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SALINOMETER
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SITES AND FACILITIES
• Shore – land next to the ocean
• Intertidal – area covered with water during high tide but not during low
• Sublittoral – shallow inshore areas
• Seabed – the ground always covered by the sea
• Open ocean – away from shore
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SHORE AQUACULTURE
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INTERTIDAL AQUACULTURE
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SUBLITTORAL
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SEABED AQUACULTURE
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OPEN OCEAN
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SHRIMP AQUACULTURE
• Ideal for intensive cultivation
• Grow rapidly in intensive facilities
• Great product demand
• Main species cultured:
*brown shrimp
*white shrimp
*pink shrimp
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SHRIMP
brown white
pink tiger
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PRODUCING SEED
• Gravid females must be captured or produced
• Capturing larval shrimp from the wild is difficult
• Baby shrimp are called nauplii and eat plankton
• Postlarval stage lasts about 50 days• Production ranges from 1000-5000
pounds per acre
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SALMON AQUACULTURE
• Salmon are anadromous (live in saltwater; spawn in freshwater)
• Salmon farming – fish are raised from fry in tanks, ponds, or cages
• Salmon ranching – smolt are released in streams; they migrate to ocean; grow to adults and return to release stream to spawn
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sockeye coho
chum pink
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FISH LADDERS
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SALMON EGGS, ALEVINS, AND SMOLT
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MOLLUSKS
• The oyster is the most important mollusk commonly cultured in the U.S.
• Other cultured bivalves include clams, mussels, and scallops
• Cultured gastropods include abalone and snails
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BIVALVE MOLLUSKSoyster clams
mussels
scallops
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OYSTER AQUACULTURE
• Oysters change from males to females as they get larger
• One female may release 50 to 100 million eggs per spawn
• Eggs hatch within a few hours after fertilization
• Turn into spat after 2 weeks and settle onto hard substrate (cultch)
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OYSTER AQUACULTURE (cont’d.)
• Oysters are filter feeders (plankton)• Commonly grown on seabed, trays, cages,
rafts, and nets• Oysters require little management except
for diseases and predators• Diseases include oyster fungus, dermo,
and MSX• Predators include fish, seastars, and
gastropods
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OYSTER PREDATORSOyster drill
Cownose ray
Sea star
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HARVESTING
• Oysters cultured on seafloor are typically harvested by tonging, dredging, or diving
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OYSTER GARDENING
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GASTROPODS
• Two gastropods are primarily cultured; abalone and snails (escargot)
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OTHER CULTURED SPECIES
• Lobsters• Blue crabs• Mullet• Milkfish• Pompano• Redfish• Cobia• Flounder • Grouper• Dolphin
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LOBSTERS
Maine lobster Florida spiney lobster
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BLUE CRABS
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MULLET
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MILKFISH
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POMPANO
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REDFISH
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COBIA (LING)
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FLOUNDER
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GROUPER
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DOLPHIN (MAHI MAHI)