rudy romijn - utahashrae.org · early chiller refrigerants . 7 timeline 1970: james lovelock...

© 2013 Carrier Corporation

Rudy Romijn Regional Manager, eDesign Suite Operations

© Carrier Corporation 2016

OLSEM009 Version 1.0

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CERTIFICATION

Carrier University is accredited by the

International Association for Continuing

Education and Training (IACET). Carrier

University complies with the ANSI/IACET

Standard, which is recognized

internationally as a standard of excellence

in instructional practices. As a result of this

accreditation, Carrier University is

authorized to issue the IACET CEU.”

Carrier University is

authorized by IACET to offer

0.1 CEUs for this program.

This is equivalent to 1.0

PDH’s

2

At the conclusion of this seminar you should be able to:

1. List the three characteristics that influence the use of refrigerants in chillers

2. Define Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

3. Match the refrigerant safety classifications

4. Identify the issues addressed by the Montreal Protocol

5. State the relationship between GWP and TEWI

6. Match ASHRAE Standards to their environmental impact

7. Identify which group influences refrigerant choices most

8. Select the best applications for different refrigerants

SESSION OBJECTIVES

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REFRIGERANT HISTORY

Graphic Source: Carrier Corporation

4

1930:Thomas Midgley announced

the development of a new refrigerant

that would later become known as R-12

CCl2F2 dichlorodifluoromethane

REFRIGERANTS


5

Toxic

Flammable Hydrogen

Chlorine

Fluorine

Long Atmospheric Life

R-123

R-134a

R-22

REFRIGERANT COMPOSITION TRIANGLE


6

CFC chlorine, fluorine, carbon

HCFC hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, carbon

HFC hydrogen, fluorine, carbon

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

R-500

CCl3F trichlorofluoromethane

CCl2F2 dichlorodifluoromethane

CHClF2 chlorodifluoromethane

CFC-12/HFC-152a (73.8/26.2)

EARLY CHILLER REFRIGERANTS

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Timeline

1970: James Lovelock discovers R-11 in the air over western Ireland

1972: Atomic Energy Commission sponsors meeting of chemists and meteorologists

1973: Rowland and Molina discover that CFCs can destroy ozone in the stratosphere

1977: United Nations holds the first international meeting to discuss ozone depletion

1978: Use of CFCs in aerosols banned in U.S. & Canada

1984: British research group detects a 40% ozone loss over Antarctica during the austral spring

1987: The Montreal Protocol is signed, calling for eventual worldwide CFC reductions of 50%

REFRIGERANTS THE 70’S UNTIL TODAY

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Stratosphere 7 to 30 miles

Ionosphere 30 to 300 miles

Troposphere Ground to 7 miles

OZONE IN THE ATMOSPHERE


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Ozone molecules absorb harmful

UVB

OZONE PROTECTS US FROM UVB RAYS


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R-11

O3 Molecules (Ozone)

Winds carry ozone depleting gases up into the stratosphere

WINDS CARRY OZONE DEPLETING GASES


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OZONE DEPLETION

The chlorine bonds with an oxygen

breaking apart the ozone

The chlorine floats around looking for something to bond to

UV rays break off a chlorine

UV rays can now pass though the

ozone hole to reach us on earth


12

OPD is a measure (relative to R-11 whose ODP is 1.0) of a refrigerants ability to cause damage to the ozone layer. Refrigerant with a ODP greater than zero is on a phase out schedule!

OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP)

13

MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Montreal

Protocol

Phase out of Chlorine-based Refrigerants

Graphic Source: NASA. Public domain

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1988: 50% reduction of CFC production

1990: Complete CFC phase-out by 2000

1992: Complete CFC phase-out by 1996

HCFC CAP in 1996 with phase-out by 2030

1995: HCFC CAP reduced from 3.1% to 2.8%

From 2020 to 2030, HCFC use for service only

HCFC controls for developing countries

2007: Meeting of the Parties in Montreal

Accelerated phase-out of HCFCs

Agreed to review need for service tail in 2015/16

MONTREAL PROTOCOL STEPS

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Ozone Protection Policies U.S. Clean Air Act

2010: Montreal Protocol cap reduced to 25%

U.S. phase-out of R-22 in new equipment

2015: Montreal Protocol cap reduced to 10%

U.S. forecast R-22 shortage for service

2020: Montreal Protocol cap reduced to 0.5%

U.S. no HCFC in new equipment

U.S. CLEAN AIR ACT IMPLICATIONS

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HCFC Phase-out Schedule

*100% = 2.8% of CFCs plus 100% of HCFCs in 1989

** Service only

2015 review "the need for the 0.5% for servicing”

MONTREAL PROTOCOL


CHILLER REFRIGERANT CHOICES

17 Graphic Source: Carrier Corporation

Movement within each generation

Montreal Protocol

ODP issue

Kyoto Protocol

GWP issue

1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 4th generation

Less Stable

Contains

Chlorine

Lower Ozone

Depletion

Lower Global

Warming

Less Stable

No Chlorine

Zero Ozone

Depletion

Variable

Global

Warming

Less Stable

Zero Ozone

Depletion

Variable Global

Warming

New Risks for

Certain

Applications

Very Stable

Contains

Chlorine

Strong Ozone

Depletion

Strong Global

Warming

REFRIGERANT MARKET TRANSITIONS

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19

HFCs were listed as a Green House Gas in the Kyoto Protocol

GLOBAL

CLIMATE CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Graphic Source: EPA. Public domain

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Definitions

Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language

Second College Edition

Weather - The general condition of the atmosphere

at a particular time and place, with

regard to the temperature, moisture,

cloudiness, etc.

Climate - The prevailing or average weather

conditions of a place, as determined by

the temperature and meteorological

changes over a period of years.

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

Solar radiation passes through the clear atmosphere

Some solar radiation is reflected by the earth and the atmosphere.

Some of the infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere, and some is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gas molecules. The effect of this is to warm the earths surface and the lower atmosphere.

Most radiation is absorbed by the earth’s surface

Infrared radiation

is emitted from

the earths surface

GLOBAL WARMING AND

THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

21 Graphic Source: Carrier Corporation

22

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

• Established in 1988 by WMO and UNEP to

Assess available scientific information

Assess the impacts of climate change

Formulate response strategies

• Comprised of 3 working groups

WG I: Climate System

WG II: Impacts and response options

WG III: Economic and Social dimensions

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

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• Adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005

• Worldwide differentiated target of 5.2% reduction between 2008 - 2012

• Six gases included in reduction %

CO2, CH4, N2O - 1990 baseline

HFC, PFC, SF6 - 1995 baseline option

• “Sinks” (forests, soil and land use) included

KYOTO PROTOCOL- A GLOBAL STRATEGY

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ASHRAE

Number Formula

Ozone

Depletion

Potential

Global

Warming

Potential

Atmospheric

Lifetime

(Years)

CFC

11

12

113

114

115

CCl3F

CCl2F2

CCl2FCClF2

CClF2CClF2

CClF2CF3

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.44

4,750

10,890

6,130

10,400

7,370

45

100

85

300

1700

HCFC

22

123

124

142b

CHClF2

CHCl2CF3

CHClFCF3

CH3CClF2

0.05

0.02

0.02

0.07

1,810

77

609

2,310

12.0

1.3

5.8

17.9

HFC

32

125

134a

152a

143a

245fa

CH2F2

CHF2CF3

CF3CH2F

CH3CHF2

CH3CF3

CHF2CF2CHF3

0

0

0

0

0

0

675

3,500

1,430

124

4,470

1,030

4.9

29

14

1.4

52

7.6

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES

OF REFRIGERANTS

Derived from ASHRAE Standard 34 - 2013

25

365 kg

CO2/year

48 kg

CO2/year 6700 kg

CO2/year

10 SEER: 2370 kg CO2/year

13 SEER: 1848 kg CO2/year

Global warming gas emissions

(2013)

~95% of an air

conditioner’s impact

on climate change is

electrical use

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-407C

HFC-410A

1.0

1.0

0.05

0.02

3800

8100

1500

90

1300

1530

1730

Ozone depletion

potential

Direct global warming

potential*

3260 HFC-404A

4 , 7 HFO-1234yf, 1234ze(E)

Propane

CO2

HFC-32 650

20

1

* = Kyoto Protocol Values

except for 1234yf, ze(E)

REFRIGERANTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Graphic Source: EPA Public Domain, Carrier Corporation, Data extracted from ASHRAE Standard 34 and EPA Climate Site

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TOTAL EQUIVALENT WARMING IMPACT

Direct Emissions

TEWI + Indirect

Emissions =

Calculation DIRECT = Emission x Equivalent CO2

INDIRECT = Energy Usage x CO2/kW-hr Graphic Source: Carrier Corporation

27

HFC Phase Down Proposals

CLIMATE CHANGE PROPOSALS

Graphic Source: Carrier Corporation – Data Carrier Corporation Bill Walter

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Next Generation / Low GWP Refrigerants

Hydrocarbons (HCs)

Propane (R-290)

Iso-butane (R-600a)

Carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744)

Ammonia (NH3, R-717)

Low GWP HFCs/HFOs

HFC-32

HFO-1234yf

HFO-1234ze(E)

Highly Flammable (A3)

Very High Pressure (A1)

Toxic & Flammable (B2L)

Mildly Flammable (A2L)

HFO = hydrofluoro olefin

Very short atmospheric lifetime

Very low global warming potential

REFRIGERANTS

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES REQUIRE

NEW REFRIGERANTS

Environmental

(Direct Impact)

Energy

Efficiency

(Indirect Impact)

Safety

Standards

(Enabler)

Montreal Protocol Phase Down SNAP Delisting?

New 2L HFO Refrigerants

New Safety Standards and Building Codes

New Refrigerants Required

Due to GWP Direct GWP Impact

Refrigerant Change

CO2 Emissions & GWP

(largest driver is efficiency)

New Equipment Efficiencies

Drive Product Redesign

Graphic Source: ASHRAE, EPA Public Domain, Carrier Corporation, Data extracted from ASHRAE Standard 34 and EPA Climate Site

30

Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems

Specifies safe design, construction, installation, and operation of

refrigeration systems.

Refers to ASHRAE Standard 34 for:

Refrigerant Safety Classification

Refrigerant Concentration Limit

Developing requirements for application of

2L refrigerants

ASHRAE STANDARD 15

Graphic Source: ASHRAE

31

EPA “SNAP”

Alternative

Significant

New

Policies Graphic Source: Carrier Corporation

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ASHRAE STANDARD 34

Graphic Source: ASHRAE

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STANDARD 34 COMPONENTS Refrigerants

ASHRAE 34 and EN 378

Graphic Source: Carrier Corporation – Data Carrier Corporation Bill Walter

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Refrigerant Producers:

Continuous Research to offer better cost effective refrigerant solutions

Equipment Manufacturers:

Test and evaluate new refrigerants making sure basic safety, toxicity and

efficiencies are not compromised

Mechanical Design Consultants:

Provide sustainable, occupant friendly, affordable building designs to owners

Owner/Operators:

Maintain good stewardship of a building system that meet codes and regulations

Maintenance/Service contractors:

Provide “as needed” continuous service to maintain a healthy building system

HOW STAKEHOLDERS WORK TOGETHER

35

FUTURE OF REFRIGERANTS?

If there are no “silver bullet” refrigerants,

how do these stack up?

R1233zd R513 R1234ze

Composition Pure 44% R134a/ 56% R1234yf Pure

Rating A1 A1 A2L

GWP 7 631 6

Pressure Negative Positive Positive

Use Centrifugal Screw or Centrifugal Screw

Pros Near drop in for R134a Near drop in for R134a

Cons Expensive, loss in performance,

GWP not that low

Mildly flammable, Building

Code changes

Data Source: Carrier Corporation – Tom Franaszek

37

Carrier will have the right refrigerant solution for

every application, but not every application will

have the same refrigerant solution.

Any choice of refrigerant must factor:

a. Energy efficiency

b. Commercial availability

c. Compliance with safety codes

d. Environmental effectiveness

CARRIER POSITION

Not Part of the for Credit Presentation

rudy romijn - utahashrae.org · early chiller refrigerants . 7 timeline 1970: james lovelock...

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