saltwater power.docx
TRANSCRIPT
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SNHSSamal National High School
Science Investigatory Projecta Research Requirement
Grade 10
SaltwaterPower
Proponents
Ha!el "ra#ajoRonald Pellano
$eanessa %ay &atito
ABSTRACT
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Although not completely researched upon, saltwater has a low voltage reading,
which indicates that it has some electric potential. The main goal of this Investigatory
Proect is to ma!e that potential !nown and put it to good use through research and
e"perimentation. As saltwater may #e a new environmentally$friendly, cheap source of
energy, its usage will definitely help our future generations and contri#ute to the welfare
of the %arth.
People are already noticing the effects of their never$ending usage of the natural
resources of the world, and they also !now the current energy shortages that the world
is facing. &ow, with the introduction of this new !ind of renewa#le energy, the world's
supply of energy will finally #e met if this proposal will push through. Since saltwater is
renewa#le, there are already some technologies that can harness it and convert it to
electricity for the world to use. (ith this in mind, we hope to answer and find a solution
to world's energy crisis through this proect.
The results of the e"perimentation were o#tained #y setting up a saltwater
mi"ture and connecting this to a voltmeter through copper wires, alligator clips, and iron
) magnesium electrodes. A reading is seen in the voltmeter to confirm the theory that
saltwater has electrical conductive*generating properties.
In conclusion, as saltwater was found to have electrical readings. It is possi#le
that electricity may one day come not from fossil fuels, coil, oil, #ut rather, from
saltwater, a renewa#le, green, and plentiful source of power.
'
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AC+&(-%/%0%&T
The researcher duly ac!nowledges the magnanimity of various editors and
authors in permitting this writer to use e"cerpts of their pu#lished materials with due
ac!nowledgements.
Than!s are also due to our friends, classmates, %instein Piyo! for lending us
some help for the success of our study. And especially for our neigh#our who doesn't
!now how to put password for his (i$1i which ma!es the researcher share with it and to
#e a#le to search further research related to our study. Than!s are also due to our
parents who fully supported us financially.
%specially, to our Almighty 1ather who guides us from the very start of this study
until success comes over it.
(
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)*)I&+"I,N
"his study is dedicate to the +lmighty God -
"o the #eloved .amilies and .riends o. the researcher -
without whose caring support it would not have #een possi#le
to pursue the present study/
Ha!el - Ronald - $eanessa %ay
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Table of Contents
A Preliminaries
• Title page Page 2 3
•
A#stract Page 4 3• Ac!nowledgement Page 5 3
• edication Page 6 3
• Ta#le of Contents Pages 7$8
B Chapter 2
• Introduction Pages 9$:
• Statement of the pro#lem ) Specific ;uestions Page 2< 3
• Significance of the Study Page 22 3
• elimitation of the Study Page 24 3
• efinition of terms Pages 25$26
C Chapter 4
• Review of Related -iterature Pages 27$54
a -ocal# 1oreignc ther Readings
Chapter 5
•
Research design Page 55 3• Respondents*Content of the study Pages 56$58
• Sampling techni=ues Page 59 3
• %"perimental Procedures Pages 59$5>
% Chapter 6
• Result and iscussions Pages 5:$6<
• Analysis ) Interpretation Pages 62$65
1 Chapter 7Conclusion Page 66 3
/ Chapter 8
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• Bi#liographies Pages 67$ 68
thers ?
• Appendices
• Curriculum @itae
• ;uestionnaire * Interviewer /uide
• Readings ) other ocument
I&TRCTI&
The world we live in is a#undant with food, life and resources, #ut we
continue to use up non$renewa#le resources in massive amounts. As a result, the many
nations and countries of the world will have to deal with water, food, and energy
shortages, as an effect of overpopulation. This Proect presents a new, derived energy
source. It will also discuss the methods and ways we can utilie this environmentally$
friendly resource to produce an efficient yet clean source of energy. The researcher
were inspired to investigate the alternative energy source #ecause the world's main
energy resources , li!e coal and oil are rapidly depleting. 0ore and more people can
loo! into this study in the future to ensure relia#le energy supplies to their homes. This
would help reduce damaging emissions #eing added to our atmosphere.
Saltwater, or salt water , is a geological term that refers to naturally occurring
solutions containing large concentrations of dissolved, inorganic ions. In addition, this
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term is often used as an adective in #iology, usually to refer to marine organisms, as in
saltwater fish.
Saltwater most commonly refers to oceanic waters, in which the total concentration of
ionic solutes is typically a#out 57 grams per liter also e"pressed as 5.7D, or 57 parts
per thousandE. As a result of these large concentrations of dissolved ions, the density of
saltwater 2. g*- at 6F CE is slightly greater than that of freshwater 2.
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nderground waters can also #e e"tremely salty. nderground saltwaters are
commonly encountered in petroleum and gas well$fields, especially after the
hydrocar#on resource has #een e"hausted #y mining.
Both surface and underground salt waters are sometimes HminedH for their contents of
economically useful minerals .
Saltwater intrusions can #e an important environmental pro#lem, which can
degrade water supplies re=uired for drin!ing or irrigation. Saltwater intrusions are
caused in places near the ocean where there are e"cessive withdrawals of underground
supplies of fresh waters. This allows underground salt waters to migrate inland, and
spoil the =uality of the a=uifer for most uses. Saltwater intrusions are usually caused #y
e"cessive usage of ground water for irrigation in agriculture, or #y e"cessive demands
on freshwaters to supply drin!ing water to large cities.
People are already noticing the effects of their never$ending usage of the natural
resources of the world, and they also !now the current energy shortages that the world
is facing. &ow, with the introduction of this new !ind of renewa#le energy, the world's
supply of energy will finally #e met if this proposal will push through. Since saltwater is
renewa#le, there are already some technologies that can harness it and convert it to
electricity for the world to use. (ith this in mind, we hope to answer and find a solution
to world's energy crisis through this proect.
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STAT%0%&T 1 TG% PRB-%0
$ (hat particular chemicals do saltwater contain to #e a good source of electricity
$ BJ%CTI@%?
Statement of the o#ective?
As all other countries in the world do, the Philippines is also faced with the
pro#lem of the rapid depletion of natural resources. 1ossil fuel, especially coal, is
#urned in tremendous amounts. Although this is what the general population of the
world also depend on, we now !now that they cause the release of e"cessive amounts
of greenhouse gases and other harmful pollutants when energy is environment #y
conserving our natural resources. A good e"ample is to utilie the long coastlines to
achieve development without too much damage to the environment.
/eneral #ectives?
After e"perimenting on the pro#a#ility of saltwater as an alternate source of
energy, hopefully, it can #e seen as #eneficial to the world #ecause of its high potential
of #eing used to ma!e electricity.
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Specific #ectives?
The purpose of the e"periment is so that a competent individual will #e a#le to re$
create the e"periment, and so that if there will #e discoveries made, it can #e used #y
the world to help them #enefit more on relaying on renewa#le energy sources li!e
saltwater.
SI/&I1ICA&C% 1 TG% STK
This study can greatly #enefit the society in terms of environmental conservation
and energy sufficiency #ecause this may drastically reduce the consumption of non$
renewa#le energy resources. In addition, the usage of saltwater as an alternative
source can answer many of the world's energy demands since seawater is readily
availa#le and renewa#le. As a direct result, less crude oils and coal$#urning will ta!e
place, resulting in a cleaner and more hospita#le environment.
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%-I0ITATI& 1 TG% STK
This study was conducted to investigate how real the saltwater can #e a
source of electricity. The aspects loo!ed into were the saltwater power, how it gives
#enefits in the society , and the performance of the product and the pro#lems and
proposed solution of our product.
The study was conducted in PeLa Plata, I/aCoS , 4> th of January. The
main purpose of the study is to !now the potential of saltwater as a good source of
electricity.
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%1I&ITI& 1 T%R0S
Saline water also called salt water , salt-water or saltwater E is water with salt
in it. It often means the water from the seas sea water E and oceans. Salt water used
for ma!ing or preserving food, is usually saltier than sea water and is called brine.
(hen scientists measure salt in water, they usually say they are testing
the salinity of the water? salinity is measured in parts per thousand or ppt . 0ost sea
water is a#out 57 ppt salt. Salt la!es can #e up to ten times as salty. A#ove that level
precipitation creates a salt plain. Brac!ish water , in contrast, is less salty than seawater.
Salt water is denser than fresh water. This means that it has more matter per its volume.
1resh water has a density of 2 g*ml, while salty seawater has an average density of
a#out 2.
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on their floc!s and herds re=uire little or no added salt, whereas cereal$#ased diets
re=uire supplementation. Salt is one of the oldest and most u#i=uitous of food
seasonings,and salting is an important method of food preservation.
Electrolyte Solution. An electrolyte solution is a solution that generally contains ions,
atoms or molecules that have lost or gained electrons, and is electrically conductive. 1or
this reason they are often called ionic solutions, however there are some cases where
the electrolytes are not ions.
Electrolysis. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a techni=ue that
uses a direct electric current CE to drive an otherwise non$spontaneous chemical
reaction. %lectrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the
separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using
an electrolytic cell. The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called
the decomposition potential.
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and
flow of electric charge. %lectricity gives a wide variety of well$!nown effects, such as
lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current.
Water chemical formula? G4E is a transparent fluid which forms the worldNs
streams, la!es, oceans and rain, and is the maor constituent of the fluids of organisms.
As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one o"ygen and
two hydrogen atoms that are connected #y covalent #onds.
1(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_(food)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis#Industrial_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_potentialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_(food)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis#Industrial_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_potentialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond
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(ater is a li=uid at standard am#ient temperature and pressure, #ut it often co$e"ists
on %arth with its solid state, iceM and gaseous state, steam water vapour E.
R%@I%( 1 R%-AT% -IT%RATR%
There have #een several #rea!throughs in this research of saltwater #eing
converted into electricity. The first one presented is an accidental discovery made in the
%rie, Pennsylvania, 4
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desalination process that could produce electricity and clean water. They did this #y
modifying a micro#ial fuel cell, which is used to desalinate saltwater into drin!a#le
water. Bruce -ogan from Pennsylvania State niversity says that desalination of
saltwater uses a lot of electricity, #ut #y using the micro#ial desalination cells, one can
desalinate saltwater and produce electricity while removing the organic material from
the saltwater. Previously, most desalination plants need electricity and high pressure to
desalinate saltwater, #ut with this new techni=ue uses organic matter to remove most of
salt from #rac!ish water or seawater.
The older process uses 4 cham#ers in the micro#ial fuel cell, #ut the new process uses
5 cham#ers one containing saltwater, the other water, and the last one containing
seawater in #etween the other cham#ers, which are separated #y ion$specific
mem#ranes. The process goes li!e this? (hen the #acteria Oconsume the wastewater,
the ions #ecome charged, which are separated #y the mem#ranes. Some are
consumed at the electrodes Q desalinating the water in the central cham#er and
generating a current. They say that it still isn't practical to use a process li!e this, #ut
their main goal was only to see whether #acteria can do this or not.
Common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride &aClE,
a chemical compound #elonging to the larger class of saltsM salt in its natural form as
a crystalline mineral is !nown as roc! salt or halite. Salt is present in vast =uantities
in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituentM the open ocean has a#out 57
grams 2.4 oE of solids per litre, a salinity of 5.7D. Salt is essential for animal life, and
saltiness is one of the #asic human tastes. The tissues of animals contain larger
=uantities of salt than do plant tissuesM therefore the typical diets of nomads who su#sist
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on their floc!s and herds re=uire little or no added salt, whereas cereal$#ased diets
re=uire supplementation. Salt is one of the oldest and most u#i=uitous of food
seasonings and salting is an important method of food preservation.
Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around >,
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the #ody, the water level inside the cells drops #ecause all availa#le water is needed in
the fluid surrounding the cell. This is !nown as dehydration$$not enough water inside the
cells. (hen water levels in the cells get really low, they start screaming for water, and
we feel this as pain.
/etting enough water into your #ody is one re=uirement, #ut to utilie that water,
our cells also need salt. Gave you ever wondered how water gets inside a cell It moves
through the process of osmosis, and osmosis is managed #y the salt concentration
present in the cells. (ater is always moving from a cell with lower salt concentration to
a cell with higher salt concentration$$essentially, water follows salt.
1or a cell to Hattractor HpullH water inside, it needs salt. The #road spectrum of minerals
found in OThe riginal Gimalayan Crystal Salt is ideal nutrients to aid the cells in
attracting water. This in turns helps to a#sor# all other nutrients given to the #ody with
food or supplements. &atural salt is %SS%&TIA- for food and nutrient a#sorption
Salt sodium chlorideE is essential for life. The tight regulation of the #odyNs sodium and
chloride concentrations is so important that multiple mechanisms wor! in concert to
control them. Although scientists agree that a minimal amount of salt is re=uired for
survival, the health implications of e"cess salt inta!e represent an area of continued
investigation among scientists, clinicians, and pu#lic health e"perts 2E.
1unction
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Sodium &aE and chloride Cl$E are the principal ions in the fluid outside of cells
e"tracellular fluidE, which includes #lood plasma. As such, they play critical roles in a
num#er of life$sustaining processes 4E.
0aintenance of mem#rane potential
Sodium and chloride are electrolytes that contri#ute to the maintenance of
concentration and charge differences across cell mem#ranes. Potassium is the principal
positively charged ion cationE inside of cells, while sodium is the principal cation in
e"tracellular fluid. Potassium concentrations are a#out 5< times higher inside than
outside cells, while sodium concentrations are more than ten times lower inside than
outside cells. The concentration differences #etween potassium and sodium across cell
mem#ranes create an electrochemical gradient !nown as the mem#rane potential. A
cellNs mem#rane potential is maintained #y ion pumps in the cell mem#rane,
especially the sodium, potassium$ATPase pumps. These pumps use ATP energyE to
pump sodium out of the cell in e"change for potassium 1igure 2E. Their activity has
#een estimated to account for 4
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A#sorption of sodium in the small intestine plays an important role in the
a#sorption of chloride, amino acids, glucose, and water. Similar mechanisms are
involved in the rea#sorption of these nutrients after they have #een filtered from the
#lood #y the !idneys. Chloride, in the form of hydrochloric acid GClE, is also an
important component of gastric uice, which aids the digestion and a#sorption of many
nutrients 4, 7E.
0aintenance of #lood volume and #lood pressure
Because sodium is the primary determinant of e"tracellular fluid volume,
including #lood volume, a num#er of physiological mechanisms that regulate #lood
volume and #lood pressure wor! #y adusting the #odyNs sodium content. In the
circulatory system, pressure receptors #aroreceptorsE sense changes in #lood pressure
and send e"citatory or inhi#itory signals to the nervous system and*or endocrine
glands to affect sodium regulation #y the !idneys.
In general, sodium retention results in water retention and sodium loss results in water
loss 6, 7E. Below are descriptions of two of the many systems that affect #lood volume
and #lood pressure through sodium regulation.
Renin$angiotensin$aldosterone system
In response to a significant decrease in #lood volume or pressure e.g., serious
#lood loss or dehydrationE, the !idneys release renin into the circulation. Renin is
an enyme that splits a small peptide Angiotensin IE from a
larger protein angiotensinogenE produced #y the liver. Angiotensin I is split into a
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http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#amino-acidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#glucosehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference2http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#extracellular-fluidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#enzymehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#peptidehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#proteinhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#amino-acidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#glucosehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference2http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#extracellular-fluidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#enzymehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#peptidehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#protein
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smaller peptide angiotensin IIE #y angiotensin converting enyme AC%E, an enyme
present on the inner surface of #lood vessels and in the lungs, liver, and !idneys.
Angiotensin II stimulates the constriction of small arteries, resulting in increased #lood
pressure. Angiotensin II is also a potent stimulator of aldosterone synthesis #y
the adrenal glands. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that acts on the !idneys to
increase the rea#sorption of sodium and the e"cretion of potassium. Retention of
sodium #y the !idneys increases the retention of water, resulting in increased #lood
volume and #lood pressure 6E.
Anti$diuretic hormone AGE
Secretion of AG #y the posterior pituitary gland is stimulated #y a significant
decrease in #lood volume or pressure. AG acts on the !idneys to increase the
rea#sorption of water 6E.
eficiency
Sodium and chlorideE deficiency does not generally result from inade=uate
dietary inta!e, even in those on very low$salt diets 7E.
Gypernatremia
Gypernatremia defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 258
mmol*liter, may result from increased fluid retention dilutionalhyponatremiaE or
increased sodium loss. ilutional hypernatremia may #e due to inappropriate anti$
'0
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#adrenal-glandshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#steroidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#pituitary-glandhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference5http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#serumhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#adrenal-glandshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#steroidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#pituitary-glandhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference5http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#serum
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diuretic hormone AGE secretion, which is associated with disorders affecting
the central nervous system and with use of certain drugs see rug interactionsE. In
some cases, e"cessive water inta!e may also lead to dilutional hypernatremia.
Conditions that increase the loss of sodium and chloride include severe or prolonged
vomiting or diarrheal, e"cessive and persistent sweating, the use of some diuretics, and
some forms of !idney disease. Symptoms of hypernatremia include headache, nausea,
vomiting, muscle cramps, fatigue, disorientation, and fainting. Complications of severe
and rapidly developing hypernatremia may include cere#ral oedema swelling of the
#rainE, seiures, coma, and #rain damage. Acute or severe hypernatremia may #e fatal
without prompt and appropriate medical treatment 8E.
Prolonged endurance e"ercise and hypernatremia
Gypernatremia has recently #een recognied as a potential pro#lem in
individuals competing in very long endurance e"ercise events, such as marathons,
ultramarathons, and Ironman triathlons. In 2::9, 47 out of 87< participants in an
Ironman triathlon almost 6DE received medical attention for hyponatremia 9E.
Participants who developed hyponatremia during an Ironman triathlon had evidence of
fluid overload despite relatively modest fluid inta!es, suggesting that fluid e"cretion was
inade=uate and*or the fluid needs of these ultra$distance athletes may #e less than
currently recommended >E. It has #een speculated that the use of non$steroidal anti$
inflammatory drugs &SAIsE may increase the ris! of e"ercise$related hyponatremia #y
impairing water e"cretion :E, #ut firm evidence is presently lac!ing
'1
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#central-nervous-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#drug-interactionshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference6http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference7http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference8http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference9http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#central-nervous-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#drug-interactionshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference6http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference7http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference8http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference9
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1or thousands of years it has #een !nown that domestic and wild animals need
salt ust as man does, and not ust for flavour. The virtues of salt for animals were
e"tolled #y the ancient /ree!s. %arly e"plorers in Africa, Asia and &orth America
recorded o#servations of graing animals traveling to salt springs or deposits to satisfy
ravenous appetites for salt. Animals deprived of salt will ris! grave danger or resort to
unusual #ehaviour to o#tain it. Considera#le evidence e"ists that early nomads and
hunters too! advantage of this fact to lure and capture animals #y locating areas with
salt and waiting for animals to come there periodically.
Salt is uni=ue in that animals have a much greater appetite for the sodium and
chloride in salt than for other minerals. Because most plants provide insufficient sodium
for animal feeding and may lac! ade=uate chloride content, salt supplementation is a
critical part of a nutritionally #alanced diet for animals. In addition, #ecause animals
have a definite appetite for salt, it can #e used as a delivery mechanism to ensure
ade=uate inta!e of less palata#le nutrients and as a feed limiter.
%ven though the #ody only contains a#out
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%fficient a#sorption of amino acids and monosaccharides from the small intestine
re=uires ade=uate sodium.
The other nutrient in salt, chloride is also essential for life. Chloride is the
primary anion in #lood, and represents a#out two thirds of its acidic ions. The chloride
shift, movement of chloride in and out of the red #lood cells, is essential in maintaining
the acid$#ase #alance of the #lood. Chloride is also a necessary part of the hydrochloric
acid produced #y the stomach which is re=uired to digest most foods.
nfortunately, it is often assumed that if the sodium re=uirement is met, the
chloride re=uirement will automatically #e met also. Gowever, recent evidence indicates
this may not always #e the case. 1or e"ample, Belgian studies showed a close
correlation #etween potassium and chloride in the urine of cows. They concluded that
the necessity for the ruminant to eliminate high amounts of dietary potassium as
potassium chlorideE can dramatically increase the chloride re=uirement. Therefore,
since many ruminant feedstuffs are =uite high in potassium, the potassium$to$chloride
ratio in the diet is important.
In monogastrics, a chloride deficiency can also develop when low levels of salt
are fed. -each and &esheim, reported that a chloride deficiency in chic!s results in
e"tremely poor growth rate, high mortality, nervous symptoms, dehydration and reduced
#lood chloride.
Animals have a more well defined appetite for sodium chloride than any other
compound in nature e"cept water. Ruminants have such a strong appetite for sodium
'(
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that the e"act location of salt source is permanently imprinted into their memory which
they can then return to when they #ecome deficient. Bell showed that when steers were
trained to receive their sodium in response to pressing a panel, ma"imum effort to
receive the sodium occurred at eight days and after, on a sodium deficient diet. Cattle
also have a !een sense of smell for sodium. Sodium deficient steers were offered a
cafeteria of 24 #uc!ets of water with only one containing moderate levels of sodium
salts. Steers would =uic!ly choose the water containing sodium salts without having to
taste the water sources.
Gorses have #een shown to have a specific appetite for salt if the diet is deficient
in sodium. This is not true for the other nutrients. 1or e"ample, horses do not develop a
preference for calcium supplements when fed a calcium deficient diet. This natural
appetite for salt is what ma!es salt such an e"cellent delivery mechanism for other
nutrients that need to #e consumed regularly, #ut where a natural appetite is lac!ing.
The 2:>6 &RC Beef Cattle committee recognied this fact in stating that minerals
lac!ing in the diet can #e provided #y Hself$feedingH common salt$mineral mi"tures when
the mi"ture is consumed in amounts to satisfy the animalsN appetite for salt.
Salt draws water out of cells via the process of osmosis. %ssentially, water
moves across a cell mem#rane to try to e=ualie the salinity or concentration of salt on
#oth sides of the mem#rane. If you add enough salt, too much water will #e removed
from a cell for it to stay alive or reproduce. rganisms that decay food and cause
disease are !illed #y a high concentration of salt. A concentration of 4
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of the cells, which may have the opposite and undesira#le effect of providing ideal
growing conditions
Gistorically, the main reason for the addition of salt to food was for preservation.
Because of the emergence of refrigeration and other methods of food preservation, the
need for salt as a preservative has decreased Ge and 0ac/regor, 4
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1 SA1%TK A& PR%S%R@ATI&
As mentioned previously, the first maor addition of sodium to foods was as salt,
which acted to prevent spoilage. Prior to refrigeration, salt was one of the #est methods
for inhi#iting the growth and survival of undesira#le microorganisms. Although modern$
day advances in food storage and pac!aging techni=ues and the speed of
transportation have largely diminished this role, salt does remain in widespread use for
preventing rapid spoilage and thus e"tending product shelf lifeE, creating an
inhospita#le environment for pathogens, and promoting the growth of desira#le micro$
organisms in various fermented foods and other products. ther sodium$containing
compounds with preservative effects are also used in the food supply.
Salt's Role in the Prevention of 0icro#ial /rowth
Salt is effective as a preservative #ecause it reduces the water activity of foods.
The water activity of a food is the amount of un#ound water availa#le for micro#ial
growth and chemical reactions. Salt's a#ility to decrease water activity is thought to #e
due to the a#ility of sodium and chloride ions to associate with water molecules
1ennema, 2::8M Potter and Gotch!iss, 2::7E.
Adding salt to foods can also cause micro#ial cells to undergo osmotic shoc!,
resulting in the loss of water from the cell and there#y causing cell death or retarded
growth avidson, 4
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energy to e"clude sodium ions from the cell, all of which can reduce the rate of growth
Shelef and Seiter, 4E, and foods in which water activity remains low when sodium is
removed e.g., foods with low water activity due to high sugar contentE Reddy and
0arth, 2::2M Stringer and Pin, 4
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product has an ade=uate shelf life and to prevent pathogen growth. Such efforts do
incur additional costs and re=uire careful attention to ensure that new formulations and
processes are sufficient to ensure product safety. These issues are discussed further
in Chapters 8 and >.
1oods using sodium as a hurdle to retard micro#ial growth and survival
present a reformulation challenge, since changing the sodium content alters the impact
or heightE of the water activity hurdle. Changing this single hurdle may impact the
safety and =uality of the food #ecause other hurdles that are present pG, temperature,
etc.E may wor! only in com#ination with the original sodium level. To maintain a safe,
good$=uality product, reformulation may have to include the introduction of additional
hurdles or an increase in the impact of e"isting hurdles. If such additional measures are
not ta!en during sodium reduction efforts, the remaining products may not #e sta#le.
1or e"ample, in cured meats, reducing the sodium content #y removing #oth salt and
sodium nitriteE could allow for rapid growth of lactic acid #acteria and action #y
proteolytic microorganisms, resulting in a product that spoils more rapidly Ro#erts and
0cClure, 2::
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1ood, 4
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Similarly, tur!ey fran!furters inoculated with C. #otulinum and held at 49FC showed
more rapid to"in production when salt content was 4.7 percent than when it was 6.<
percent Bar#ut et al., 2:>8E.
In addition to C. #otulinum and -. monocytogenes, the growth of other
food#orne pathogens may #e more rapid in foods with reduced contents of salt and
other sodium$containing preservatives. These pathogens include Bacillus
cereus,Staphylococcusaureus, Kersiniaenterocolitica, Aeromonashydrophila, Clostridiu
m perfringens, and Arco#acter 'Sa and Garrison, 4
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human history that could ma!e salt, did. It is essential as a seasoning, a preservative
and a nutrient. Those without the resources or s!ill to ma!e salt needed to trade for it.
And it might not #e that #ad for us, after all. A new maor study of 5,8>2
peoplepu#lished last wee! in the Journal of the American 0edical Association has again
seriously undermined the prevailing attitude among media and pu#lic health officials. It
found no correlation #etween moderate salt inta!e and hypertension.
As the most potent flavour enhancer, salt is also among the weirdest and most
unpredicta#le of all the worldNs foods. Salt can #e #lue, green, grey, silver, white, rose,
red, orange or purple. It can #e monolithic or fractured. Salt crystals come in huge
#loc!s and in microscopic fronds. Shapes range from pyramids to fla!es to clumps to
cu#esM in the instance of a rare African salt from -a!e Assal called i#outi Boule, they
even form naturally into near$perfect spheres the sie of golf #alls. Salt crystallisation
seems intent on going rogue, #ent on disproving the laws of physics and human
e"pectations.
Salting, the simple act of adding salt to food, is so ancient, varied and essential
that we have #een lulled into #elieving we !now how to do it, #ut most often, we donNt.
Salting is an opportunity. (hat do you want salt to do for your dish o you want the
salt to spar! and vanish or persist and penetrate o you want to #uild a crescendo or
diminuendo of flavour
(hat te"tures do you want? a =uic! snap, a voluptuous crac!le, a #arely
percepti#le crunch Gow prominent a role do you want to allot to it? do you wish to hear
(1
http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/05/salt_and_healthhttp://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/new-salt-study-stirs-up-controversy-2280090.htmlhttp://jama.ama-assn.org/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/05/salt_and_healthhttp://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/new-salt-study-stirs-up-controversy-2280090.htmlhttp://jama.ama-assn.org/
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only the voices of the other ingredients, or can salt chime in as a chorus, or even gra#
the microphone for a verse
It is right and proper to use as much salt as you want so long as you are the
one salting your food. There are thousands of salts in the world, and there is no reason
not to e"plore as many as inspire you. n the other hand, salting effectively can #e
achieved with the simplest of resources? A fleur de sel for finishing fine foods, a fla!e
salt for snappy contrast on fresh vegeta#les, and a selgris for everything else. 1inishing
with salt rather than salting your food during coo!ing is one of the most effective ways
we have of playing sensually with what we eat. It #rings food, salt and your palate into
the most intimate possi#le contact. (hen salt is allowed to play a finishing role in the
dish, the relationship of salt and food evolves with every #ite. As you eat, food and salt
com#ine Q first a flash of salt ... then the food ... a flic!er of salt ... now fuller food
flavours ... then a faint spar! of salt catching at the comple" afterglow of the food. The
rewards? increased intensity and comple"ity of flavour, surprising te"tures, une"pected
aromas and a heightened awareness of the process of tasting food.
I #elieve salt awa!ens us to our senses and our instincts li!e no other edi#le
su#stance. It also connects us to our environment and our traditions. Appreciating salt
and using it well #egins with a glimpse at the cultural and economic centrality of this
essential mineral.
R%S%ARCG %SI/&
('
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_selhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_sel
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The researcher made use an e"perimental =uantitative research utiliing
descriptive correlation techni=ues and use a standard format, with a few minor
interdisciplinary differences of generating a hypothesis to #e proved or disproved. This
hypothesis must #e prova#le #y mathematical and statistical means, and is #asis
around which the whole e"periment is designed.
;uantitative e"periments are useful for testing the results gained #y a series of
=ualitative e"periments, leading to a final answer, and a tightening down of possi#le
directions for follow up research to ta!e. This design was appropriate in this
investigatory proect.
Respondents/Contents of the Study
((
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(
&ame ;uestions?
0ar! Chec! if yes and " if noE
Can salt electricity
is #etter than
hydroelectricity
Can salt electricity
have #etter power
than electricity from
plant
K%
S
&
K%
S
&
2./loria @. Pellano √
74.%lsa @. 0ahipus √ √
5.elia @. &avaa
7 76.Jhecyll P. Culverwell
7 77. Juliet P. Tapia √ √
8. Bonifacio P. @illamor Jr.
7 √
9./ina P. 0adayag √
7>.ina G. yangguren
7 7:.emetria P. Germoso √ √
2.-ily#eth P. Patula √ √
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In the ta#le a#ove, the first =uestion, a#out 89D answer yes while a#out 55D
answer no. In second =uestions, 8
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0aterials?
• (ater
• Small glass ar
• Salt
• 0easuring spoons
•Uinc$coated nail
• Tape
• Copper$coated wire
• 4 insulated wires with alligator clips on #oth ends.
• @oltmeter #orrowedE
• /raph paper, optional
%"perimental Procedure?
(3
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2 0a!e a saltwater solution #y mi"ing a small ar of water with a teaspoonful of salt.
4 Place a inc$coated nail into the solution, and tape it to one side of the cup securely.
This will #e the negative electrode.
5 Place a copper$coated wire into the solution, and tape it to the other side of the cup
securely. This will #e the positive electrode.
6 pen the alligator clip on one wire #y s=ueeing it, and attach it to the end of the inc$
coated wire stic!ing out of the solution.
7 pen the alligator clip on the other end of the wire, and attach it to the negative pole of
the voltmeter.
8 Repeat Steps 6 and 7 to connect the copper$coated nail to the positive pole of the
voltmeter.
(4
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Results and iscussions
In this chapter, the results of the e"periment will #e o#served #y the researcher.
Through ta#ular form, the results will #e shown and after this, it will #e discussed.
Ta#le 2? The ta#le of the researcher's o#servation in the 2 st trial
mount of Water mount of salt !ri"htness Time lasted #li"ht
$%% ml $ teaspoonful &im ' minutes
Ta#le 4? The ta#le of the researcher's o#servation in the 4 nd trial
mount of Water mount of salt !ri"htness Time lasted #li"ht
$%% ml ( teaspoonful !ri"hter ).' minutes
Ta#le 5? The ta#le of the researcher's o#servation in the 5 rd trial
mount of Water mount of salt !ri"htness Time lasted #li"ht
$%% ml *% teaspoonful !ri"hter +., minutes
(5
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In the e"periment, the amount of water used is constant of 7
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Analysis & Interpretation
ata Analysis?
(hen the volume of saltwater, the power of the electricity in the saltwater also
increases a notch, so a tremendous amount of saltwater is needed to produce
sustaina#le power. Stirring the saltwater will increase its potential electrical energy,
which may #e caused #y the activation and pronunciation of the saltwater's molecules.
Therefore, stirring the saltwater will increase its potential electric energy. 1inally, through
this e"periment, it was o#served that the electrolysis method was used to produce the
electricity from saltwater. (ater is comprised of two elements Q hydrogen and o"ygen.
istilled water is pure and free of saltsM thus it is a very poor conductor of electricity. By
adding ordinary ta#le salt to distilled water, it #ecomes an electrolyte solution that can
conduct electricity.
nterpretation
The gathered was seriously interpreted?
a The present study is not harmful in the environment for it is natural and eco$
friendly. The present study was found to #e a good source of electricity , can
performed the said its potential to conduct electricity.
# The present study can help reduce damaging emissions #eing added to our
atmosphere.
c %nsures relia#le energy source.
aterials and Euipment
0
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Below are the listed materials and e=uipment needed in this study to o#tain
saltwater power e"periment.
2. The name of the materials and amount used to conduct this study.
Trial 2
mount of Water mount of salt$%% ml $ teaspoons
Trial 4
mount of Water mount of salt
$%% ml ( teaspoons
Trial 5
mount of Water mount of salt
$%% ml *% teaspoons
Table '
The e=uipment and their function used in conducting the study.
1
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Small glass ar Storage of water
teaspoonful sed in measuring the salt #eing added
and to stir the solution.tape sed to tape the copper$coated wire
voltmeter sed in voltage readings produced #y the
saltwater.
Conclusion
'
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The main goal was to find an alternative source of energy and to #e a#le to see
if saltwater can #e used as the alternative source of energy.
Based on e"perimentation, we found out that saltwater has potential electrical
energy, which can #e used as an alternative source of power.
Arriving at the results and outputs , the researcher conclude after the hard
investigation produce on how to prove that saltwater can #e a good conductor of
electricity. The researcher found out that the present product can truly, effectively,
and so afforda#le that can #e an alternative energy in conducting electricity and
since the main material is in our sorroundings.
0oreover, it is proven that it is not harmful to any respondents who test the
present product. It is safe as well as in the environment for it is natural and no
harmful su#stances.
!iblio"raphies
A. Antony Ravindran and &. C. 0ondal. 4
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Awni T. Batayneh and Ahmed A#dul!areem Al$Taani. 4
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A. Taylor , 0 Cruic!shan!, C 0errifield, 1aroo=. 4
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