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IEEE Consumer Electronics SocietyFuture Directions
Tom CoughlinVP, IEEE CE Society Future Directions
Soumya Kanti DattaCo-Founder, Future Tech Lab and Member, IEEE CE Society
Lee StognerPresident, Vincula Group, IEEE CE Society, Internet of Things Initiative
Safe Advanced Mobile Power Webinar
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Roadmap
IEEE Future Directions
IEEE CE Society Future Direction Activities
Battery Consumption and Management in
Mobile Devices
Battery Technology Today and in the Future
Conclusion & Q/A
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The IEEE Consumer
Electronics Society Future
Directions Committee
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IEEE Future Directions Initiatives
Funding can come from FD Committee or IEEE NIC
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Consumer Electronics Future Directions
We serve as an active member of the larger
IEEE Future Directions Committee in Technical
Activities
We also have a very active Future Directions
group in the Consumer Electronics Society—
perhaps the most active such group in the IEEE
We have had a FD committee since 2013
CE Society Future Directions could be the way
we make the CE Society more influential and
increase our membership by 2X or more…
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Objectives
Help bring interesting and important
industrial topics to CE Society
Conferences
Help to generate articles for the
Consumer Electronics Magazine
Create new initiatives on important
topics in consumer electronics
Create new standards
Create a bigger and lasting presence of
the Consumer Electronics Society in the
IEEE
Attract new members to the CE Society
Help create the future
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CE Society Future Directions Activities
Safe Advanced Mobile Power (SAMP, led by Lee Stogner)
Consumer Internet of Things (CC-IoT, led by Soumya Kanti
Datta)
Transportation Electrification (TE, led by Yu Yuan)
Cloud Computing for Consumers (CCfC, led by Tom
Coughlin)
Digital Senses including VR and AR (DS, lead by Yu Yuan)
Consumer Privacy and Security (CPS, led by Stephen
Dukes
Future of Making (FM, Bob Frankston and Joe Decuir)
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Mobile Power Initiative Objective
The objective of this effort is to create a safe and
sustainable mobile energy source for a mobile
device, such as a smartphone, that will supply a
week’s worth of “normal” use without recharging
from a fixed power source.
The creation of longer lasting energy sources for
mobile devices will have important technical and
social benefits
Can we create something like “Moore’s Law” for
mobile power?
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Safe Advanced Mobile Power
This activity started in 2014 with funding from an
IEEE Future Directions Seed Grant
Grant helped to fund two workshops on this topic
in 2014 (one in San Jose, CA and the other in
Galway, Ireland)
The 2014 workshops resulted in a white paper on
this topic now on the CE Society FD webpage
New grant in 2015 funded an additional Silicon
Valley workshop and a student design
competition
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A Call to Action!We encourage you to join
our Future Directions
activities
You can join a current
committee, create a new
committee and/or recruit
folks to participate in our
committees.
There are many consumer
trends that we are not yet
involved in
If you have an interest in
one of the current
committees or in helping
create another committee
let us know.
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Power Consumption and Management
in Mobile Devices
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Smartphone Shipping Statistics (1/2)
Source: Counterpoint Research, July 2015
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Smartphone Shipping Statistics (2/2)
Source: IDC
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Intersection of Smartphone and Things
Source: http://www.appmethod.com/internet-of-things
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Wearable Device Shipping Statistics
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Internet of Things
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A High Level View
Smart mobile devices are equipped with
cutting-edge hardware components.
– App developers exploit them to provide state-
of-the-art user experience.
– Simultaneous use of several apps attribute to
higher power consumption.
– Power remains as the main bottleneck for
continuous usage of smart devices.
– Many wearable devices demand always-on
Bluetooth connection.
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Power Consumption at Hardware
Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Android power management: Current and future trends," in Enabling
Technologies for Smartphone and Internet of Things (ETSIoT), 2012 First IEEE Workshop on, pp.48-53, 18 June 2012.
Dis
pla
y h
ard
ware • High
brightness
• High screen time out
• High device interaction time N
etw
ork
Inte
rface • Prolong
usage of Wi-Fi and Mobile Data
• Bulk data transfer apps like YouTube
CP
U • High operating frequency
• No dynamic frequency scaling
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Energy Consumption at Display
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Power Consumption at Mobile Networks
Network Interface Power Consumption (mA)
Active mode Idle mode
EDGE 300 5
3G 225 2.5 – 3
Wi-Fi 330 12 - 15
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Power Consumption in Software Applications
Frequent waking up in background
Bulk data transfer
Static dissipation
In-app advertisements Auto-sync
Ineffective using of sensors
Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Minimizing energy expenditure in smart devices," in Information &
Communication Technologies (ICT), 2013 IEEE Conference on, pp.712-717, 11-12 April 2013
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Power Management – Traditional App Way
Primary
Approach
Secondary
Approach
App Example
CPU frequency
scaling
Toggling other
features
Setcpu, cputuner
Control
smartphone
features
CPU frequency
optimization
Juice defender,
extended control
and more
Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Android power management: Current and future trends," in Enabling
Technologies for Smartphone and Internet of Things (ETSIoT), 2012 First IEEE Workshop on, pp.48-53, 18 June 2012.
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Limitations
Power management was not intelligent.
Some apps require root access
– For CPU freq. scaling.
No focus on power consumption pattern.
Context information is not used for any learning
purpose.
In-app advertising: adds to the power consumption.
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Intelligent Power Management
Smart power saving
– Monitoring smartphone usage and learning
usage patterns
– Compute and apply dynamic power saving
profiles
Smart app development technique
– Power and context aware mobile app
development framework
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Usage Pattern – Why?
By studying usage pattern of mobile phones
– We can understand how power is spent
– Identify “power waste”
E.g. keep mobile data on while sleeping at night
– Forms a stepping stone towards power
saving
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Usage Pattern – How Does it Work?
Three steps
– Collect raw usage data from mobile phones over a week.
– Upload that to a remote server (could also be done locally).
– Additional processing generated usage patterns.
Usage patterns are characterized based on
– Day of the week (d)
– Time interval of a day (t)
– Location (s).
They are retrieved using the context monitor module.
– For each (d, t, s), a pattern is generated.
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Architecture
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Power Saving Profiles
The power saving profiles are essentially a set of settings that
can
– Regulate the network technologies
– Amount of mobile data transfer
– Brightness level
– Limit the network traffic per app
– Scale CPU frequency dynamically (with root permission)
The profiles are activated intelligently to reduce power
consumption in the smart devices.
One profile is generated for each usage pattern.
The profiles are computed in the remote server.
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Example
Mobile phone
– Samsung Galaxy S2 running Android 2.3.4
Usage pattern characterized by
– Day of week – Monday
– Time duration - 18:04 – 21:09
– Location – home of the user
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Usage Pattern and Power Saving Profile
Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Personalized power saving profiles generation analyzing smart
device usage patterns," in Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2014 7th IFIP, pp.1-8, 20-22
May 2014.
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Power Consumption Reduction
Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Personalized power saving profiles generation analysing smart
device usage patterns," in Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2014 7th IFIP, pp.1-8, 20-22
May 2014.
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Smart App Development Framework
Objective: development of power aware mobile apps.
Consider: power efficiency across the entire lifecycle of apps to
minimize overall power consumption.
Applications need to respond to the battery level, status
(AC/USB charging or discharging) and context information by
modifying their behaviour, optimizing resource usage &
performance and user experience (UX).
The strategies are useful for optimizing performance without
compromising UX at higher battery level.
When the battery is critically low, the application will offer energy
efficient alternatives to the user to minimize the battery
consumption while compromising the UX.
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Self-Adaptive Framework
Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Self-adaptive battery and context aware mobile
application development," in Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference
(IWCMC), 2014 International, pp.761-766, 4-8 Aug. 2014
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Experimental Results
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Powering Wearables and IoT Devices
Most consumers are not going to buy such a device just
because they are smart.
For a product to gain acceptance, its smart features must
provide real value.
The smart features must have valuable enhancements.
– Can’t be seen as an “extra baggage” by consumers.
– Must be small, lightweight and maintenance free.
That means their power supplies must become
“invisible”.
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Traditional Batteries have Drawbacks
Improvement in energy density (Li-Ion battery) is
quite slow
– Such batteries do not last the life of devices.
Chemical batteries have additional drawbacks
– Large size
– External and frequent charging
– Possibility of chemical leakage
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The Solution
Solid State Batteries and Wireless Charging
The characteristics of solid state batteries make them
beneficial to power wearables and IoT devices
– High energy density
– Very small in dimensions
– No chemical related hazards
– Low self-discharge date
Wireless charging can be achieved by
– Energy harvesting
– Near field charging
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Apart from Batteries …
Low power consuming display hardware
Low power communication
– Bluetooth Low Energy stack
Low power processor
Software and applications
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Battery Technology Today
And In The Future
Plus A Bit of History for Perspective
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The Periodic Table of Batteries
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Electrochemical Battery History
“Baghdad Batteries”
– ~1000-2000 years ago.
– Terracotta jars containing a copper cylinder separated from an iron
rod by a non-conductive stopper, and filled with an electrolyte.
– Use: electroplating
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Electrochemical Battery History
The Voltaic Pile
– Invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800
– Zinc and Copper with a cloth soaked in brine
– Technical Flaws:
Compressing of cloth created shorts
Short battery life
The Daniel Cell
– Invented in 1836 by John Daniell
The Lead-Acid Cell
– Invented in 1859 by Gaston Planté
– First rechargeable battery
The Zinc-Carbon Cell
– Invented in 1887 by Carl Gassner
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Electrochemical Battery History
The Nickel-Cadmium Battery
– Invented in 1899 by Waldmar Jungner.
The common Alkaline Battery
– Invented in 1955 by Lewis Urry
The Nickel Metal-Hybrid Battery
– NiMH batteries for smaller applications started to be on the market
in 1989.
Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries
– First lithium batteries sold in the 1970s
– First lithium-ion batteries sold in 1991
– First lithium-ion polymer batteries released in 1996
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How Electrochemical Batteries
Work, The Daniel CellREDOX Reaction
– Oxidation, the loss of electrons, occurs at the anode.
– Reduction, the gain of electrons, occurs at the cathode.
Electron Flow →
Salt BridgeAnode Cathode
Electrolyte Electrolyte
---- +++
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Quick Overview of Other Batteries
Mercury Battery
– Shelf life of up to 10 years.
Silver-Oxide Battery
– Prohibitive costs, but excellent energy density.
Atomic Batteries
– Thermionic Converter
– Thermo Photovoltaic Cells
– Reciprocating Electromechanical Atomic Batteries
Betavoltaics
– Use energy from atom decay emitting beta radiation
– Used for remote and long-term needs, e.g. spacecraft
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Terminology and Units
Primary Batteries – Disposable
Secondary Batteries – Rechargeable
emf – Electromotive force, voltage
Ampere∙hour (Ah) = 3600 coulombs, a
measure of electric charge
Watt ∙hour (Wh) = 3600 joules, a measure of
energy
Ah = (Wh) / emf
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Primary Alkaline Batteries
Can lose 8 – 20% charge every year at room temperature.
Discharge performance drops at low temperatures.
AAA AA 9V C D
Capacity
(Ah)
1.250 2.890 0.625 8.350 20.500
Voltage 1.5 1.5 9 1.5 1.5
Energy
(Wh)
1.875 4.275 5.625 12.525 30.75
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Secondary Batteries
Self-discharge more quickly than primary batteries
Must not overcharge because that will damage the batteries. Quick
charges will also damage the batteries.
Must not over-discharge.
NiCd has “memory effect.”
NiCd is better for applications where current draw is less than the
battery’s own self-discharge rate.
NiMH have a higher capacity, are cheaper, and are less toxic than
NiCd.
Low-Capacity NiMH
(1700-2000 mAh)
High-Capacity NiMH
(2500+ mAh)
NiCd
Charge Cycles 1000 500 1000
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Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Ion
Polymer BatteriesGreat energy-to-weight ratio (~160 Wh/kg compared to 30-80
Wh/kg in NiMH)
No memory effect.
Slow self-discharge rate.
Battery will degrade from moment it is made.
Protection circuits are required to protect the battery.
Li-Ion Polymer batteries are significantly improved.
– Higher energy density.
– Lower manufacturing costs
– More robust to physical damage
– Can take on more shapes.
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Lithium-Ion – Problems ?
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(Reuters, Dec 2, 2014) - A lithium-ion battery that
caught fire aboard a parked Boeing 787 in 2013 in
Boston had design flaws and it should not have
been certified by the U.S. Federal Aviation
Administration, U.S. accident investigators said on
Monday.
The National Transportation Safety Board said the
battery, manufactured by GS Yuasa Corp,
experienced an internal short circuit that led to
thermal runaway of the cell. This condition caused
flammable materials to be ejected outside the
battery's case and resulted in a small fire, the NTSB
said in its report on the incident.
The agency said its investigators found a number of
design and manufacturing concerns that could have
led to the short circuiting, including the presence of
foreign debris and an inspection process that could
not reliably detect defects.
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The Most Annoying Problem in
Computing is Still UnsolvedEveryone is carrying electronic gadgets
Mobile Internet is expected to surpass PC use by 2015
New categories of mobile are coming led by smart watches
Batteries cannot keep up with the needs of modern mobile devices
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Battery Technology vs Energy Demand
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Battery Technology vs Energy Demand
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Battery Technology vs Energy Demand
How do I improve the battery life of mobile devices ?
– Make the electronics more efficient
– Improve the efficiency of software applications
– Improved charging
– Improve the technology and energy density of batteries
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Wearables are driving compact Mobile Power
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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Researchers develop low cost, environmentally friendly way to
produce sand-based lithium ion batteries that outperform standard
by three times
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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A Japanese battery maker and a Japanese auto racing team have announced a
collaboration to develop an electric car battery, whose promised performance
certainly raises an eyebrow. The battery maker’s claims — faster charge times,
greater capacity, longer range, greater number of charge-discharge cycles and
less volatility than conventional lithium-ion EV batteries — perch the technology
at the moment somewhere between “breakthrough” and “too good to be true.”
PowerJapan Plus, whose recent announcement video cites ten years’ lab
development of its battery, has to date remained guarded about its proprietary
technology. The company’s webpage about the “Ryden Dual Carbon Battery”
states that it uses both a carbon anode and carbon cathode made from modified
cotton fibers. (Ryden is a homophone of “Raijin,” a Shinto god of lightning,
thunder, and storms.)
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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Researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University developed bio-battery gets charged by Sugar.
Once this bio-battery gets charged it takes 10 days to
discharge. Researchers claims that their battery
provides more electricity output as compared to output
provided by normal Lithium-ion battery.
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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Imprint Energy, of Alameda, California, has been testing its
ultrathin zinc-polymer batteries in wrist-worn devices and
hopes to sell them to manufacturers of wearable electronics,
medical devices, smart labels, and environmental sensors.
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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UCLA researchers have developed a groundbreaking technique
that uses a DVD burner to fabricate miniature graphene-based
supercapacitors — devices that can charge and discharge a
hundred to a thousand times faster than standard batteries.
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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Harvesting Static Electricity
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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The Energy Harvesting Antenna
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New Mobile Battery Technology
66Harvesting Waste Heat
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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The Gravity Light
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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Quantum Dots Made From Fool's Gold
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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The Clean Battery
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New Mobile Battery Technology
70The Solar Battery – Ohio State University
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The Redox Flow Lithium Battery
71 Flow batteries generate a charge when two liquids flow adjacent to each other
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New Mobile Battery Technology
72Solid-State Lithium Metal
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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The Nuclear Battery – University of Missouri
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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It’s a biofuel cell concept
which makes electricity using
the glucose from the snail’s
blood. However in a human
where glucose is constantly
replenished it could be used to
power implanted medical
devices like your pacemaker.
However it probably wouldn’t
be powerful enough for your
smartphone. Maybe this is
how they generated electricity
from Humans in the Matrix ?
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New Mobile Battery Technology
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Thomas Edison designed a
battery to power cars and built
an ‘EV’ using it in 1889.
Stanford University scientists
have recently modified the
Nickel Iron battery structure
using graphene incorporated
into the iron anode and carbon
nanotubes incorporating nickel
as the cathode. As a result now
we have an ultra-fast nickel-
iron battery.
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The First Sodium Ion Battery
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The Fuel Cell
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The Fuel Cell
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The Apollo Fuel Cell was
designed to provide safe
reliable power to send men to
the moon and back.
One is on display at the LA
Science Museum.
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The Fuel Cell – Mobile Packaging
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The Fuel Cell – Scalable Technology
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Can we manage our charging ?
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Can we manage our applications ?
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What is the ultimate SAMP ?
83What will you invent for SAMP ?
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Where to Learn More
84http://cesoc.ieee.org/about/future-directions/safe-advanced-mobile-power.html
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Where to Learn More
85 https://www.linkedin.com/groups/8304488
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Where to Learn More
86
http://flip.it/6Uk60
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Where to Learn More
87 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
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Where to Learn More
IEEE Transportation Electrification Initiative, http://electricvehicle.ieee.org
IEEE Consumer Electronics Society, http://cesoc.ieee.org/
IEEE Power & Energy Society, http://www.ieee-pes.org/
IEEE Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology Society, http://cpmt.ieee.org/
IEEE Xplore Digital Library, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, JCESR, http://www.jcesr.org/
European Portable Battery Association (EPBA), http://www.epbaeurope.net/
China Industrial Association of Power Sources (CIAPS), http://www.cibf.org.cn/
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Summary
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Solar for light
Methane for generators
Biomass Gasifiers
Running water and other
motion
Local sources of energy
What we develop to
Power mobile devices
can help a lot of people
http://national.deseretnews.com/article/1950/John-Hoffmire-Why-we-must-take-energy-
poverty-seriously.html
Conclusion and Q&A
Tom Coughlin, [email protected]; Soumya Kanti Datta,
[email protected]; Lee Stogner, [email protected]