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TRANSCRIPT
ANNEX 1
Joint EUCAR/JRC/CONCAWE Programme on:Joint EUCAR/JRC/CONCAWE Programme on:
Effects of gasoline vapour pressure and ethanol content on evaporative emissions from modern cars
File: ANNEX_1_Biofuels_EVAP_Programme.pdf
ANNEX 2
Effects of biodiesel on exhaust emissions and engine performance
SAE
Pap
er
Fuel HD / LD
Cycle
HC CO NOx PM PAH, Aldehyde, ketone, sulphate, nitrate, VOC, biological test
Number / size distribution
Materials compatibility
Performance / Drive ability
9500
53
100% RME
Bus,trucks
ECE 49, AQA*F21
From 0.6 to 0.5 g/kWh (-17%), from 2.2 to 1.9 g/km (-14%)
From 2.5 to 1.9 g/kWh (-24%), from 5.9 to 5.3 g/km (-10%)
From 17.9 to 19.6 g/kWh (+9%), from 21.8 to 20.4 g/km (-6%)
From 0.8 to 0.5 g/kWh (-37%), from 1.2 to 1.1 g/km (-8%)
= amount of wear metals (except lead, → avoid lead-coated tanks); attacks paint. Original elastomers unsuitable→fluorinated elastomers. Some (few) deposits. < lubricant viscosity (but same or better TBN, carbon index & dispersive power). No early oil change.
Power: - 6/7%.Efficiency =. Consumption: + 7/11% (theo), +10.1 (calc)
30% RME
Bus,trucks
Ald & Ket =.BTX: from 214 to 164.5 mg (-23%).∑10 gas PAH: from 354785 to 259921 µg (-27%).∑12 part PAH: from 481.3 to 342.89 µg (-29%)
= amount of wear metals in lubricant with durability test. = lubricant viscosity.Few swelling tank plug seals.No early oil change.
consumption: + 2/3% (theo)
50% RME
Bus,trucks
Ald/Ket slight +.BTX: from 214 to 142 mg (-34%).∑10 gas PAH: from 354785 to 3256µg (-99%).∑12 part PAH: from 481.3 to 529.3 µg (+10%).
= amount of wear metals in lubricant with durability test. =/- lubricant viscosity.Few swelling tank plug seals.No early oil change.
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
9716
89
100% RME
Bus engine
ECE R49
From .55 to .32 g/kWh (-42%)(might be misleading because RME can condensate at 190ºC)
From .79 to .69 g/kWh (-13%)
From 5.54 to 6.81 g/kWh (+23%)
From .24 to .27 g/kWh (+13%)(+SOF)
∑ 15 PAH: Mode1:from 2998 to 232 µg/kg fuel (-92%). Mode4:from 1099 to 62 (-94%). Mode9: from 761 to 56 (-93%).No sulphate, no nitrate.BTX= (mode 1/4/9).∑5 aldehydes +25/35% (mode4).Bio: - potencial health risk.
Mean diameter, mode4: from .13 to 1.5 µm.
+ 14% fuel consumption
9620
96
R oil vehicle
FTP-75
+ 130% + 85% - 3% + 167% B(a)P:+ 41%, ∑ PAH: +89%, ∑ ald: +282%
ECE 15
+ 62% + 114% - 6 % + 220% B(a)P:+69%, ∑ PAH: +171%,∑ ald: +236%
Comparative measurements
Tendency increase sharply
Tendency increase sharply
= +/- depends on test
PAH: - in steady state tests, + in ECE15 and FTP75.Ald, Ket:drastic +. BTX +.
100% RME
Comparative measurements
From -10% to -40%
-15% average
Almost + 10%
From = to -40%
Significantly – PAH.Ald and Ket: + (~ +40%).BTX -.- mutagenic pot.+ ethene,ethyne
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
9611
14
100% REE
Pickup trucks
EPA HD cycle, modified arterial cycle.
From 1.254 to .592 g/mile (- 53%,’94).From .854 to .324 (-62%, ’95). *
From 4.497 to 2.107 g/mile (-53%,1994).From 3.683 to 2.403 (-35%, 1995).*
From 6.85 to 6.013 g/mile (-12%,1994).From 6.747 to 5.913 (-12%, 1995).*
From .411 to .48 g/mile (+17%, 1994).From .184 to .264 (+43%, 1995). *
Catalytic converter reduced HC & PM both for diesel & biodiesel.
Lit review: ethyl & methyl esters: -HC as much as 50%. – CO as much as 10%. PM, NOx trade off: ±10/15%.
*EPA HD cycle. With arterial cycle: - absolute values of regulated emissions, but = trends
50% REE
-33%, 1994.-43%, 1995*
-50%, 1994.-35%, 1995.*
-8%, 1994.-3%, 1995.*
+4%, 1994.+35%, 1995*
20% REE
-19%, ’94-17%, ’95*
-35%, ’94.-18%, ’95*
-6%, 1994.-8%, 1995.*
-6%, 1994.+6%, 1995.*
100% RME
EPA HD cycle(‘94)
-48% -54% -8% +24%
20% RME
-20% -32% -4% -14%
9610
86
50% SME
HD engine
-28% = + (~ +15%)
-27% (soot: -45%, SOF: +64%)
Lit review: 100% soybean based biodiesel: -5/7% power; = efficiency, = wearing. = CO; -48% HC; +13% NOx. 10/40% biodiesel: -NOx.
= thermal efficiency; -5.5% full load torque; + consumption
20% Fatty esters
Peak torque speed
< emission with > % ester
= or - = From = to -10%
< torque
50% Fatty esters
< emission with > % ester
= or - = From = to -30% (methyl palmitate)
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
1999
-01-
3598
Used frying oil
1 cylinder DI engine
At 0% and 100% =. Min at 50%
BSFC > with increasing used fried oil %.
Emuls W/D/oil (D and oil = %)
Decrease remarkably from 0% to 40% W.
= BSFC with 0% e 40% W, min with 20% water.
100% ME oil
= - +(better with 30/50% W)
= BSFC(better with 30% water)
1999
-01-
3603
100% RME
van Between -10% and -20%
= + SOF - PAH (∑7) consumption ~ =
Biodiesel (RME based)
= + (+ SOF) - PAH (∑7) consumption ~ =
9500
54
100% SME
Truck engine
13 mode
-75% - 14% + 28% (Increase linearly with % SME)
-33%. Not in low load conditions (> with > %SME), +SOF
Biodegradable, non toxic.Pure vegetable oil: difficulties with injectors,pistons,rings deposit formation and lubricating oil incompatibility
+ 12% consumption (> with > %SME). Similar chemical,thermodynamic properties (vegetable oil esters)
50%SME
- 50% - 7% + 16% -26%
30%SME
- 53% - 18% + 7% (possible –, see 20%)
-37%
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat.
20%SME
- 32% - 8% + 5%(possible – with optimized engine calibration. Also – PM).
- 24% With oxidation catalyst no benefit.With EGR: – NOx, without other penalties.
10%SME
- 28% - 10% + 3% (possible –, as for 20%SME)
- 32%
9527
57
20% RME
2 pickups
Road (80000 km). EPA HD cycle, modified arterial cycle.
-20% -25% -3% -10% Lit review: 100% veget oil:deposits, ring sticking, injector coking…100% soydiesel: engine power -6/+3%; = wear.-1% CO; -48% HC; +13% PM.100% SME: = wear; +6% consumption; -40% CO; +3% NOx.
Biodegradable (vegetable oils).Esters may deteriorate rubber components.>specific weight and viscosity (1.8 times for 100 RME; 15.7 times for 100% rapeseed oil). Heat combustion <.> flash point→ safer to use, store.
-1% power.No differences for drivers
20% R oil
-1% power.No differences for drivers
100% RME
-56% -42% -9% +7% -5% power
100% R oil
PME, RME: = wear. 50% fried oil ME: = consumption; -10% power.
20%RME: rust in steel tanks→ necessary stainless steel; fuel filter plugging in winter; low injectors coking; no excess amount of carbon buidup on pistons, cylinders.R oil: carbon on injectors.No abnormal wear or performance.
50% RME
-37% -39% -5% +8%
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
2004
-01-
0097
30% RME
1 cylinder engine (DI)
-6/-17% (because of better combustion efficiency)
Between -19% and -26%
Between +7% and +15%
Between -10% and -15% soot
< ignition delay; accelerated combustion; slight > consumption
2003
-01-
0767
Vegetable oils
+290% (R oil)
+100% (R oil)
-25% (R oil)
-30/50% (R oil, IDI).+90/140% (R oil, DI).
+30/+330% ald & ket (R oil).- 1/3 PAH (R oil, IDI); + PAH (R oil, DI).
>> viscosity.Carbon deposits, sticking piston rings, lube oil dilution.Not suitable for DI engines.
< heating values (-10%~). Torque,power -2% (R oil). <comb noise.= perform.
biodiesel
-56% -43% +10% -55% - 90% cancer risk (Ames mutagenic test). + aldehyes. No SO2.
+ lubricating than diesel (> engine life). Biodeg, non toxic. > flashpoint→safer.
Slight < heating values.< power.No engine problems. Consumption +2/5%.
20% SME
-16% -8% +6% +5%
Neat biodiesel: alter viscosity lube oil; higher pour point→ additives necessary.No engine modifications required.
> CN. 30% SME
-26% -16% +8% =
40% SME
-33% -22% +10% =
10% SME
engine
13 mode
-28% -11% +4% -34%
20% SME
-32% -8% +5% -24%
30% SME
-53% -19% +7% -38%
50% SME
-51% -7% +16% -27%
100% SME
-76% -14% +28% -34%
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
2000
-01-
0691
100% SME(also 30/40/ 50/75 %)
DI engine, 1900 cm3
Slight - Considerably + (due to higher temperature in combustion chamber)
- Advanced start injection
> viscosity, density.- 20/25% performance (= equivalence ratio). = perform if relative equival.ratio
2002
-01-
1658
20% SME
HD engine
-35% -8% +3% -20% > consumption20%
YGME-55% -8% +1% -20%
100% SME
-40% -41% +12% -73%
100%YGME
-80% -39% +4% -69%
982 20%
SMEengine
Steady state
-11% = efficiency
527
50% SI -29% -34%
10/100% SME
13 mode
-28% (10%)
-7% (30%) Between -24% and -38%
30/100% biodiesel
8 m. test
Between -18% and -24%
20/35/ 65/100% SME
EPA test
-44% -47% -66%
20/50/ 100% SME
engine
Steady state
100SME < 50 < 20 < Diesel
100SME < 50<20<DieselBut > SOF
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
2002
-01-
0865
50 & 100% Bio (70% SME 30% WO)
Automotive engine, 1.9 L
Steady state
100Bio < 50Bio < Diesel
100Bio < 50Bio < Diesel
100Bio > 50Bio > Diesel
-soot, +SOF
> consumption; slight > efficiency; < heat value.
2003
-01-
3285
30% RME
Medium Duty engine
steady state
= at 23ºC, + at -7 ºC
= ald (11) Slight > number at low temperature
LD Eur cycle
< > number at low temperature, < at > temp. Peak shift at < size class at < temp.
E85 LD Eur cycle
>> at < T (diesel, only > for gasoline)
>> at < T(diesel, only > for gasoline)
<< (diesel)< (gasoline)
<<< (diesel)
+ acetaldehyde,= BTEX (gasoline)
2003
-01-
1866
30/100% RME, 30/100% SME, 30% UVME
LD engine, MD engine
Steady state, AVL8- mode
< (AVL8, 100%RME)
> in most engine conditions.(= in the case of AVL8, 100%RME).
< for most engine conditions.(> in the case of AVL8, 100%RME).
Slight < ald. 1,3 butadiene =
= torque
30/100% RME 30/100% SME, 30% UVME
LD FTP 75
- = -15/-25% + formaldehyde (without catalyst)
HD engine
steady state, ECE R49
= with 30%,< with 100%
= with 30%,< with 100%
= or slight + (+13% with 100% biodiesel)
-10/-50% with 30%.-60/-80% with 100%
= formaldehyde. < PAH (14).= mutagenic activity with 30%, < with 100%
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
2001
-01-
1124
25% RME (+ water, metals)
Test on FVMQ: = aggressiveness.Long-term exposure: small changes.
100% RME
Test on various FVMQ: = aggressiveness.
2005
-01-
1728
10% RME
engine, 6.11 L
Steady state
~ = ~ = + ~ = ~ = PAH. - large particles, + finer (below 80 nm)
> consumption20%
RME~ = ~ = + ~ = ~ = PAH.
< opacity= DPF efficiency
50% RME
~ = + + ~ = ~ = PAH
100% RME
- + + ~ = + PAH. < opacity
15% RME
bus Steady
+ ~ = opacity - large particles,
= DPF efficiency,
Lit review: -HC, - CO,
state + finer (below 80 nm)
< CRT conversion, compatible
+NOx, - PM, -benzene. < mutagenic activity. + fine particles (10/40nm)
50% RME
+ ~ = opacity
In h
ouse
dat
a
30% RME
2 LD / 2 base fuels
NEDC
+29%+21%-2%
+30%+36%+5%
+1%+6%+1%
-23% (but + SOF), +1%-9%
+/- PAH+TEQ+ VOC→ + O3
- large particles, + finer
30% (SME + SuME)
+37%+53%+10%
+36%+56%+18%
-3%+2%+2%
-32%-8%-1%
30% PME
+16%+6%-11%
+3%+22%-6%
-2%0%0%
-27%-10%-10%
100% RME
+237%+32%+2%
+186%+107%+53%
+4%+16%+15%
-66%-2%-14%
100% (SME + SuME)
+271%+45%+12%
+200%+126%+67%
+16%+19%+18%
-70%-3%-15%
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
9716
82
SME Higher cloud point & pour point→ filter plugging, worse cold flow properties. solution: winterization + cold flow improver.
Lit review: < HC; < PAH; slight < CO; = performance; safer to store/handle.
1999
-01-
1497
30% RME, 100% RME
Sigle cylinder engine with common rail
(> density; > viscosity → > droplet size; -13% heating value.)
Improvement in emissions (CO, smoke, NOx) if air temperature at SOI is above 700°C.Possible further improvements if engine parameters optimised for RME.
1999
-01-
3520
SAE Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
2000
-01-
1480
biodiesel
Impact assessment: for CO, NOx, VOC, particles the most important impact is on public health
2000
-01-
2976
biodiesel
Fuel-cycle energy use & emissions: feedstock & fuel transportation: = energy consumption and CO2 emissions; slight > VOC and NOx emissions.
Aut
o-O
il II
Pro
gram
me
100% biodiesel
HD(Euro 2)
EF: 0.4Calculated for Euro3: 0.3 ; Euro4: 0.2
EF: 0.7Calculated for Euro3: 0.4 ; Euro4: 0.3
EF: 1.1(generally > , adjustment of injection timing & autoignition required. Can also be reduced by using high EGR rates).Calculated for Euro3: 0.9 ; Euro4: 0.6
EF: 1.0< soot, but > SOF (under some conditions).Calculated for Euro3: 0.7 ; Euro4: 0.2
< PAH. High aldheydes
Renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic. Hygroscopic. Attention required for the storage.< life cycle CO2
emissions. High conversion rate with oxidation catalyst.Problems to parts of fuel injection system, potential risk of reducing the service life of fuel injection equipment.< volumetric energy. Dilution lube oil → more frequent oil change.
Worse low temperature behaviour.< oxidation stability.LCA: EF for CO2
: 0.1 - 0.3.> costs for fuel.
20% / 30% biodiesel
HD(Euro 2)
EF: 0.7Calculated for Euro3: 0.5 ; Euro4: 0.3
EF: 0.8Calculated for Euro3: 0.5 ; Euro4: 0.3
EF: 1.0Calculated for Euro3: 0.9 ; Euro4: 0.5
EF: 1.0Calculated for Euro3: 0.7 ; Euro4: 0.2
Lubricity improver.(Potential risk of reducing the service life of fuel injection equipment).Considered equivalent to diesel in terms of engine/fuel compatibility → can be used in existing engines without modifications.
LCA: EF for CO2
: 0.7 - 0.8.= costs for vehicle/engine.Slight > costs for fuel.
LD (Euro 2)
EF: 0.4Calculated for Euro3: 0.4 ; Euro4: 0.3
EF: 0.5Calculated for Euro3: 0.4 ; Euro4: 0.3
EF: 1.0Calculated for Euro3: 1.0 ; Euro4: 0.5(Engine optimisation required)
EF: 0.8Calculated for Euro3: 0.5 ; Euro4: 0.2
Paper Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
Wes
tern
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Inst
itute
100% biodiesel
Normal engine wearing, no injectors problems.Caution with certain types of elastomers; fluorocarbon seals ok.Is a mild solvent→ remove sediments, deposits→ filters plugging.Biodegradable→ stability additives necessary.
< power; similar fuel consumption.
20% biodiesel
= or less engine wear (lubricity benefits)
= or < power. Similar fuel consumption.
20% SME(EPA results)
-21.1%(= also for different biodiesel)
-11% +2%(< adjusting engine timing & with EGR)
-10.1%
Paper Fuel HD/
LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size
distMat compat. Perform.
Biodiesel blend
LD Between +5% and +50%
Between -2 % and-14%
Between -4 % and +5%
Between -12 % and -18%
EPA
420
-P-0
2-00
1
mainly HD (1997 or older models). No EGR, NOx adsorbers or PM traps.
< with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to -67% with 100% biodiesel).
< with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to -48% with 100% biodiesel).RME slightly better than SME
> with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to +10% with 100% biodiesel).RME slightly better than SME
< with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to -47% with 100% biodiesel).
< acetaldehyde & formaldehyde with increasing % biodiesel.
(differences on emissions depending on the type of biodiesel & diesel, not on the engine model)
-8% energy content (-1.6% with 20% biodiesel).BSFC: up to 11% reduction in miles/gallon with neat biodiesel.
HD/LD: Heavy Duty / Light DutyRME: Rapeseed oil Methyl EsterREE: Rapeseed Ethyl EsterSME: Soybean Methyl Ester (Methyl Soyate)SI: Soybean IsopropylSuME: Sunflower Methyl EsterPME: Palm oil Methyl EsterUVME: Used Vegetable oil Methyl EsterR oil: Rapeseed oilFT: Fischer-TropschYGME: Yellow Grease Methyl EsterWO: Waste vegetable OilFVMQ: fluorosilicone elastomersW: WaterCN: Cetane NumberTBN: Total Basic NumberSOI: Start Of Injection SOF: Soluble Organic FractionEF: Emission Factor (ratio between the exhaust emission in a given engine/vehicle fuelled by biodiesel, to the the exhaust emission when the engine/vehicle is fuelled by diesel)LCA: Life Cycle AssessmentEGR: Exhaust Gas RecirculationBSFC: Brake Specific Fuel Consumption