s. muralidharan & v. dhananjayan
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PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FISHES OF INLAND WETLAND OF SOUTH INDIA. S. MURALIDHARAN & V. DHANANJAYAN. SÁLIM ALI CENTRE FOR ORNITHOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY (An autonomous centre aided by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
S. MURALIDHARAN &
V. DHANANJAYAN
PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FISHES OF INLAND WETLAND OF
SOUTH INDIA
SÁLIM ALI CENTRE FOR ORNITHOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY(An autonomous centre aided by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India)
Anaikatty P.O., Coimbatore - 641 108. INDIA
Wetlands in India are increasingly facing several anthropogenic pressures. Survey of 140 major sites across various agro-climatic zones identified anthropogenic interference as the main source of wetland degradation (Anon.1993).
The current wetland loss rate in India can lead to serious consequences, where 74% of the human population is rural (World Development Report, 1994) and many of these people are wetland resource dependent.
Although growing human population, large scale changes in land use, burgeoning development projects and the improper use of watersheds are all responsible for decline of wetland resources, significant losses have created due to industrial and agricultural operations.
Pesticide consumption pattern in various states of India
UP AP
Punjab
Haryan
a
Gujarat
Mahara
shtra W
B
Karnata
ka
Rajasth
an TN MPBiha
r
Assam NE
0
2
4
6
8
Pesticides are the ubiquitous contaminants Fishes, Birds and Humans are the worst victims
India is now both the largest manufacturer and consumer of pesticides in South Asia. Despite the proliferation of different types of pesticides, organochlorine such as HCH and DDT still account for two thirds of the total consumption in the country because of their low cost and versatility in action against various pests.
About 70% of the pesticides used in agricultural fields reach adjoining water bodies through rain or irrigation (Ridgway et al., 1978) or by their direct use in the water bodies for control of aquatic weeds (Li, 1975). These chemicals are toxic to many aquatic organisms.
Few studies have indicated the presence of pesticide residues in fishes (Amaraneni and Pillala 2001), foodstuffs (Kannan et al., 1992) and birds (Muralidharan 1993, Senthilkumar et al. 2001).
Some surveys are also available in northern and central India, but information regarding situation in fishes of inland wetlands is very rare. Fish are long-living animals accumulating toxicants integrating over time and space which turn resulting organochlorine toxicity in human being (Kumari et al 2001).
To prioritize Indian wetlands for conservation action, documenting the contamination status of fish is an essential tool.
OBJECTIVES
1. Assess the contamination profile of fishes
of inland wetlands of South India
2. Generate a data base to prioritize conservation measures
3. Evaluate the possible toxic impact on the consumers (man).
• Hierarchy in food chain• Accumulative capacity• Nutritional abundance• Sampling convenience• Tissue levels reflect current and
past exposures
Fishes - Ideal indicators?
STATES INCLUDED FOR THIS STUDY
Collection method
Transportation of the fish samples to lab
Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh KaranatakaAlwarkurichi Kolleru West Godhavari Krishnaraj Sagar Reservoir
Ariyakulam Chinna tumbalam tank Tailur kere
Avalpoodurai Nandalur tank Salagaon village tank
Gundur big tank Draksha Rama Bannur
Kappalure Uppalapadu Guntur Tumkur
Koothapar big tank Jataprole Rarandur Kere
Kunnathur Madurai Kazipet tank Nagavalli Amanikere
Mappedu Mandhyal Tank Mandakhalli-kere
Palli karanai Marsh Jankam pet Karigala Kere
R.S. Mangalam Samundar talab
Suchindaram Heche
Sulur Cauvery river stretch
Vaduvoor Marchalli kere
Vandiyur tank
Vembanur
Chembarambakam
List of Wetlands included in this study
SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
S.No. Name of the species No. of Individuals1 Clarias batrachus 92 Labeo rohita 203 Anabas testudineus 64 Catla catla 135 Tilapia mossambica 96 Cyprinus carpio 97 Channa striatus 88 Channa orientalis 59 Heteropneustes fossilis 810 Cirrhinus mrigala 6 Total 93
SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OF TAMIL NADU
S.No. Fish Count 1 Hypophythalmiethys molitrix 102 Mystus vittatus 193 Tilapia mossambica 674 Cirrhinus mrigala 105 Heteropneustes fossilis 116 Labeo rohita 127 Channa orientalis 128 Channa punctatus 259 Anabas testudineus 15
10 Channa striatus 30 Total 211
SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OF KARNATAKA
S. No. Name of the species No. of individuals1 Anguilla bicolor bicolor 212 Catla catla 113 Channa striatus 114 Cirrhinus mrigala 65 Clarias batrachus 96 Cyprinus carpio 207 Heteropneustes fossilis 118 Labeo rohita 199 Tilapia mossambica 26
Total 134
On receipt of fish, Physical measurements and other details were
recorded on a datasheet.
Tissues are separated and stored at –20°C for
chemical analyses
Laboratory procedures
Alpha HCHBeta HCHGamma HCHDelta HCHHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideEndosulfan 1Endosulfan 2Endosulfan sulfatep,p’- DDEp,p’- DDTp,p’- DDDDieldrin
ANALYSIS
Alpha HCHBeta HCHGamma HCHDelta HCHHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideEndosulfan 1Endosulfan 2Endosulfan sulfatep,p’- DDEp,p’- DDTp,p’- DDDDieldrin
Total organochlorine residues (ppm)-Andhra Pradesh
Draksh
a Ram
a
Janka
m pet
Uppalapad
u
Jatap
role
Kolleru
Kazipet
tank
Mandhya
l Tan
k
Nandalu
r tan
k
Chinna tumbala
m 0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
Clarias
batrac
hus
Labeo
rohita
Anabas
testu
dineus
Catla c
atla
Tilap
ia moss
ambica
Cyprin
us carp
io
Channa s
triatu
s
Channa o
riental
is
Hetero
pneuste
s foss
ilis
Cirrhinus m
rigala
00.005
0.010.015
0.020.025
0.030.035
RESULTS
SPECIES
WETLANDS
Total organochlorine residues (ppm) -Tamil Nadu
Kappalu
re
Gundur big ta
nk
Vaduvo
orSulur
R.S. Man
galam
Alwark
urichi
Mapped
u
Vandiyu
r tan
k
Kunnathur M
adurai
Koothapar
big tank
Avalpoodurai
Suchindara
m
Ariyak
ulam
Palli k
aranai
Marsh
Vemban
ur
Chembarm
bakam
Singanall
ur
Theroor c
omplex0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
Hypophthalm
icthys
molitr
ix
Mystus v
ittatus
Tilapia
mossam
bica
Cirrhinus m
rigala
Hetero
pneuste
s foss
ilis
Labeo
rohita
Channa o
riental
is
Channa puncta
tus
Anabas te
studineu
s
chan
na stri
atus
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
RESULTS Con..
WETLANDS
SPECIES
Total organochlorine residues (ppm) - Karnataka
Heche
Mandak
halli-k
ere
Nagav
alli A
manike
re
Tumku
r
Krishnara
j Sag
ar
Salagao
n villa
ge tan
k
Cauve
ry riv
er str
etch
Samundar
talab
Bannur
Tailu
r kere
Rarandur K
ere
Marchall
i kere
karig
ala Kere
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
Hetero
pneuste
s foss
ilis
Cirrhinus m
rigala
Cyprin
us carp
io
Catla c
atla
Channa s
triatu
s
Tilap
ia moss
ambica
Clarias
batrac
hus
Labeo
rohita
Anguilla bico
lor bico
lor0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
WETLANDS
SPECIES
Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Tami Nadu0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Variation in total organochlorine residues
Impact on the consumers?
How safe are the fishes for human consumption ?
If a person consumes 250 g of fish per week, what would be the Daily Dietary Intake of organochlorine pesticide?
SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Name of the pesticide C.punctatus C.striatus C.mrigala H. fossilis L.rohita
BHC 3.13 4.68 3.21 0.57 4.77
DDT 0.61 1.11 1.23 0.82 0.38
Dieldrin 0.03 0.00 0.14 0.07 0.12
Heptachlor 0.94 0.11 0.50 1.15 0.66
Chloridane 0.65 1.91 0.09 0.78 0.19
Endrin 2.88 2.21 0.52 7.01 0.45
Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) Limits for pesticide [ug/person(60Kg)]
Pesticide Statutory agencies
Total DDT
Total HCH
Dieldrin
Endosulfan
Heptachlor epoxide
300
18
6
450
60
FAO/WHO 1971
Health Canada, 1996
(IARC)*
FAO/WHO 1971
FAO/WHO 1971
Concentration
in ug
* International Agency for Research on Cancer
Residues of one or more persistent pesticides were detected in fishes (100 %) from all
wetlands
HCH isomers were detected about 80 % of the fishes
Heptachlor epoxide (78%)
Endosulfan (66%)
DDT and its homologs (p,p’-constituents) were measured in 76 % of fishes
Inference
These pesticides are termed as endocrine disruptors, known to elicit their adverse effects by mimicking or antagonizing natural hormones in the body which are responsible for maintaining and controlling the normal development.
Although, pesticide concentrations measured in fishes from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are safe for human consumption if the same concentrations continue to exit, in long run they will exert toxic effects.
UNDP
MOEF
SACON
and
State co-coordinators
AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to
KARNATAKA
Naveein, O.CBangalore – 560 046. Mr. K. Manu,Mandya Dist.
Vijay Mohan Raj,Deputy Conservator of Forests, Gadag,
Mr. Gurunath Desai,31, Ashok Nagar,
K. Raghothama Rao, SEEK Foundation,Bangalore 560 019,
Mr. S. Sreevatsa,Bustard Nature Club,Raichur 584 101.
Mr. Manjunath Hegde,Hosabale 577 434,
Mr. Ameen Ahmed,Wildlife Aware Nature Club,Tumkur 572 101.
Mr. P.D.Sudarshan,Soil Health Centre,
Uttara Kannada District.
TAMIL NADU
Dr. M.ArunachalamAlwarkurichi
Dr T Badhri NarayananMadurai - 625 020
Dr. Robert B. GrubhNagarcoil -629003
Dr.K.ThiyagesanMayiladuthurai - 609 305
Mr Daniel Wesley, HTiruchirapalli – 620017
Dr.K. Sampath,Chidambaram 608 001.
Dr. RJ. Ranjit Daniels,Chennai – 600061
Mr. Preston Ahimaz,Chennai 600 018.
Dr. V. Kalaiarasan,Chennai 600 022.
Dr. V. KrishnamurthyChennai 600 114
Dr. S. Balachandran,Kanyakumari Dt.
ANDHRA PRADESH
Aasheesh PittieHyderabad 500034
Dr V. Vasudeva RaoHyderabad 500030
Dr B.V. Seshagiri RaoBhimavaram 534202
Siraj A. TaherHyderabad 500034
Mr. S. Sreevatsa,Raichur 584 101.
Rajeev MathewHyderabad 500082
K. Mrutyumjaya RaoKakinada
Sushil KapadiaHyderabad 500082
Dr C. SrinivasuluHyderabad 500007
S. Ashok KumarHyderabad 500033
Dr V. SantharamMadanapalli
Kiran K.Hyderabad
RajashekarSecunderabad 500017
State –coordinators1. Mr S A Hussain
(Karnataka)
2. Mr Aasheesh Pittie (Andhra Pradeh
3. Dr RJ Ranjit Daniels(Tamil Nadu)