chapter 2 aldehyde
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2 : ALDEHYDE Norfazrin Mohd Hanif
Faculty of Applied ScienceUiTM Negeri Sembilan
SUBTOPICS
Nomenclature – common and IUPAC names for aldehyde
Physical properties of aldehyde : Boiling points and solubility
Preparation of aldehydeOxidation of alcoholReduction of acid chlorides
Reactions of aldehydeOxidationReductionAddition (with HCN, NaHSO3, H2O, Grignard reagentsCondensation (with ammonia, hydrazine and their derivatives)Iodoform reaction
SUBTOPICS
INTRODUCTION
Aldehyde contain the carbonyl group – a group in which a carbon atom has a double bond to oxygen :
Carbonyl group
Oxygen Carbonyl
Carbon Carbonyl
The carbonyl group in aldehyde is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.Using R, we can designate the general formula as:
C
O
R Hor RCHO ( R = alkyl or aryl or H)
C
O
R H
2.0 NOMENCLATURE 2.1 IUPAC 2.2 Common name
2.1 IUPAC Names
Aldehydes are named by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with –al.
~ The aldehyde functional group is always carbon 1 & need not be numbered.
IUPAC :COMMON:
IUPAC :COMMON:
2.1 IUPAC Names
Aldehyde functional groups bonded to a ring are named using the suffix carbaldehyde.
~ Benzaldehyde is used more commonly than the name benzenecarbaldehyde.
IUPAC :COMMON:
2.2 Common Names
Aldehydes are named from the common names of the corresponding carboxylic acid.
The ‘ic acid’ ending is replaced with ‘aldehyde’.
Structure IUPAC name Common name Structure IUPAC Common name
HCO2H methanoic acid HCHO methanal
CH3CO2H ethanoic acid CH3CHO ethanal
CH3CH2CO2H propanoic acid CH3CH2CHO propanal
CH3(CH2)2CO2H butanoic acid CH3(CH2)2CHO butanal
CH3(CH2)3CO2H pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3CHO pentanal
CH3(CH2)4CO2H hexanoic acid CH3(CH2)4CHO hexanal
formic acid
acetic acid
propionic acid
butyric acid
valeric acid
caproic acid
formaldehyde
acetaldehyde
propionaldehyde
butyraldehyde
valeraldehyde
caproaldehyde
2.2 Common Names
Substituents locations are given using Greek letters (, , , ,….) beginning with the carbon next to the carbonyl carbon, the -carbon.
-bromobutyraldehyde
-hydroxyvaleraldehyde
-phenylacetaldehyde
CH3CHBrCH2C
O
H CH3CHCH2CH2C
O
H
OH
CH2C
O
H
2.0 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Boiling Point 2.2 Solubility
2.2 Physical Properties
Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon (3.5 vs 2.5) and, therefore, a C=O group is polar
aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds and interact in the pure state by dipole-dipole interactions
they have higher boiling points and are more soluble in water than nonpolar compounds of comparable molecular weight
C O C O –
Polarity of acarbonyl group
-+C O
+
More importantcontributing
structure
::: : :
2.2 Physical Properties
PROPERTY OBSERVATION
Boiling Point
Solubility
RCHO having ≤ 5 C’s are H2O soluble because they can hydrogen bond with H2O.RCHO having > 5 C’s are slightly soluble in H2O.
δ+
δ-…………
HO
Hδ+ Hydrogen bond with water.
2.2 Physical Properties
Solubility of Aldehydes :
2.0 PREPARATION OFALDEHYDE
2.1 Oxidation of 1° alcohol 2.2 Reduction of 2.2.1 Acyl Chlorides, 2.2.2 Esters 2.2.3 Nitriles
A) Oxidation of 1o Alcohols
General formula:
Using PCC as oxidizing agent :
PCC: Pyridinium chlorochromate
A) Oxidation of 1o Alcohols
Using strong oxidizing agent:
CH3CH2OH CH3 C OH
O
Ethanol Ethanoic Acid
H2CrO4
acetone35oC
CH3CH2OH CH3 C OH
O
Ethanol Ethanoic Acid
KMnO4/ H+
B) Reduction of Acyl Chlorides
R C
O
Clacid chloride lithium aluminium tri(t-butoxy)hydride
Li+ -AlH(O-t-Bu)3R C
O
Haldehyde
CH3CHCH2C
CH3 O
Cl lithium aluminium tri(t-butoxy)hydride
Li+ -AlH(O-t-Bu)3
CH3CHCH2C
CH3 O
H
Example:
* Lithium aluminium tri(t-butoxy)hydride is a milder reducing agent that reacts faster with acid chlorides than with aldehydes.
CO
Cl
LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3C
O
H
LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3
benzoyl chloride benzaldehyde
CH3CHCH2CO
Cl
CH3
CH3CHCH2CO
H
CH3
isovaleryl chloride isovaleraldehyde
B) Reduction of Acyl Chlorides
3.0 REACTIONS3.1 Oxidation3.2 Reduction3.3 Nucleophilic Addition3.4 Aldol Condensation &
Cannizaro Reaction3.5 Iodoform reaction
1) Oxidation of Aldehydes
Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acid by: strong oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate,KMnO4
mild oxidizing agent such as silver oxide, Ag2O in aqueous ammonia (Tollen’s Test : differentiate between aldehyde & ketone)
General Reaction
RC
H
O
[o]
R OH
O
Aldehyde Carboxylic Acid
CH3─CH2─CH2─CH2─C─OH
[O] :KMnO4, OH-
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Ag(NH3)2+OH- (Tollen’s reagent)
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
=
O
CH3─CH2─CH2─CH2─C─H
=
O
Pentanal Pentanoic acid
Examples
1) Oxidation of Aldehydes
In the laboratory, Tollens’ test may be used to distinguish between an aldehyde and ketone. Tollens’ reagent, a solution of Ag+ (AgNO3) and ammonia, oxidizes aldehyde, but not ketones. The silver ions is reduced to metallic silver, which forms a layer called a “silver mirror” on the inside of the container
* Tollens’ test is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Ketones DO NOT react with Tollens’s reagent.
Tollens’ Test (Silver Mirror Test)
2) Reduction of Aldehydes
Hydride ionLithium aluminum hydride (LAH)
Sodium borohydride
H
H H
H
H-B-H H-Al-HLi +Na+
H:
Reduction of an aldehyde gives a primary alcohol .
Aldehydes can be reduced to alcohol by
• H2/Ni or H2/Pd
• LiAlH4
• NaBH4
(most often used)
2) Reduction of Aldehydes
Examples:
CH3 C H
O
CH3 C H
O-
H
CH3 C H
OH
H
H+
ethanal
ethanol
LiAlH4
3.3 Nucleophilic Addition Reaction Of
3.3.1 HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation
3.3.2 Ammonia & Its Derivatives
3.3.3 Grignard Reagent : Formation of Alcohol
3) Nucleophilic Addition
The carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones are polarised because of the difference in the electronegativity of carbon and oxygen.
The carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge.
Aldehydes and ketones are susceptible to attack both by nucleophiles at the carbonyl carbon atom and by electrophiles at the oxygen atom.
C O
electrophilic attacknucleophilic attack
δ-δ+
3) Nucleophilic Addition
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of :
a. HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation
b. NaHSO3
c. Grignard Reagent : Formation of Alcohol
a) Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide
C
O
R R' HCN CR R'
OH
CNketone or aldehyde
cyanohydrin
example
C
O
CH3 H HCN CCH3 H
OH
CNethanal
1-hydroxy-1-methylpropanenitrile
* Cyanohydrin may be formed using liquid HCN with a catalytic amount of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide.
C
O
R H HCN CR CN
OH
H
C
O
CH3 H HCN CCH3 CN
OH
H
CR COOH
OH
H
CCH3 COOH
OH
H
NH4+
NH4+
aldehyde
cyanohydrin
example
ethanal
2-hydroxypanenitrile
H2O/H+
carboxylic acid
H2O/H+
2-hydroxypropanoic acid(lactic acid)
C
O
CN C CN
OH+
C CN
OH
MECHANISM
a) Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide
• When shaken with an aqueous of sodium bisulphite, most aldehydes and ketones formed carbonyl bisulphite (a colourless crystal).
• The reaction takes place more readily with aldehydes than with ketones.
• The nucleophile is the hydrogensulphite ion, HSO3-
• Example:
b) Nucleophilic addition of sodium bisulphite (NaHSO3)
NaHSO3 H C
O
CH3 H C
OH
CH3
OSO2- Na+
Bisulphite salts
ethanal
3) Condensation with Hydrazines, Hydroxlamine and Phenylhydrazine
• Aldehydes and ketones condense with ammonia derivatives such as hydroxylamine and substituted hydrazines to give imine derivatives.
i) Reaction with hydrazine:Hydrazines derivatives reacts with aldehydes or ketones to form hydrazones.
R C
O
R' H2N-NH2 R C
N
R'
NH2H+
H2Oaldehyde or ketone hydrazine hydrazone derivative
Example:
CH
O
H2N-NH2H+
hydrazineC
H
N NH2
H2O
benzaldehydebenzaldehyde hydrazone
imine
R N
C
3) Condensation with Hydrazines, Hydroxlamine and Phenylhydrazine
ii) Reaction with hydroxylamine:Hydroxylamine reacts with ketones and aldehydes to form oximes.
R C
O
R' H2N-OH R C
N
R'
OHH+
H2Oaldehyde or ketone hydroxylamine oxime
Example:
H2N-OH H+
hydroxylamineH2O
butanal
butanal oxime
H
O
H
N
OH
3) Condensation with Hydrazines, Hydroxlamine and Phenylhydrazine
ii) Reaction with phenylhydrazine :
R C
O
R' R C
N
R'
NH-PhH+
H2Oaldehyde or ketone phenylhydrazine
phenylhydrazone
Example:
H+
H2O
butanal butanal phenylhydrazone
H N NH
H
Ph
phenylhydrazine
H N NH
H
Ph
H
O
H
N-NH-Ph
3a) Condensation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-dnp)
A solution of 2,4-DNP in methanol and H2SO4: Brady’s reagent.
Aldehydes reacts with 2,4-DNP at room temperature to give a yellow-orange precipitate of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone.
Positive TestReagent
C O
HNO2
NO2NH2N
H
NO2
NO2NN
H
C
H
H2Oroom
temperature
benzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone(yellow-orange precipitate)
benzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
C O
NO2
NO2NH2N
H
NO2
NO2NN
H
CR'
R
H2Oroom
temperature
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
R
R'
• 2,4-Dinitrohydrazones have characteristic sharp melting points.
• The formation of a yellow or orange precipitate when 2,4-DNP reacts with an organic compound at room temperature is used
a) As chemical test for aldehydes or ketones,
b) To identify an aldehyde or a ketone by measuring the melting point of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone formed.
3a) Condensation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-dnp)
• Condensation : combination of two or more molecules with the loss of a small molecule such as water or an alcohol.
• Aldol condensation : involves the nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion to another carbonyl group.
• The product, a β-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde, is called an aldol because it contains both an aldehyde group and the hydroxy group of an alcohol.
• This reaction is for aldehyde or ketone that have α-hydrogen atom.
R C
O
CH2 R C CH2
O
R' R' R C
O
CH
R'
CR
OH
CH2 R'H+ or -OH
aldehyde or ketonealdol product
4) Aldol Condensation
Cannizaro reaction: Chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position.
Disproportionation: oxidation-reduction reaction in which the same element is both oxidized and reduced.
Cannizzaro first accomplished this transformation in 1853, when he obtained benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid from the treatment of benzaldehyde with potash (potassium carbonate).
In this disproportionation reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde acts as an oxidant and converts a second molecule of aldehyde into a carboxylic acid while consequently being reduced to an alcohol itself.
4) Cannizaro Reaction
(CH3)3CCHO2NaOH
(CH3)3CCOONa + (CH3)3CCH2OH
alcoholcarboxylate salt
Examples:
aldehyde with no α-hydrogen atom
CH3CH2CH2NaOH
CH3CHC
C
OH
CH3CH2 HO
O
H
aldol product
aldehyde with α-hydrogen atom
4) Cannizaro Reaction
5) Reaction With Grignard Reagent
A Grignard reagent (a strong nucleophile resembling a carbanion, R:- attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon atom to give an alkoxide intermediate.
Subsequent protonation gives an alcohol.
MgBrCH3CH2C O
H3C
HC O- +MgBr
CH3
H
CH3CH2
C OH
CH3
H
CH3CH2
H3O+
2-butanol
alkoxideethanalethylmagnesium bromide
6) Haloform Reaction
IODOFORM TEST
- a solution of I2 in an alkaline medium such as NaOH or KOH is a oxidising agent.- when ethanal warmed with this solution, triiodoethanal will be formed as the intermediate product.- triiodoethanal then reacts with the base to form a yellow precipitate of triiodomethane (iodoform).
CH3CHO + 3I2 → CI3CHO + 3HI triidoethanal
Cl3CHO + -OH → CHI3 + HCOO-
iodoform
6) Haloform Reaction
• Iodoform test is useful for the methyl ketone group (CH3C=O) in ethanal and methyl ketones.
• If an alkaline solution of iodine is warmed with an organic compound and a yellow precipitate of triiodomethane is produced, the organic compound is likely to be one of the following:
CCH3 H
OH
H
ethanol C
O
CH3 Hethanal
a secondary alcohol with the CHCH3
OH
group
a ketone with the CCH3
O
group
6) Haloform Reaction
Iodoform test can be used to distinguish:
i) ethanal from other aldehydes, because ethanal is the only aldehydes that gives a positive iodoform test.ii) ethanol and secondary alcohols that contains the CH3CH(OH)- group give a positive iodoform test.
iii) methyl ketones (ketones that contain CH3CO- group) give positive iodoform test.For example, propanone and phenylethanone give a yellow precipitate, but 3-pentanone and diphenylmethanone give negative iodoform tests.
6) Haloform Reaction
C
O
CH3 3I2
C
O
C
I
I
I NaOH
C
O
CH3 3I2 NaOH
C
O
C
I
I
I
C
O
O- Na+
C
O
O- Na+
3HI
CHI3
CHI3 3HI
warmphenylethanone
The overall reaction is
heat
phenylethanone sodium benzoate iodoform(yellow precipitate)
Thank you!