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POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007
Round Table on “Clean Zones”
2Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Problems Problems withwith PM10PM10--pollutionpollution in European in European citiescities
0 50 100 150 200 250
Wien
Villach
Stockholm
Rotterdam
Riga
Rhein-Ruhr Gebiet
München
Milan
Mannheim
Madrid
Lyon
London
Lissabon
Linz
Leipzig
Klagenfurt
Hamburg
Graz
Frankfurt
Dresden
Berlin
Barcelona
Brüssel
days above 50 µg/m3 PM10
2002 2003 2004
EU-limit value
3Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Lacking Lacking consistency between AQ standards consistency between AQ standards and vehicle emission standardsand vehicle emission standards
vehicle emission standards & deadline for entry into service
air quality standards & deadline for attainment
2010 2015
2005
2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016
PM10NO2
PM10ultimately NO2
ultimately
PM2.5
3 years
EURO 5PF:
deNOx: HDVs
EURO 4PF:
deNOx: cars LDV
HDV
EURO 5☺PF: deNOx:
cars LDV
EURO 6☺PF: ☺deNOx: cars LDV
5 years ~5 years
POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007
Round Table on “Clean Zones”
5Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Berlin’s Low Emission ZoneBerlin’s Low Emission Zone
Martin LutzSenate Department for Health, Environment
and Consumer Protection
Directorate III, Environment Policy
6Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
•• 450 km road sections in non450 km road sections in non--attainmentattainment
•• 190.000 affected residents190.000 affected residents
24h limit valueannual limit value
reasonreason for a LEZ for a LEZ widespread nonwidespread non--attainment of attainment of PM10 PM10 in Berlinin Berlin
modelled modelled PM10PM10 in street canyonsin street canyons
7Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
ru_ka.cdr040224 ps
Messstelle mit miniaturisierten Probensammlern für verkehrsbezogende Schadstoffe an verkehrsreichen Straßen (Rubis)
Automatische Messcontainer in Wohngebieten und am StadtrandAutomatische Messcontainer an verkehrsreichen Straßen
Jahresmittelwert der Stickstoffdioxidkonzentrationin Mikrogramm pro Kubikmeter (der bis 2010einzuhaltene Grenzwert beträgt 40 µg/m³)
Überschreitung des EU-Grenzwertes für Stickstoffdioxid (Jahresmittel 40 µg/m³)
20
22
31
34
1731
30
1716
47
5946
59
5874
54
5548
60
6761
55 57 53
56
48
52 4956
48
60 6151
29
57
56/37
63
49
Luftgütemessnetz BLUMEMesswerte 2003
64
37
57
43
66
6042
5354
46
27
Annual average of NO2-concentration in microgramme per cubicmeter (the EU-limit value to be met in 2010 is 40 µg/m³)
Automatic monitoring site in residential areas and at the cities’ periphery Automatic monitoring site in busy roads at the kerbsidemonitoring site with passive sampling devices in busy roadsviolation of the EU-limit value for nitrogen dioxide (annual average of 40 µg/m³)
widespread nonwidespread non--attainment of attainment of NO2 in BerlinNO2 in Berlinmeasured NO2measured NO2
8Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ emission criteria emission criteria …based on national vehicle labelling scheme:based on national vehicle labelling scheme:
general exemptions for general exemptions for police, fire brigade, military, ambulance, etcpolice, fire brigade, military, ambulance, etctwo wheelers, mobile machinerytwo wheelers, mobile machinery
200019961992ban for Diesel veh. older than …
catalytic converter
minimum citeriafor petrol cars
Euro 4, Euro 3 plus particle filter
Euro 3, or Euro 2 plus particle filter
Euro 2, or Euro1 plus particle filter
minumum criteria for Diesel vehicles
sticker :
200019961992ban for Diesel veh. older than …
Euro 1 withcatalytic converter
minimum citeriafor petrol cars
Euro 4, Euro 3 plus particle filter
Euro 3, or Euro 2 plus particle filter
Euro 2, or Euro1 plus particle filter
minumum criteria for Diesel vehicles
sticker : 2S - UM 432S - UM 43 3-S- UM 433-3-S- UM 43S- UM 43
4S - UM 434
S - UM 43
200019961992ban for Diesel veh. older than …
catalytic converter
minimum citeriafor petrol cars
Euro 4, Euro 3 plus particle filter
Euro 3, or Euro 2 plus particle filter
Euro 2, or Euro1 plus particle filter
minumum criteria for Diesel vehicles
sticker :
200019961992ban for Diesel veh. older than …
Euro 1 withcatalytic converter
minimum citeriafor petrol cars
Euro 4, Euro 3 plus particle filter
Euro 3, or Euro 2 plus particle filter
Euro 2, or Euro1 plus particle filter
minumum criteria for Diesel vehicles
sticker : 2S - UM 432S - UM 43 3-3-S- UM 43S- UM 433-3-S- UM 43S- UM 43
4S - UM 434
S - UM 43S- UM 43S- UM 434
S - UM 434
S - UM 434
S - UM 434
S - UM 43
9Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ emission criteriaemission criteriatraffic restriction for polluting vehicles in the central city area…
stage I: 2008, Diesel vehicles need at least EURO II or Euro I & PF (cars: 100gPM/km)
gasoline vehicles need a catalytic converter (~EURO I)
stage II: 2010,Diesel vehicles need at least EURO II/III & PF (~upgrade to Euro IV)
covers basically all vehicleall vehicle typesnono general exemptionsexemptions for residents, commercial traffic
around 20 LEZ planned in German cities; most start in 2008 with switch to some years later
2S - UM 432
S - UM 43
4S - UM 434
S - UM 43
2S - UM 432
S - UM 43 3-S- UM 433
-3
-S- UM 43S- UM 43
10Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ spatial extensionspatial extension
covers an area of 85 km2 with 1.1 Mio inhabitants
11Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ environmental benefitsenvironmental benefitsimpactimpact of of transporttransport planningplanning ((„„StEPStEP““) ) andand LEZLEZ
-60,0%
-50,0%
-40,0%
-30,0%
-20,0%
-10,0%
0,0%
expe
cted
em
issi
on re
duct
ion
in %
of t
he tr
end
scen
ario
NOxexhaust-PMtotal-PM
all Diesel vehicles Euro III + particle filter(PF)
stage II 2010
12Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ environmental environmental benefitsbenefits
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone2010
Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport
No.
ofr
esid
ents
affe
cted
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Lengthin km
Residents on roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value
Length of roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone2010
Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport
No.
ofr
esid
ents
affe
cted
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Lengthin km
Residents on roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value
Length of roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value
nonnon--attainment PM10attainment PM10
nonnon--attainment NO2attainment NO2
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport
No.
ofr
esid
ents
affe
cted
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Lengthin km
Residents on roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2 Length of roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2
Low emission zone2010
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport
No.
ofr
esid
ents
affe
cted
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Lengthin km
Residents on roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2 Length of roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2
Low emission zone2010
CSadleronsultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
LEZs in EuropeThere are around 50 LEZs in place or planned in the EU• Sweden - 4 in operation• Germany - around 20 planned • The Netherlands - 10 currently planned• Denmark - 5 planned, in 4 conurbations• UK - London planned, further considering• Norway - 3 planned• Spain - 1 planned• Italy - 3 in operation during winter• Greece - Athens a smoke test-based scheme• Are likely to follow in Eastern Europe
POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007
Round Table on “Clean Zones”
POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007
Round Table on “Clean Zones”
Issues for the discussion..(environmental) benefits vs. costs/constraints/caveats- of different LEZ options- in relation to other measures
stakeholder involvement - accepted by public, business, commerce- supported by auto industry, retrofit manufacturers- economic incentives- proportionality of measures, excemptions
Externalities- availability of retrofit devices across vehicle types- harmonisation: certification, LEZ schemes, labelling- emission standards as criteria for LEZ- Issues to be raised on EU level
POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007
Round Table on “Clean Zones”
Call for enhanced networking among citiesCITEAIR: Common operational websiteLEEZEN: Low Emission Environment Zone In Europe Network
City initiative: “new ambitious HDV standards earlier”
THE COMMON WEB SITE THE COMMON WEB SITE
www.airqualitynow.orgwww.airqualitynow.org
Currently 18 participating citiesBerlin, Leicester, Paris, Bratislava, Prague, Bristol, Reims, Bruxelles, Rome, Coventry,Rotterdam Gdansk, Sopot, Gdynia,Clermont ZürichTczew, Munich
Long process (data ownership, data producers ….)
Participating cities Participating cities
Value added of CITEAIR:
A simple, comparable and up to date AQ information- from different cities across Europe- for the pollutants of main concern - inspired by EU regulations- easy to consult
(international platform, common presentation)
• in addition to local information• but not for compliance checking
ConclusionConclusion
Participating cities Participating cities
Possible additional cities:
London, Leeds, Sheffield in UK,Cork in Ireland, Strasbourg in France,Vienna in Austria,Stuttgart in Germany …
Contacts with Oslo, Barcelona, Milan, and Madrid …
Additional city welcomed to join!
CSadleronsultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
LEZ workshop Brussels Issues raised• EU Freedom of Movement Principle means:
– Potential barriers to trade (eg traffic restrictions) must be equally easy for foreign vehicles, if applied to foreign vehicles
– Need to recognise retrofit certifications from other Member States until, and if, there is an EU-wide umbrella certification
– Information needs to be spread around the EU/ports etc • Enforcement against foreign vehicles
– Often difficult to find whether meet standards, and enforcing isparticularly difficult if the offence is not criminal
– Not enforcing foreign vehicles, or enforcing more loosely can be a political problem
• Sharing information– Many cities going through the same processes– Sharing information saves ‘re-inventing the wheel’, enable building on
work & researchLEEZEN: Low Emission Environment Zone In Europe Network
CSadleronsultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
What LEEZEN could offer• Joint website
– EU-wide information on LEZ, a ‘one-stop-shop’ for vehicle operators to find out about EU LEZs
– A members only area for LEZ implementers to share information, research & solutions
• Cross-border certification– Arrange interim mechanism for recognising PM-retrofit
certification from other Member States, until if/when a Commission EU-wide umbrella scheme
– Could work on a common NOx-retrofit standard, which would be harder to combine later than for PM-retrofit schemes
• Enforcement– Lobbying for better cross-border enforcement & compliance
information– Enable some cross-border information sharing on compliant
vehicles
CSadleronsultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
What LEEZEN could offer (2)• Sharing information
– Learning from others, sharing & discussing solutions– LEZ workshop/seminar twice a year – with write-ups &
remote involvement– Share information on compliant vehicles– Regular newsletters with updates on issues/developments– Help ensure that the DG ENT/TREN’s approach on e.g.
Freedom of Movement issues are consistently and advantageously interpreted
– Central point for DG ENV on LEZs– Information be more easily transmitted to new LEZs, rather
than requiring separate approaches to existing LEZs
CSadleronsultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
What LEEZEN could offer (3)
• Stronger voice– Lobby for what needed to help LEZs, eg EU-wide
certification, enforcement for foreign vehicles– Joint LEZ-relevant consultation responses– Ensure correct information on satellite navigation systems
• Reinforcement - help ease political pressure against LEZs– Already in place & planned elsewhere– Make enforcing foreign vehicles easier & more visible
• Produce guidance– Potentially produce informal ‘Ways to do an LEZ’ guidance– Could be adopted by the Commission, so their guidance is in
line with current practices
POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007
Round Table on “Clean Zones”
Advertisement for a joint city initiative for…“new ambitious HDV standards earlier”
26Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
new new stricterstricter standards standards earlierearlier !!consistency with AQ compliance needs of new CAFconsistency with AQ compliance needs of new CAFÉÉ DirectiveDirective
vehicle emission standards & deadline for entry into service
air quality standards & deadline for attainment
2010 2015
2005
2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016
3 years 3 years
PM10NO2
PM10ultimately NO2
ultimately
PM2.5
EURO 6☺PF: ☺deNOx:
HDV
EURO 5PF:
deNOx: HDVs
EURO 5☺PF: deNOx:
cars LDV
EURO 6☺PF: ☺deNOx: cars LDV
EURO 4PF:
deNOx: cars LDV
HDV
5 years ~5 years
27Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
new new ambitiousambitious HDV standards HDV standards earlierearlier !!reasons for a city initiativereasons for a city initiative……
ambition level of Euro5/6 for cars/LDVs already decided☺ Euro 5 requires particle trap, PM emission should drop
we’ll have to wait until 2015, for only Euro 6 yields sufficient NOx reduction
what is left: Euro 6 for Euro 6 for HDVsHDVstimingtiming for proposal: envisaged for 2nd half of 2007
demands from cities…shorter time period for introduction of standard
precedence: Euro 4 Euro 5 for HDVs is 3 years, I.e. by 2012Control technology available and cost-effectivecommon interest of manufacturers for global standards (U.S., Asia)
ambitious emission standards, which require particle traps & SCR for every lorry
28Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
new new ambitiousambitious HDV standards HDV standards earlierearlier !!city initiative: how to proceedcity initiative: how to proceed……
draft for a resolution by citiescall for endorsement of the resolution
by the city networks (EUROCITIES, POLIS, IMPACTS)by individual cities
disseminate together with background paperto key players…
Commission (Verheugen, Dimas) in EP (rapporteurs, chairs of committees, etc.)in Council (ministers of MS governments)
POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007
Round Table on “Clean Zones”
Thank you for your active participation !
30Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
new new ambitiousambitious standards standards earlierearlier !!proposed proposed ELVsELVs for Euro 6 for for Euro 6 for HDVsHDVs
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0
NOx emission in g/kWh
Part
icle
em
issi
onin
g/k
Wh
Japan 1997
Japan 2005
Japan 2003 Euro III 2000
Euro V 2008Euro IV 2005
USA 1987
USA 2007
USA 2004
0,27
0,013Euro VI:
0,003 g/kWh
proposal city initiative Euro VI: 0,5 g/kWh
31Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Why Why stricterstricter standards standards earlierearlier ??insufficient downward trend of pollution levels...despite decreasing NOx-emissions
NOx-emissions: road transport in Germany
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
t/a HDVCar DieselCar PetrolMotorcyclesLDV CILDV PIBUS
32Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Why Why stricterstricter standards standards earlierearlier ??
insufficient downward trend of pollution levels...
Trend of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Berlin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
year
Con
cent
ratio
n [µ
g/m
³]
NO urban traffic
NO2 urban traffic sites
NO2 urban backround sites
NO2 sites at the cityperiphery
2004 korr Aug06
limit value 2010
33Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ environmental benefitsenvironmental benefits
exceedances of the PM10 24h-limit valueimpacts of various scenarios
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
2002 Trend 2005
Trend 2010
LEZ 2010 (Euro III & PF)
LEZ 2010(EURO III + PF)
&"StEP"
LEZ 2010(EURO IV + PF)
&"StEP"
affe
cted
resi
dent
s
0
50
100
150
200
250
lenght of non-attainment road
sections in km
residents affected by LV exceedances
length of street sections in non-compliance