rope rescue confined space rescue trench rescue. personal protective equipment for specialized...
TRANSCRIPT
Rope RescueConfined Space Rescue
Trench Rescue
Personal Protective Equipment for Specialized Rescue Operations Personal protective equipment – Structural
fire fighting turnout gear worn by most fire fighters is often not appropriate for most rescue situations.
Personal Protective Equipment The type of fire fighting personal
protective equipment that is most appropriate for Special Rescue would be a style that most resembles wildland fire fighters.
Personal Protective Equipment Helmet – regular structural fire fighting
helmets are not recommended due to their size and weight so a hard hat style that resembles a wildland helmet but have chin straps and are specifically designed for rescue work.
Personal Protective Equipment Eye protection – in operations there are
numerous opportunities for flying debris to enter the rescuers eyes.
Personal Protective Equipment Footwear
Turnout boots are not recommended Leather boots which provide a good
combination of function and protection.When selecting boots, ensure that is
lightweight, has non-slip tread, provide ankle support, and be appropriate for the environment they are being used in.
Personal Protective EquipmentGloves –
A medium-weight leather glove with reinforced palms are the best for rope rescue.
They combine movement with good dexterity while giving good protection.
Qualifications of a Rescue TechnicianFor certification, the rescue technician shall
perform all of the job performance requirements in Chapter 5 of NFPA 1006 and all job performance requirements listed in at least one of the specialty areas.
Background Regulations- NFPA 1983, Standard on
fire service life safety rope, harness, and hardware, is the primary standard covering the types of equipment used.
The standard also covers the minimum performance standards for the life safety rope, harness, and hardware the rescuers use to support themselves and victims during actual or exercise rope rescue operations.
BackgroundWAC 296-305-02019 Life Safety ropes,
harnesses, and hardware protection. WAC 296-305-05005 Rope rescue
operations. WAC 296-305-08000 Appendix B- Life safety
ropes.See Handouts
Rope Rescue EquipmentRopeRope falls into two
classifications:
a. Life Safety
b. Utility
Rope Rescue EquipmentLife safety rope is used to support rescuers
and victims during an actual incident or training.
Utility rope is used for hoisting tools and equipment.
Rope Rescue EquipmentThe inspection of the rope shall be performed
before the rope is put in to service, also before and after each use to ensure that the rope has not been compromised.
Rope Rescue Equipment The following items below should be
considered before the life safety rope is put back in use.
1. The rope has not been visibly damaged2. The rope has not been exposed to heat,
direct flame impingement, or abrasion.3. The rope has not been subjected to any
impact load
Rope Rescue Equipment4. The rope has not been exposed to liquids,
solids, gases, mists, or vapors of any chemical or other material that can deteriorate rope
5. The rope passes inspection when inspected by a qualified person using the manufactures specifications
Rope Rescue EquipmentLife safety rope is generally ½ “ in diameter
and of kernmantle construction. The minimum breaking strength for two-person rope is 9,000lbs.
The maximum working load for life safety rope is the maximum amount of weight that may be supported by the rope in use.
Rope Rescue Equipment There has
traditionally been two types of rope used in life safety situations.
Dynamic rope
Static rope
Rope Rescue EquipmentDynamic rope is used when long falls are
possible like in a rock climbing situation due to it’s high elasticity
Dynamic rope is designed to stretch up to 60% of its length without breaking
Rope Rescue EquipmentStatic rope is the rope of choice for most
rescue incidents.
It is only designed to stretch 20% of its length before breaking thus it is better suited for heavy haul applications
Rope Rescue EquipmentLife safety rope logs
The log tracks the use and maintenance of that piece of rope and will help determine when to retire the rope.
Rope Rescue EquipmentWebbing
Flat webbing Mainly used in rescue work for straps and
harnesses.
Tubular webbing Most commonly used webbing in the fire service
Rope Rescue EquipmentHarness
Class I – fastens around the waist, and is intended for emergency escape for one person.
Class II – Fastens around the waist and around the thighs and may be used in two person rescues
Class III – Fastens around the waist and thighs and also over the shoulders. It is designed to support two-person loads
Rope Rescue EquipmentHardware
– Mechanical devices needed to fully and safely utilize rope rescue and to construct mechanical advantage systems
The following are types of hardware
HardwareCarabiners
Consist of a metal loop with a hinged gate to close the opening
HardwareRescue Ring
Steel ring specifically designed for rescue applications
Hardware Rigging plates
Used for attaching systems or multi-directional loads
HardwareFigure 8 plates
consists of a double ring of steel or anodized aluminum, with one ring larger then the other
HardwareBrake Bar Rack
Repelling device using a U-shaped rod with six friction bars between
Hardware Pulleys
Single-sheave, Double-sheave
Hardware
Edge rollers
Knots To use the
equipment just described in the last section, rope and webbing must usually be tied into knots
See Handout
Knots
Becket bend
Knots
Figure 8 family
Knots
Knots
Water Bend
Knots
Clove Hitch
Bowline
Systems Anchor systems – Provides a safe and
dependable means of securing the rescue rope to a “bomb proof” anchor point.
The most common types of anchor systems used are single point, and load sharing.
System
The most common type of single point anchor is the tensionless anchor.
SystemsLoad sharing anchors are used when there is
doubt about the anchor point being able to carry the expected load.
Load sharing anchors also distribute the weight between two different points.
SystemsA third type of anchor is the self adjusting
anchor point. This is used when the load point is expected
to change direction of pull. In a multi anchor system the critical angle
must be watched so that it does not exceed 120 degrees. The optimal angle is 90 degrees.
SystemsMechanical advantages – Various types of
hauling systems using rope, pulleys, carabiners, and webbing.
Mechanical advantage systems are broken into two groups simple and compound.
Systems1. Simple systems
Simple systems are your 4:1, 3:1 systems. 2. Compound systems
Compound systems are when one simple system is attached to another to multiply the mechanical advantage.
One disadvantage to the compound systems are that they take a lot of rope.
Any Questions About Ropes?
Confined Space Rescue Awareness
Confined space Is large enough and so
configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work.
Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit.
Is not designated for continuous occupancy
Confined Space Rescue AwarenessPermit required confined space
In addition to meeting all the criteria for a confined space, have one or more of the following: Contains or has a potential to contain a
hazardous atmosphere. Contains a material that has the potential of
engulfing an entrant. Has an internal configuration such that an
entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward to a smaller cross section.
Contains any other recognized safety hazard.
Confined Space Rescue AwarenessPermit required confined spaceThe written entry permit
must be posted at the entry point andMust list more than a dozen
essential items of information about the space. Work to be done in the space Who will do it
Examples of Confined Spaces:
TanksManholesBoilersFurnacesSewersSilosHoppers
VaultsPipesTrenchesTunnelsDuctsBinsPits
Confined space hazardsAtmospheric hazards
Oxygen deficiency (<19%)Oxygen enrichment (23%)FlammabilityToxicity
Physical HazardsStructural InstabilityDebrisEngulfment
Confined space hazardsEnvironmental Hazards
DarknessTemperature extremesNoiseMoistureDust
IDLHIDLH
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH
Any condition which poses an immediate threat to the health of life on an entrant, or;
Would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or;Would interfere with an individual’s ability to escape
unaided from a permit space.
CONTAMINANTS: ROUTES OF ENTRY
InhalationInhalationIngestionIngestion
AbsorptionAbsorption
InjectionInjection
Always test theAlways test theair at various levels air at various levels to be sure that theto be sure that theentire space is safe.entire space is safe. Good AirGood Air
Poor AirPoor Air
Deadly AirDeadly AirGood air near Good air near the opening the opening does NOT mean does NOT mean there is good air there is good air at the bottom!at the bottom!
Confined Space Rescue Awareness
PPE requirements
How important is your attendant?How important is your attendant?
Tactical considerationsPhase 1: Assessment on arrivalPrimary assessment (size-up)
Information gathering How many victims- are they injured or
merely trapped? How long have they been down? Are they conscious and if so can they
communicate? Are they all in the same confined space? Is there an entry permit available?
Tactical considerationsDecision Making
Contact victim Interview witnesses Examine permits Monitor atmosphere within the space Identify hazards Evaluate what has been done and is being
done Weigh risks vs. benefits of available options Evaluate adequacy of initial response Contact expert assistance from Operations or
Technician level experts
Tactical considerationsSecondary assessment (size-up)
Type of space
Condition of space
Contents of space
Mode of operation- rescue vs. body recovery
Tactical ConsiderationsPhase 2: Pre-Rescue Operations
Finalizing the incident action planGathering the necessary resources- both personnel and
equipmentMonitoring and managing the atmosphere inside the space
Oxygen concentration Flammables Toxics
Ventilation through mechanical means
Tactical ConsiderationMaking the space structurally stable enough to enter
Lockout/Tag out proceduresInternal hazardsShoringLighting
Tactical ConsiderationsEnsure that there is adequate
communications capability to allow the action plan to be carried out safelyVoice communicationLifelineHard-wired phonesPortable radios
Tactical ConsiderationsPhase 3: Rescue OperationsPersonnel should be
prohibited from entering except to assist trained rescuers
Accountability of team members
SearchVictim
treatment/stabilizationVictim removal
Tactical ConsiderationsPhase 4: TerminationEquipment retrieval vs. equipment abandonmentInvestigation- review and critique the operationRelease of controlCritical Incident Stress Debriefing
Any questions about confined spaces?
Trench Rescue AwarenessDefinition of a trench
A trench according to OSHA
Not a trench
Types of collapsesSlough-inSidewall-inShear-inSpoil-in
Slough-in
Sidewall-in
Shear-in
AKA: Lip-in
Spoil-in
To prevent a spoil-in the spoil pile is to be at least 2 feet from the lip and laid back less than 45
degrees
What hazards could youWhat hazards could youencounter in this encounter in this environment?environment?
Trench Rescue AwarenesTrench rescue hazardsPhysical hazards
Secondary collapse Bulges in trench wall Horizontal cracks or fissures in trench wall Loose chunks falling from trench wall Water seeping into trench Loose material suddenly falling from the lip of the trench Unstable Debris Unsupported utilities
Tactical ConsiderationsPhase 1- Assessment on arrivalInformation gatheringhave all workers been accounted forhow many victims are thereis their location knownare they fully or partially buriedhow much time has elapsed since cave-inwhat has been done so far
Tactical ConsiderationsDecision makingCan the units on scene or en route handle the situation?Do additional units need to be called?- call them
immediatelyHe first-in officer MUST assume command and begin to
form an IAP
Tactical ConsiderationsScene controlIsolate the area of the collapse- establish hot, warm, and
cold zonesShut off all vehicles and prevent traffic within 300 feet of
the trench
Tactical ConsiderationsSecondary AssessmentType of soil- may have to rely on workers at the
sceneCondition of trench
What type of cave-in occurred?Did one or both walls collapse?What type of shoring will be needed?Are there hazards in and around the trench?
Mode of Operation- rescue or recovery?
Tactical ConsiderationsPhase 2- Pre-rescue OperationsIncident action plan-MANDATORY
Backup plan should be availableGathering resources- the sooner they are called, the
sooner they will get there. Call for everything that might be needed.Personnel- specially trainedEquipment- specialized
Tactical ConsiderationsAtmospheric monitoring
OxygenFlammablesToxic gasses
Tactical ConsiderationsVentilation
Positive- blowing fresh air into the trenchNegative- draw contaminants out
Preparing the sceneMitigating hazards- such as leaking gas or water pipes and
electrical linesFire protection- hose lines or extinguishers on stand-byShoringLadders- should be placed at both ends of the protection
system, no farther than 25 feet apart
Tactical ConsiderationsPhase 3- Rescue OperationsPersonnel accountabilitySearch/rescuePersonnel should not enter the trench unless assisting
properly trained rescue personnel
Tactical ConsiderationsPhase 4- TerminationEquipment retrieval
Identifying/collectingDismantling
Investigation- review and critiqueRelease of ControlCritical Incident Stress Debriefing
The End
Questions?
Quiz?