safe design and communication 091012

8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012

1/56

Safe Design and Communication

RIBA CDM October 2009


2/56

Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009

Stakeholder Groups consulted

Helping clients get bettervalue from theconstruction industry andtheir procurement

Consultation with variousstakeholder groupsincluding:-


3/56


HSE

Strategy 2008/9 Be part of the solution

Judith Hackitt

CBE (Chair of HSE Board)

After many years of improvement in health and safety performance

our rate ofprogress has slowed and we need to regain momentum

Health and Safety

is being used increasingly as a synonym

for unnecessarybureaucracy

and an excuse for not doing things . It is time for us to regain the value

of the brand for genuine health and safety and not trivia

To be truly effective health and safety has to be an everyday process and anintegral part of workplace culture

Everyone within the Health and safety system has a role but each stakeholder

hasto understand their role

and become better at executing their responsibilities

To encourage strong leadership

in championing the importance of, and a commonsense approach to , health and safety in the workplace


4/56


5/56


Barriers to Improvements to Construction Health and Safety

Lack of knowledge

by CDM-Cs

and others about what Designers

reallyneed to know

about Health & Safety

Expectations

of CDM-Cs and others of Designers

Health & Safetyknowledge requirements is often excessive

Designers can only do so much

with regard to Health & Safety-

but how much?

How can we improve this state of affairs?


6/56


Proposed Solutions

There must be a change of attitude

within the industry to accept the

shortcomings of the current procedures and look toimprovements suggested in CDM

2007.

We cannot keep doing the same things in the same way and expectnew outcomes .

Recommendations :-

Recognition and team agreement on what are the Significantissues

as early in a project as possible. Then concentrate on

how to communicate these , as well as any other significantissues that arise.

So how can this be achieved?


7/56


..even The Burj

Al Arab

.. partly cradle and partly rope accessed

The Burg al Arab Hotel, Dubai


8/56


Aims of the Designer/HSE

Stakeholder Consultation

1.

To highlight the Significant Issues

that affect CDM

decisions

by designers

on a day to day basis whilst avoiding the trivialor issues that should be obvious or within the remit of acompetent contractor or specialist subcontractor.

2.

To provide examples of Proportionate responses

to CDM issues by designers without unnecessary bureaucracy

3. To highlight what is - The right information, to the rightpeople, at the right time ?

4. To provide examples of Notes on Drawings

in a manner that isintelligible and proportionate

to the scale and complexity of the

H&S

issues of the project whilst improving safety .But what should designers really Do and Not Do!


9/56


HSEs

Dos and Don'ts for DesignersThere are a lot of misconceptions about CDM:-

CDM

does NOT require

:-designers to stifle their creativity , limit their design freedom or place safety above aesthetics ;the elimination of attractive features such as atria;designers to choose the safest form of constructiondesigners to have a detailed knowledge of the construction process , or to specify standard

construction processes or precautionary measures to the contractor;designers to take into account unforeseeable hazards ;designers to exercise any health and safety management functions over contractors or sub-

contract designers (who often have designer duties themselves)

CDM

does

place certain specific duties directly on designers:to eliminate hazards where feasibleto reduce risks from those hazards that cannot be eliminatedto provide information on residual risks if they are significant

And in order to discharge these duties a competent designer will

need some knowledge andexperience of the construction process . For instance:

to know what the potential hazards will be during the construction, maintenance, cleaning anddismantling of your design.

to satisfy themselves that there is at least one safe way of constructing their design . (Your clientdoesnt want a design that cant be built or can only be built at disproportionate expense!)

What do designers really have to do?


10/56


Even such futuristic designs as Zaha

Hadids

can embrace CDM.!!!!


11/56


SIGNIFICANT RISKS

Project Specific Not obvious

to those who use the design

Not necessarily

involving the greatest risks

but those including health andsafety risks that are:-

Not likely to be obvious to a competent contractor or other designers Unusual Likely to be difficult to manage

Information

should be brief, clear ,precise

and in a form suitable for otherusers.

This can be achieved by :- Notes on Drawings

Written information

provided with the design Suggested construction sequences

TRIVIAL RISKS

are ordinary Health and Safety design issues

or other

normal construction

risks obvious

to a competent contractor

So how can this be done?

What are significant & what are trivial risks? CDM

2007 ACOP


12/56


Designer Guidance Design Risk Assessment Documentation

The Problem / Challenge

In accordance with the CDM

Regulations

it ispreferred to include all significant risk analysis ondrawings rather than on written or numerical DesignHazard and Risk Assessment documents . This is toencourage visual analysis and recording ofsignificant construction, maintenance, anddemolition issues without unnecessary bureaucracy.The risks

Significant hazards and risks can be hidden

in thebureaucracy of a project causing them to beoverlooked during design, pricing, construction andmaintenance stages of a projectThe solutionProject drawings to be annotated

in simple graphicmanner with key to further detail or references. Morecomplex projects may need special CDM

drawings.Hand annotation for design stage issues can sufficeThe benefitsAll relevant risk information is collated in one place

with all the associated complexity visually apparentto all participants in the risk reduction process.Key PointsDesigner friendly technique ensures all significantand unusual or specific hidden issues are not missedeven during design changes .Important not to confuse drawings with trivial

orobvious

risk information

which a competentcontractor is expected to understand

Hazard and riskanalysis sketched andhand annotated

Keys in margin toamplify if requiredSimple symbols used on survey

and construction drawings

X


13/56


Team Guidance

Haskells-

Designing for safety

programmeThe Problem / ChallengeTraditionally architects were encouraged to stay away

from construction safety issues due to potential liabilityclaims . These embedded attitudes need to change.The risksThis claim conscious attitude inhibits good integration

ofdesign and construction safety and potentially causesaccidents instead of avoiding them.The solutionHaskell Design Build (US) are responsible for design andconstruction and their motto is one company , oneresponsibility.

They have corporate liability coverage forall their architects and construction professionals. Theyuse collaborative design-build delivery including a safetyalert system using only 8 types of warning symbols

on

drawings to flag potential hazards.The benefitsSafety symbols are placed where the hazard is on adrawing,

ie. not in other risk analysis documents or in themargins.Key PointsSymbols are explained in the margins and in contractdocuments. Subcontractors are advised that this does notrelieve them of their own safety responsibilities.

www.thehaskellco.com


14/56


Designer Guidance Standard Safety Symbols for Design DrawingsThe Problem / ChallengeProviding graphic significant risk data at the point ofuse on drawings

for designers and contractors with

an explanatory key if necessary depending uponcomplexity.The risksDesigners and supervising/pricing contractors

missing the significant risk issues whilst developingdesigns or cost plans

and procurementThe solutionUse of an optimal number of standard industry widesymbols

with explanatory key if required

The benefitsRisks

are pinpointed on the actual drawn

plans

rather than lost in the margins or other documents.This prevents the likelihood of risks being missed atkey design stages by the entire design and clientteam and during workshop sessionsKey PointsDiscretion of designer

and CDM-C

needed to decidethe significance, amount and complexity of riskinformation presented

Fragile Roof
http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3476http://www.leosignage.com/signage_Danger%2C+Caution%2C+Warning+Signs-129.html


15/56


Designer Guidance

Symbols and SHE Boxes for Design Drawings


How to put hazard and risk data on drawings

thatare relevant to other designers and other relevantconstruction stakeholdersThe risksDesigners could be other team members even ofthe same discipline and need to see the hazardsgraphically on drawings

, perhaps crossreferenced to SHE boxes, so the significantissues are clearly obvious, otherwise they can bemissed during the design development process.The solutionSHE box/key cross referenced with symbols

onthe drawing eg.

The benefitsDesign team and contractors supervising andpricing team are aware of the significant issuesKey Points

Avoidance of reference to non-significant

, tradeor competent contractor risk information

isessential to prevent over complication ofdrawings. Caveats are included to confirm thatcontractors still have their own responsibilities.

Typical SHE box as used by Olympic Delivery

Authority:-

SAFETY HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION

SITE-WIDE AND GENERAL RISKSFor details, to be read in conjunction with these notes, seeDrg

No:

In addition to the risks normally associated with thetypes of work detailed on this drawing, note the

following significant risks and information:

CONSTRUCTION RISKSi.Asbestos in existing ceiling void

ii.Temporary

stability of trusses during erection, see design assumptions in document ABC/001

CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE RISKSFor information relating to this see the H&S

File anddrawing nos.

DISMANTLING / DEMOLITION RISKS (Future)i.Cantilevered

beams and suspended staircases, see Structural drawing nos.ii.Concealed

cable runs under main beam A1/A2, see

drg

XYZ/1234

The design team have highlighted unusual andsignificant risks only that may not be obvious to acompetent contractor. They are to assist with risk

reduction only and are not necessarily comprehensive.It is assumed that all works will be carried out by a

competent contractor working, where appropriate, toan approved method statement .
http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3476http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3476


16/56


Contractor Guidance

Site Drawing Safety Symbols & SignageThe Problem / ChallengeDeveloping designer drawings to a level of suitability for site

operative risk identification. The design team cannotpossibly know the contractors preferred method ofconstruction or interface issues unless a Design and Buildproject. Time wasting & abortive risk analysis is to beavoided .The risksToo much un-helpful information can be put on drawings bydesigners which are of no benefit to anyone and diminishthe risk reduction process.The solutionAfter prices, contracts and construction methodologies areagreed the design stage drawings can be augmented by thecontractors team . These can be CAD or simple stickerannotation of drawings and displayed in site huts and at theworkface.The benefitsAll operatives

irrespective of nationality and educationshould be able to decipher the relevant information at pointof use.Key PointsContractors team may include a designer to update thedrawings or just use their own safety team resources.Not needed for architectural design drawings .Some possible symbols shown, but others exist.
http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=700&b=799&prodid=5132http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=700&b=799&prodid=5081http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=700&b=799&prodid=5079http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3480http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3445http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3507http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3485http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3471http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=300&b=399&prodid=4066http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3465


17/56


Contractor Guidance

Workface-

Supply Chain Component SignageThe Problem / ChallengeThe delivery of relevant site safety information

to siteoperatives at the workface

-

Trojan Horse Messaging

The risksThe absence of such information can lead to deaths andinjuries that are relatively easy to avoid

The solutionUsing links with trade associations, componentmanufacturers and suppliers to provide visually explicitsafety information

suitable for everyone including foreignworkers and other operatives with reading difficulties.

The benefitsSafety information about lifting , handling and fixingprovided by the experts

ie. the people who design andproduce the actual components .

Trojan Horse messages are eye-catching cartoons whichcommunicate health and safety information toconstruction site operatives at point of use, i.e. on theactual material or equipment being used.No need for architectural design drawings .

Key Points

Manual handlingSite Activities

Off-loading

Site handling


18/56


Construction Guidance

The Silent Book-The Problem / Challenge

The Risks

Key Points

The benefits

The solution

Misunderstanding by the intended operatives


19/56


Detailed Design-

Significant Risks only

Identified with SymbolsThe Problem / ChallengeProducing clear visual information

that conveys simple

messages to all parties about risk.Highlighting significant residual risks

outside competentcontractors

expectations or of otherwise hidden risks.The risksImportant information about risk can be easily buried

inother project paperworkNeed to allow sufficient time for safety planning.The solutionSimple identification on the relevant project drawings

that can be used at pricing and construction stages.Standardised set of symbols

used to representcommon hazards. These can be supplemented by textboxes with further clarification if required.Symbols could also be used to identify key safetyissues

for construction workers on site irrespective oflanguage or reading ability.The benefitsSimple drawing annotation techniques showing keysafety issues economically, with minimal bureaucracy

Key PointsCommunicate with other designers to agree commonsignificant design safety issues . Provide informationthat meets all intended purposes on one drawing .Try to avoid a separate set of H&S

drawings but theprincipal is to make the risk information accessible.

Significant risks only

identified on drawings

Key and symbols identifysignificant risks

Other symbols used for significant risks only


20/56


Site Hazard Analysis to facilitate Initial Design & Construction

Phase Decisions


To find the best building location on the site , from thesite analysis, and the optimum footprint, orientation,size, scale, geometry and sculptural form?The risksHazardous

local gas installations, railway structures,tracks, viaducts, roads , etc. below ground services,

tunnels and foundations, retained structures etcThe solutionDrawings

were produced that show proximity

to thegasholders and railway viaduct. Shows how closestructure, temporary works, scaffolding, hoardings ,welfare facilities, etc. can be built to the railwayThe benefitsSafe theoretical maximum building envelope

wasagreed early together with safe site set up principlesavoiding later costs and changes eg. Roads, access etcKey Points

All such hazards require analysis

before the footprintand form of the intended structure can be finalised.The Client should provide survey information

to clarifyall such site issues but analysis drawings neededespecially if scheme revised at later stages.

Site Plan with significant hazards indicated

Boundary section to railway viaduct


21/56


Site Analysis

Underground Services for Initial Design and Construction PhaseThe Problem / ChallengeThe identification and location of existing undergroundservices

prior to the positioning of future structures onsite to minimise the need for excavations.The risksElectrical services and gas supplies are potentiallyhighly hazardous

with the ability to cause death andinjury if accidentally struck during the constructionphase, and all excavations pose potential risks.The solutionDesigner clearly identified hazardous undergroundservices

on the drawings and showed other servicessuch as water, fibre optics and drainageThe benefitsThe sub-scan survey costs were significantly

outweighed by the benefit of avoiding delays, diversionsor bridging. Site safety is enhanced and costs reducedthrough the elimination of earthworks.Key PointsTake account of existing and new services whenconsidering the design footprint on the site.Ask Clients early for adequate survey information

.Service diversions can be planned by the contractor toavoid programme delays.A competent contractor needs the right information toproperly manage the risks on site.Provide drawings early.

Undergroundelectrical cables

Subscan

Survey -hazards identified with symbols
http://www.leosignage.com/signage_Danger%2C+Caution%2C+Warning+Signs-129.html


22/56


Site Contamination -

Asbestos Survey Information on design drawingsThe Problem / ChallengeTo avoid exposure to free asbestos fibres

of designers(on

site visits) surveyors, site operatives, visitors, neighbours,and users by designer intervention.The risksRisks of asbestosis or mesothelioma

due to inhalation offibres released during construction activities. This is oftendue to inadequately detailed surveys and lack ofunderstanding of how to interpret the Asbestos Report .The solutionClient to instruct appropriate survey analysis

of

buildingand site and provision of accurate asbestos surveydrawings and report to design team. Key issues arelocations of asbestos containing materials (ACMs) andareas inaccessible to survey which must be assumed tocontain asbestos, to be highlighted on drawings . Designerto advise client to remove asbestos but if too expensive orimpracticable the designer must avoid it by designingaround the areas concerned or by encapsulating theACMs

and recording its residual presence on site in theH&S

Plan and on record drawings .The benefits

Reduction in likelihood of asbestos exposure before ,during and after, and in future construction works.Key PointsLiaison and communication between client ,design teamand contractor by interpretation of long reports.Paying for the appropriate type of survey early in project.

Survey drawings to be used for asbestos survey

Areas of asbestos and not surveyed identified


23/56


Detail Design -

highlighting residual construction risks in the design

.


Highlighting significant residual risks hidden oroutside of competent contractors

normalexperience.The risksIf these risks are not identified pre-tender it ispossible that the contractor will under-estimate the

cost and details

of the temporary works solution forsafe construction.The solutionSimple drawing and survey annotation techniques

showing existing features, new proposals andpossible temporary works solution with commonlyrecognised symbols.The benefitsSimple identification on project drawings

or surveysthat can be used at pricing stages. These can alsoidentify key issues for construction workers on site

irrespective of language and educational difficulties.Key PointsIdentification only required with symbols and simpleannotation . No need for detailed explanationswhich can be added to risk register or hazardelimination list if required.

Fragile roof-lights, edge protection, and new stairs

Plan and sectional drawings highlighted


24/56


Tender / Contract Stage Design

Temporary Fall Protection IssuesThe Problem / ChallengeTo alert the contractors temporary worksdesigners to unprotected slab and roofedges

where the designer could inserttemporary protection works aides instead ofa traditional perimeter scaffolding system.The risksFalls from height during construction

ratherthan during future maintenance.

The solutionDesigners to highlight typical roof edges andslab edges

which need to be considered bycontractors whilst pricing for temporaryworks. Project drawings can be used for siterisk identification

to all contracting staffirrespective of language and ability tounderstand drawings.The benefitsEnables contractor to identify key safetyissues that he needs to respond to bytraditional methods eg. full scaffolding . Or bymeans of proprietary edge guarding methods

to which designers can contribute eg.sockets in slabs, fixing points in steel, etc .Key PointsAvoidance of unnecessary

bureaucracy

andutilisation of contractors advice

at theappropriate stage of the project

Holes in steel for net guards Sockets in slabs for edge panels

Areas requiring edge guarding simplyindicated on drawings

Other methods offall protection eg.Air bags


25/56


Guidance-

Detailed Design-

Roof-lights and fragile roofing materials


Roof-lights and fragile roofing materials are economic,sustainable and aesthetically desirable features

whichshould not be eliminated from design projects purely forreasons of safety.The risksFalls through fragile roofing materials are statisticallyhigh

and often highly injurious or fatalThe solutionConstuction

Phase

-Important to identify existing andnew fragile rooflights

and other fragile roofing materialson drawings as a method of informing the contractor tocontrol the risk of falls through these materials duringconstruction. Contractors to recommend methods of

temporary protection in tender or construction phase plan

proposals to show their response .In-use

-

Additional protection measures

are required forthe longer term

in use condition such as metal railings,barriers, wire mesh or non -

fragile walk on typerooflights. Avoid in-plane roof-lights or sheeting .The benefitsNatural daylighting

is a human right and engenders

healthy and sustainable environmentsKey PointsWalk-on rooflights

tend to be very expensive

so controlmitigation measures are necessary. Safe Cleaningmethods

also need to be considered .

Fragile roof symbolProtection Methods

Mesh fall protection Fragile roof-lights identified

Fragile and Non-fragile roof-lights can be used


26/56


Scheme Design -

Plant and Personnel Roof Plant Access Drawings

Crane Access dims.


27/56


Detail Design -

Plant and Personnel Roof Access Schematic


28/56


Detail Design -

Plant and Personnel Roof Access Zonal

Details

Fragile roof light

residual risk


29/56


Construction Stage -

Plant and Personnel Roof Access Details

Fragile roof light

residual risk


30/56


Summary

Designers significant CDM risk responsibilities need to be clarified and trivia ignored .

The project significant risks need to be agreed early and allocated to each discipline .

The designers need to highlight the significant hazards and risks only on their drawings.

Simple non-text symbols to be used where possible for visual, educational and linguistic clarity.

Contractors to augment the Designers drawings with specific site safety information symbols

Trade associations and specialist suppliers and subcontractors to highlight their own risks .

As Judith Hackett says:-

From now on ,if we all work together

with a clear vision and purpose we canrecommence improvement and bring about a change for the better


31/56

Safe Design and Communication

Best Practice Case Studies October 2009


32/56


Detailed Design Guidance

Riser DuctsThe Problem / ChallengeMaintaining the safety of floor openings before installation ofservice risers . The programme usually requires theinstallation of services after the riser holes formed.The risksThis can lead to openings in the floor

that the contractor hasto manage, creating a potential fall risk or trip hazard.The solutionAlert the contractor

to the issues at tender on drawings. Bykeeping risers adjacent to walls

they can be easier to protect.

Co-ordination between M & E designers and structuraldesigners can enable the size of riser openings

to bereduced. Sleeves or ducts

can be cast in ready for services.Alternatively, it may be possible to cast mesh

into the floor.The contractor to agree the preferred solution.The benefitsSignificantly reduce the reliance on scaffolding or coverings

that can be easily moved. Reduce the likelihood of accidentson site.Key PointsTalk to other designers, involve M & E designers as early aspossible

to minimize risks and size of riser openings.Consider casting in sleeves or mesh

to eliminate fall risks.Consider pre-assembly of services, reducing work at height.This is a competent contractor

issue to manage but thedesign team can assist to prevent accidents.

Large duct at party wall, fall risk highlighted

1. Sleeved services 2. Large metal mesh

3.Small metal mesh prevents falls in open areas


33/56


Detailed Design Stage

Heavy Element Handling eg.Glass

ScreensThe Problem / Challenge

To install heavy glass screens

that are specificallyrequired by the designer and client and need to be

brought into the building and located by other thanmanual handling methods.The risks

If these heavy elements are not identified oreliminated early the installation methods may not be

adequately planned or costed. Higher risk manualhandling may occur . Alternatively expensive

additional hoisting methods may have to be added tothe contract costs at a late stage

The solutionThe team investigated the feasibility of substitutinglighter materials , for instance smaller componentsthat can be demounted and re-assembled on site.

This was not acceptable

to the client.The position of the heavy elements was identified

at

tender stage and their access route indicating verticaland horizontal transportation routes and methods.The benefits

This allowed the contractor, client and designer torecognise and react to the key heavy lifting issues.

Mechanical aides used

to transport the screens.Key Points

Consider substitution

for lighter or smaller elements.Use drawings

to identify areas where heavycomponents are located by simple symbols.Look carefully at component access routes .

Consult contractor or specialist lifting and equipmentcontractors and request proposals at tender .

Think about future replacement

access.

XX

Mechanical aides

Acceptable access route shown and final locations

Vertical access route


34/56


Detailed Design

Heavy Masonry UnitsThe Problem / ChallengeTo eliminate musculo-skeletal injuries

in the construction industry as a resultof repetitive handling of heavy masonry units requiring a fundamental majorchange in attitudes

throughout the industry.The risksLifelong injuries

to operatives and loss of skilled workforce.The solution for designersNBS

Specification Clause 13.2 Design

Apart from general construction hazards, such as working from scaffolding,the main risks associated with brick/ block walling are:

Manual handling :

The Construction Industry Advisory Committee (CONIAC) has concluded thatthere is a high risk of injury in the singlehanded, repetitive manual lifting ofbuilding blocks heavier than 20 kg, and this should be taken into a ccountbefore specifying heavy units.

For detailed CONIAC

guidance see HSE

Construction sheet number 37

The solution for contractorsChange in

traditional

manhandling attitudes

to usemechanical aides or less heavy units whilst beingcompetitive in the marketplace.The benefitsRetaining a skilled workforce

long term by showing

respect for their health and welfareKey PointsIncreased plant-hire costs can be off-set by fasterconstruction periods but can only be introduced byindustry-wide change in attitude

to create an evenplaying field for all.

Weight of units significant

Traditional attitudes Mechanised approach
http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/


35/56


HSE

Designer Guidance

Plasterboard

Musculoskeletal InjuriesThe Problem / ChallengeLack of information about board weights for operatives .

Wide range

from jobbing builders to specialist drylining

contractors but mainly sub-contract site operatives injured .Sites driven by cost

not by considerations of Health andSafety

speed rules! Board handling is part of the projectdelivery, and to be considered by all stakeholders.The risksOperatives are taking excessive risks lifting boards . Oper-

atives

treat musculoskeletal injury as a risk that you take andcant be avoided. Musculoskeletal damage is occurring with-

out being identified. Operatives have a shortened working lifeThe solutionBoards to have heavy lifting symbols attached . Progressthrough working together to find approaches that work. The

designer can encourage good working practices

andmechanical moving and lifting aides, hoists, goods lifts, indrawings, specifications, and red, amber, green lists, etc.The benefitsBetter plasterboard installations with more motivatedoperatives, and increased productivity.Longer working life

of operatives and skills retention.Reduces risk to companies against future injury claims.Key PointsWork with the stakeholders to jointly develop an approach toreduce the risk of musculoskeletal injury .Safeguard the health of individuals working with boards bymechanical aides or good lifting practices .


36/56


HSE

Case Study

Prefabrication and Off-Site ManufactureThe Problem / ChallengeIdentification of construction issues involving working atheight in difficult climatic or exposed

or dangerous

conditions to encourage safer workingThe risksFalls from height

and injuries or ill-health due toworking in the above conditions

The solutionEarly identification

of the issues to the client andcontractor to encourage off-site working

where possible.Analysis of the access and cranage

capabilities of thesite

are essential to validate the decisions and locationsof large modules

The benefitsPrefabrication reduces work at height and on cold wetsites allowing off-site fabrication in factory conditions butit increases hazardous heavy lifting, access andtransportation issues.Prefabrication can be advantageous to CDM

but is notalways the answer.Key PointsReview the buildability

and access issues

withcontractor as early as possible

. Cost benefits

may bepossible as well as safety benefits.

Sectional analysis for crane access

x

Road closures and traffic issues

Vaults, trees and crane size issues


37/56


HSE

Case Study

Small Property Developers-

Project Safety IssuesThe Problem / ChallengeSmall and medium sized contractors

to beencouraged to use safe temporary works systems

ofscaffolding, shoring and propping and constructionmethods which do not injure operatives.The risksFalls from height, structural collapse duringconstruction and personal injuries to operatives dueto poor constructional techniques.

The solutionDesigners and developer clients to encourage theuse of recognised safe constructional practices

andprocedures whilst also maintaining economic andcompetitive costings, by use of appropriate ortraditional construction techniques for the job.Simplicity of designs, drawings and specifications

to

be reflected in the simplicity of the constructionalprocesses, highlighting unusual designs, hazards andrisks

only. Selection of contractors competent forspecific projects

and tasks is essential.The benefitsProjects should be constructed quicker and moreprecisely with appropriate methods and materials.This will improve cost benefits by shorterprogrammes, less defects and more satisfiedcustomers.Key PointsAvoid complex unusual designs and constructionaltechniques without specialist advice .

Proprietary scaffolding preferred

Unsafe working methodsdiscouraged

Scaffolding to beused appropriately


38/56


HSE

Designer Guidance

Slips and Trips Avoidance Strategy


Clients and designers like prestigious shiny

entrance hall floors but many accidents happenas a result of slippery floors

whether due towetness or to these highly polished finishes.The risksPotentially severe injuries

to all users especiallyin wet weather conditionsThe solutionSelect suitably slip resistant materials

andfinishes to give compromise of visual finish withslip performance requirements. Managementsolutions

such as mopping and warning signagecan further minimise the risk. Provide suitablemat-wells .The benefitsImpressive entrance halls and other areas canstill be designed but are safer to use

Key PointsDrawings can be annotated early until a suitablefinish is found .Slip resistance values of materials to be checkedor tested prior to specification. See HSE

Slipassessment tool at [email protected]

The pendulum test with water spray

Surface roughnessmeter

Entrance, mat-well, flooring

Management response

Working at Height Single largest cause of construction accidents


39/56


Working at Height -

Single largest cause of construction accidents- WAH

Regulations 2005 (Amended)

Requires designers to

avoid WAH where they can(impossible in most buildings)

prevent falls

where theycannot avoid WAH(we can only assist contractors

and users)

where they cannot eliminatefalls minimise the

consequences

How can designers do this?


40/56


Initial Design Stage

Early CDM

Design Decisions of Mass and FormThe Problem / ChallengeIdentification of the key CDM

design issues

toconsider at the concept stage?The risksConstructing, maintaining and cleaning the buildingsstructure and exterior safely . Other detailed CDM

issues may be explored at later design stages.The solutionIdentify significant CDM

Issues affecting the design :-1. What is the Cleaning and Maintenance Strategy

ofthe envelope and any large internal voids such as highspaces, atria or courtyards?2. Can it be built with reasonably practicable , knownor specialist constructional techniques?The benefitsEarly consideration of key CDM

issues

can simplify

safety and set the tone for the entire project.Increased costs and project delays may be avoided.Key PointsLiaise with the client and CDM-C

in reaching theseearly decisions.

There are clear advantages to involving a contractor,CDM-C

or a CDM

experienced designer

at theconcept stage.Early consideration of fundamental safety issues andbuildability

may avoid wasted effort at later stages.

Challenging forms and structures


41/56


Initial Design Envelope Maintenance Systems

Mechanically basedThe Problem / ChallengeCleaning and maintaining glazing

to elevations at high levelin a safe manner

The risksFalls from height due to unsuitable systems orinappropriately designed building fabric .Systems of work that require high levels of supervision fortheir effectiveness are susceptible to human error.Falling objects can endanger peopleThe solution

Early consideration of cleaning options

should be made inrelation to building form, scale and site constraints.

Careful selection

of engineered mechanical systems isneeded to ensure that the required cleaning andmaintenance tasks can be undertaken.The benefitsEconomic and safe maintenance systems

appropriate to the

scale, form and type of building.Provide the client with long-term maintenance strategy andbudgetary considerations .Provide a safe working platform

in line with the Work atHeight Regulations hierarchy.Key PointsReview relevant viable options for mechanical systems atan early stage . Mechanically assisted work placementsystems require early discussion with specialists . Non-

manned robotic systems

eliminate work at height but canlimit design

solutions. Mechanical systems are best suitedto large areas with little geometrical complexity. Any accessfrom the ground , including cherry pickers and MEWPs

require stable hardstanding

and influences landscaping

MEWP

Cradle

BMU

Robotic


42/56


Initial Design Stage -

Envelope Maintenance Systems-

Manually basedThe Problem / ChallengeCleaning glazing to elevations

at high level and indifficult locationsThe risksFalls from height due to inappropriate work systems,poorly designed fabric or operative error.The solutionEarly design consideration of cleaning options.Relatively low technology and low cost techniques tobe considered ,more reliant on manual efforts thanmechanical assistance. Ladders, opening windows,long water fed pole, reach and wash and ropedaccess systems all rely on trained operators and goodmanagement control systems

for their safety. All areinherently safe in the appropriate situations and whenimplemented correctly. Limitations of use to be fullyunderstood.The benefitsAllows economies of scale

to be proportionatelyapplied to all building types. Enables quicker and moreimmediate

response to cleaning demands. Ropedaccess allows work positioning to difficult undercuts

and geometrically intricate areas.Key PointsCareful consideration of all relevant associatedlegislation is necessary especially the Working atHeight Regulations to determine the most appropriatesystem or combination of systems for each buildingdesign. Large ,flat and high elevations are less suitedto these systems.

Ladder limitations Opening window criteria

Water-fed polesSpecial roped access areas


43/56


Initial Design

Visually acceptable Roof Edge Protection

The Problem / ChallengeTo provide collective roof edge protection

all aroundthe new building where regular access to roof plant is

required. Visual roof edge details

were important tothe design team and planners.

The risksFalls from height by maintenance operatives during

roof and plant maintenance operations.The solution

A built-in 950mm parapet upstand

design

withintegral sun shading brise-soliel

feature.The benefits

No need to assess frequency of access to roof areas.Edge protection system does not require harness

training or rescue arrangements .No perimeter handrail due to integral parapet.

No need for additional edge guardingKey Points

Permanent edge protection

provides an optimum

safety solution and is at the top of the work at heighthierarchy.Co-operation of client and project team required to

avoid being value engineered

out.

950mm

Visually hidden edge guarding integrated into cladding

950mm high guarding View of roof upstand

950

mm


44/56

h d l d l b h d l


45/56


Scheme and Detailed Design

Globe Lighting Access-

London ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeThe existing globe at the top of the tower

of theColiseum Opera House was no longer illuminatedand needed refurbishment . The building is Grade 2*listed so replication of original features was essential.The risksFalls from height during refurbishment and futuremaintenance of the 240 lamps .The solutionRegular man access was rejected on safety andeconomic grounds.A fibre optic design

was selected with projectors atlower accessible levels of the tower..The tower was fully scaffolded

during refurbishment,and can be scaffolded

for periodic maintenance and

cleaning.The benefitsRisks associated with access to the globe wereeliminated. The fibre optic solution allows client aneconomic method to maintain full lighting

to the globesky sign without risks to maintenance personnelKey PointsConsultation between the client / FM team and thedesign and contractor team

allowed early decisionsto be made. (The early involvement of the clientallowed for the increased costs of fibre optics to beaccommodated.) Survey drawings were annotated

toanalyse the risks and communicate the solutions.

Existingdark

tower Proposed lit

tower

CDM

Analysis

I i i l D i Gl R f Cl i d M i C li


46/56


Initial Design-

Glass Roof Cleaning and Maintenance -

ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeAccess to the new glass barrel vaulted roof

for

cleaning and maintenance purposes.The roof is above refurbished foyers and isdesigned to recreate the original design.The risksWorking at height and over fragile glass

abovehigh internal and external drops.

The solutionA Building Maintenance Unit (BMU) with an11metre jib

and one man cradle. Planningconstraints influenced rejection of other options,eliminating the use of a travelling curved gantrythat would be visible at all times from streetlevel. Increased structural works were required

to support and conceal the BMU

behind thetower at roof level.The benefitsBoth visual and safety priorities were met withsome increased complexity and cost.Client has the benefit of increased accessibilityprovided by a bespoke systemKey PointsThe client, the facilities managers and specialistsuppliers of cleaning systems were consultedearly on. The final solution for this project tookaccount of safety, historic constraints andaesthetic considerations.

Curved GlassRoof

Proposed gantry solution

Final BMU

Design BMU

Solution

Cut away view of roof

D il d D i A T Li h i C li


47/56


Detailed Design Access to Tower Lighting -

ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeExisting historic freestanding light fittings

to berefurbished and replace those missing. These arelocated on unguarded parapets

to the tower and faade.

The light fittings vary between 2.5m and 3.5m

andcannot be safely reached unaided.The risksFalls from unguarded parapets during maintenanceaccess.

The solutionPowered access equipment, and scaffolding werediscounted after careful assessment as unsuitable.A roped access system, allowing safe work positioningand fall restraint , agreed after detailed client, designteam negotiations and specialist consultations.

Rope attachment anchors

were built into the structuralsteel and terracotta cladding by design team integration .Long life lamps were chosen to minimise the frequencyof access.The benefitsProvides safe and economic lamp replacement at shortnotice using trained theatre maintenance staff .Key PointsLighting design drawings were annotated

tocommunicate the risks and solutions to entire team.The annotated drawings were used by the constructionteam as the basis of the construction details

Historic Light

Eyebolts installed

Parapet detail

CDM

Analysis

eyebolts

I iti l D i F il D d R f li ht L d C li


48/56


Initial Design

Fragile Domed Roof-light-

London ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeTo refurbish the existing stained glass fragile domed rooflight

toprevent water ingress and allowing backlit illumination.

The risksFalls from height during the construction. Falls of people or objectsduring the maintenance and cleaning of the stained glass panels.

The solutionA glass fibre outer dome

was installed by crane for weatherproofing.The inner glass domed roof-light was repaired from a birdcagescaffold within the auditorium.Maintenance walkway installed

between the two domes with a highlevel fall restraint cable fixed to the outer dome.Access to the upper curved areas of glass is via a curved laddergantry with a slidelock

harness attachment.Easily accessed light fittings fitted at low walkway level reflect off

the underside of the outer dome to illuminate the rooflight.

The benefitsThe client has been able to reinstate a spectacular roof-light featurewhilst overcoming the weatherproofing and significant maintenancesafety challenges.

Key PointsSpecialist design subcontractors consulted early .Communication with the Client and FM team essential in agreeingstrategy and budget at early stage by annotation of drawings.A combination of fall prevention methods were carefully selected,each justified in respect of the hierarchy of control measures.

Rooflight

from below

Curved rotatingladder + slide-lock

Walkway and up-light

7-storey high auditoriumwith dome and roof-lightat top

I iti l D ig R d A T l t t


49/56


Initial Design-

Roped Access-

To unusual structuresThe Problem / ChallengeDesign of landmark or unusual feature

structures requiring difficult cleaning andmaintenance access to windows and lightfeatures and for painting or inspectionactivities.The risksPrevention of falls

by methods that respect theWorking at Height Regulations

hierarchy butprovide the necessary and reasonable accessrequirements whilst facilitating the aestheticand safety aspirations of the design.The solutionA roped access work positioning system inaccordance with HSE

and specialist IRATA

installation and operating procedures.The benefitsSpectacular and essential structures can bedesigned with the incorporation of safe accessenabling features and management systemsKey PointsEarly design team and client agreement thatdesign expectations exceed the more commonworking at height prioritisation strategy.Specialist roped access installation advice

toinform the integration of rope attachmentfittings and features

The HSEs

description of RopedAccess

Terminal 5Heathrow

SpinnakerTower

Roped access IRATA

guidelines

Best Pr ctice C se St d Spinn ker To er


50/56


Best Practice Case Study

Spinnaker TowerThe Problem / ChallengeConstruction and maintenance of an iconic and unusual

structureThe risksFalls from height during future maintenance operations

including aircraft light replacement access , observation deckexternal window cleaning and painting of metal surfacesThe solution

International Rope Access Trade Association membercompanies IRATA, employed by client to ensure the safedesign of attachment points and methodology of access

,and their effect upon the structure during design stages.Long life lamps and paints used to minimise access.The benefitsThe structure does not have to be modified

for traditionalaccess techniques higher up the hierarchy of working atheight regulations.Key PointsEarly recognition of safety issues and consultation withspecialists

to prevent sub-contractor design at a later stage.The early client appointment of a specialist

to assist with the

design of the unusual structure requires special coordinationof architectural, structural and specialist design skills, andearly client funding.

HSE Case Study Initial Design Residential Faade Access System


51/56


HSE

Case Study

Initial Design-

Residential Faade Access SystemThe Problem / ChallengeLandlord controlled window cleaning access

tohigh value flats with balconies to main elevations.Impractical to use a suspended access cradle dueto the need to climb out of cradles and overbalconies. Access via flats not acceptable totenants for security reasons. Access from commonparts not possible , and balconies not continuousfor security reasons.The risksFalls from

height during window cleaningoperationsThe solutionRoped access solution for operatives to accesseach balcony area from which safe cleaningoperations can take place.The benefitsLandlord can ensure all windows cleaned atregular intervals.

Operatives clean most windowsfrom safe balconies.Key PointsIRATA

registered company consulted

on ropeattachment design and details.IRATA

trained rope access operatives employed

to ensure safe systems of working.Highly specific project details justified a ropedaccess solution , which would need to be equally

justified if proposed on other projects.

Full length but separated balconies IRATA

guidelines used

Section and Elevations analysed for appropriate systems

Scheme and Detailed Design Fragile Roof lights Wigmore Hall


52/56


Scheme and Detailed Design

Fragile Roof-lights-

Wigmore

Hall

The Problem / ChallengeTo refurbish and modify existing fragile roof-lights

in alisted concert hall building whilst enhancing theaccessibility for cleaning and lighting maintenance access,with no appreciable affect on the hall acoustics oraesthetics .The risksFalls from height during construction and maintenanceoperations.The solutionThe hall was fully birdcage

scaffolded

duringconstruction.This allowed removal of existing cramped crawl-ways andthe installation of a new lightweight central spine walkway .This facilitated access to the lights for performances andgeneral hall lighting within the roof spaceThe benefitsSignificant improvements

in accessibility and safety ofmaintenance operativesRetention and upgrading of an historic and fragile roof-

light feature.Key PointsEarly analysis of the structural limitations

of the roof trussand walls. Access requirements for A/C services andlighting requirements understood through discussions withusers and consultants.Buildability

issues raised at the beginning of the projectthrough specialist consultation.

finl

Drg

orphoto

Roof services, rooflight

and access analysis

Inner rooflight

above auditorium

Original roof-space

Revised roof-space

Inner roof-lightand lights

New centralwalkway

Outer roof-

light

Original

crawlway

Initial Design Maintenance Access to Unusual Roofs Dubai Metro


53/56


Initial Design

Maintenance Access to Unusual Roofs -

Dubai Metro

The Problem / ChallengeTo establish an appropriate means of roof surface andglazing cleaning

on 40 overground

station roofs of iconicstructural form in the hot Middle Eastern climate of Dubai

The risksFalls from height and heat exposure

on curved metalroofs and glazed elevations above operational railway andbusy 6-lane motorway adjacent.

The solutionVariety of roof access options analysed

including

BMUs,cherry pickers and roped access, with possible use of roofcleaning sprinkler system. All discounted on grounds ofimpracticability and safety to operatives and road users.Design team and client agreed solution was a purposedesigned robotic systemThe benefitsMan access to roofs eliminated for general maintenancepurposesKey PointsDetails of sun-shading devices

critical to allow passage ofrobot. Roof apex robot attachment system, water supply

and mansafe

fall restraint harness system to bedeveloped in detailed design with specialistsubcontractors .

Robotic systemCherrypicker

option

Gold metallic curved roof 120m X 30m

Roped access +sprinkler options analysis

HSE Designer Guidance Unusual Construction Sequences


54/56


HSE

Designer Guidance

Unusual Construction SequencesThe Problem /ChallengeIntelligibility of unusualconstruction sequencesThe risksCollapse duringconstruction

due toasymetric

loading andunbalanced cantilevers

The solutionGraphic presentation ofthe proposed sequence

for contractors tounderstand the structuraland constructional designintentions.The benefitsInformation sharing withthe construction team atearly stages

of the projectKey PointsSimple 3-D drawings

overlaid in an animatedpowerpoint, showing thesite constraints andproposed significantsequences

HSE Designer Guidance Demolition of unusual structures only


55/56


HSE

Designer Guidance

Demolition

of unusual structures onlyThe Problem / ChallengeWhat demolition information

is required in the Healthand safety file

for future demolition purposes?Unusual and hidden

residual risks such assuspended and cantilevered features, post-

tensioned and pre-stressed elements, etc.The risksUnusual or hidden

structural or services relatedelements can be accidentally damaged or incorrectly

cut during future refurbishment or demolition workscausing catastrophic collapse

of the entire or largeparts of the structure.The solutionIndicate on drawings where these issues are hidden

so future designers and contractors can planappropriately for temporary support or safedemolition.The benefitsReduced risk of

collapse and injuriesKey PointsIdentify significant issues only.No need to indicate obvious and normal structuraland constructional issues which are easily identifiedby future competent designers and contractors.Too much irrelevant information will hide the realissues.Indicate on graphic information where possible.

Suspendedstructures

21m Cantilevers


56/56

S i O S

THANK YOU

QUESTION TIME

safe design and communication 091012

Documents