Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist Med. Vol. XXII pp. 23 to 34

ROOTS OF ANDALUSIAN ISLAMIC MEDICINEIN THE EUROPEAN CIVILISATION

SAMIR YAHIA El·GAMMAl'!:

ABSTRACT

In the 11th century B.C., the Phoenicians set foot on the Eastern coast

of the Iberian peninsula and established several colonies such as Oadiz andTar tusa, follcwed by Greeks in the 6th century B.C .• then by the Carthageniansin the 3rd century B.C , then by the Romans a century later. Thus a mixture of

all these civilisations was Originated. In the 5th century A.D., Spain was

invaded by the 1st Germanic wave. followed by the Eastern Goths who ruledtill the Islamic conquest in 711 A.D. A new Islamic Caliphate was formed

(when the Omayad Prince Abdul Rahman fled to Andalusia in 755 A.D.),with Cordova as its capital. The golden era of Islamic Andalusia be qan under

the rule of Caliph Abdul Rahman III \912-961 A.D.), where rnanv culturalcentres were established speciallv in Granada, Cordova, Seville. Toledo etc.,

which attracted the attention of the European scientists, who came to learn

more about t .,ese advanced sciences, and consequently translated all theIslamic sciences including medicine, pharmacy etc. int o Latin. The most famouspioneer in tr ans lation was Gerard of Cr emon a (of Italian origin), followed by

many others, thus all the Is'amic sciences h "ped the Europeans to find theirway out from the dark days of the Medieval ages towa.ds the Renaissance era.

The Arabs of the 10th and 11thcenturies emancipated their scientificefforts from dependency on foreignresearch. Their golden age of scien-ces and literature found its way intoEurope as early as the 11th centuryAD., mainly through Spain (Andalu-sia), Palermo (Sicily), Salerno (Italy),and the Crusade wars.

The Latin-speaking people of

Europe heard about the Arabs' greatdevelopment in sciences specially inmedicine, pharmacy, geography, che-mistry, mathematics ... etc.. along wholeof the Islamic Empire from the Indianbordo to the Atlantic ocean. ManyEuropeans joined its scientific centres,so as tJ learn as much 6sp':Jssibleabout these sciences, and hencebecame devoted disciples to the

~Phaima~:st. Researcher "1 the History of Madic.ne & Pb arrnacv , P.O. Box 136 Maadi, Cairo. EgYPt.

24

famous Moslem professors in everyfield.

In Sicily, the effect of the Arab-Islamic sciences was bigger and grea-ter, but intermittent and distorted,whereas in Salerno and Andalusia,the effect was stronger and mostbeneficial.

During the medieval ages inEurope, the people felt great hungerto knowledge and sciences, but werenot satisfied with the books whichwere in possession of the monks, andso were forced to direct their attention to the Arab books and their trans-lations of the Greek scientific heritage.

Although these Greek books werepreserved in the European monasteriallibraries, yet the monks were notaware of its value due to their igno-rance of the Greek language, and alsodue to the deserted location of someof these monasteries and difficulty toreach them by many scholars. Anexample of this difficulty, was thefamous book on Astronomy "Magiste"which was written by the famous Ale-xandrian astronomer Ptolemy (3rd cen-tury B.C.), and was known to theArabs by the name "AI-Magiste".This valuable book was available inseveral copies in the Europian monas-teriallibraries, but was not recognisedor identified except from its Arabictranslation.

The German states witnessed a

Bull. Ind. tnst . Hl st . Med. Vol. XXII

localised renaissance movement in the9th century A.D., when Alusen (735-804 A.D.) and his pupil Mores (775-856 A.D.) tried to translate some ofthe Greek books into Latin but werenot very successful.

Also the Italian states tried duringthe 10th century A.D. to send a num-ber of scientific expeditions to Cons-tantinople so as to obtain some of theGreek scientific manuscripts for thepurpose of translating them intoLatin, but failed out.

So, all the Arab-Islamic scienceswere destined to reach Europe onlyafter few centuries through the Cru-sades, Salerno, Palermo and Andalusia. All these channels were pouring in the European cities of the nor-thern west of the Rhine river, thus theRenaissance schools were establishedin Germany, Switzerland, France,England, Holland ... etc.

Concerning Andalusia, the Spanish civilisation goes back far into thestone age. Then the Phoeniciansarrived crossing the strait of Gibraltarand establised many coastal coloniessuch as Qadiz and Tartus during the11th century B. C. The ancientGreeks, also a famous sea-faringnation like the Phoenicians formedmany colonies in Spain in the 6th cen-tury B.C., then the Carthagenianssettled later in the 4th century B.C.on the eastern coast of Spain andalong the Balearic islands. Later on,

Roots of Andetusien tstemic Medicine=-Semir Yahia £I-Gammal

most of the Iberian peninsula and theBalearic isles were occupied by Hamil-car, king of the Carthaqenians in the3rd century B.C. But after the defeatof their king Hanibal in the 3rd PunicWar by the rising Roman Empire, theCarthaqenians were driven out in 133B.C. and so Spain became a Romancolony.

Many Roman scientists, philoso-phers, historians were reported to havemigrated to Spain, chief among themwere Seneca and Quinelian.

In 409 A.D., the first wave of Ger-manic invasion took place followedby the first West Gothic wave.

Then the Arabs, who in 711 A.D.,under the leadership of Tareq ibnZeyad crossed the strait of Gibraltarand defeated king Fredrick the last ofthe western Goths and captured Cor-dova. The commandor Mousa ibnNosaer joined Tareq in 712 A.D. andboth completed the occupation ofSouthern Spain. During the next fewyears, the whole of the Iberian penin-sula became under Islamic rule, withthe exception of Austurias and Bas-ques where the Christians gatheredand kept preparing for the re-conquestof Spain. The Arabs crossed thePyrenees mountains but were defea-ted in the battle of Tour-Poitiers in732 A.D. by Charles Martel.

In 755 A.D., the Omayad princeAbdul Rahman Al-Ornawv reached

25Andalusia (after his escape from themassacre of the Omayads by theAbbasids in Damascus), and foundedan independent Arab Caliphate inSpain. Cordova was chosen as thecapital of the new Islamic Caliphate,and its golden age was during thereign of Abdul Rahman III (912-·961 A.D.).

At the begining of the 11th cen-tury A.D., the Omayad dynasty inAndalusia broke up into 27 pettyindependent states. Due to there-conquest of the Christians underthe leadership of king Alphonso IV,the Islamic Andalusian kings dernan-ded the help of the Morabitin kingsof north Africa. but were defeated.Again, in 1176 A.D., the Mowahhadincame to help in the Andalusian wars,but were also defeated. King Alp-honso VIII in 1212 A.D. could drivethe Moslems out of most of Spainwith the exception of the strong king-dom of Granada, but at last in 1492A.D., it surrendered to the unitedforces of Ferdinand and Isabella, andso Spain returned once more to thehands of the Christians.

In Andalusia, there occured thebiggest and most important centre forcontacts between the Arab Islamicsciences and the European ideas,covering a period of about eightcenturies (from711-1492A.D.). Themost famous Islamic cities in whichArabic sciences prospered greatlywere Cordova, Seville and Granada,

25

and to a lesser extent Toledo andCastille. There, the strongest inter-mingle between the Spanish andIslamic cultures was fortified by theevery-day life of both populations andalso due to the great efforts of theOrnavad Caliphs and the Tawaefkings, which helped the Christians,Jews and Moslems to participatetogether in acqainting the Latins withthe Arab- Uamic culture.

Andalusia during the Islamic rule,fl aurished in agriculture, mineralogy,commerce, industry as well as inmedicine, pharmacy ... etc. also thecities of Cordova, Seville, Granada,Toledo ... etc. became very prosperousin economy as well as in culture,learning, art ..etc. (one can still detectlslarnic culture in the present popula-tion speciallv in Granada).

During the reign of the Andalu-sian Caliphs Abdul Rahman III, AI-Hakam and AI-Mansour (from 912-1002 A. D ), the city of Cordova (orCarta- Tuba as was called by thePhoenicians) contained not less than200,000 houses, one million inhabi-tants, 600 inns, 900 baths, 600 mos-ques with preparatory schools attachedto them, 17 universities, 70 publiclibraries ... etc.

The famous library of the CaliphAlHakarn took second place afterAlexandria, only contained 225,000volumes in comparison to 400,000volumes in Alexandria. There was

Bull. Ind. tnst, Hist. Med. Vol. XXII

hardly a boy or a girl who could notread or write.

Such civilisation could not fail toproduce famous physicians and philo-sophers comparable to those of theOrient. Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna...etc. had compares in Abulcasis,Avenzoar, Averroes ... etc.

Islamic medicine came to a standstill about 1250 A.D., when super-stitior.s crept in.

Of the leading Islamic physiciansand philosophers of Andalusia were:

1. lbn Wafid (997-1074A.D.), knownto the Latins as Abenguefit. He wasborn in Toledo, wrote a treatise whichwas translated into Latin entitled"De Medicamentis Sirnplicibus."

2. lbn Maimun (Mousa Ibn Imran)(11351204 A.D.), known to theLatins as Maimonides. He was bornin southern Spain and spent most ofhis life in Cairo, serving the Egyptianking Saladin and his sons. He wasa physician and a philosopher andhad advanced ideas on hygiene.

3. Ibn Zuhr (Abdel Malek ibn AbiAI-Alaa), (1091-1162A.D.); knownto the Latins as Avenzoar. He wasborn and died in Seville, studiedmedicine under his father and becamethe teacher of Ibn Rushd (Averroes)and his great friend afterwards. IbnZuhr's family produced six generationsof physicians in direct descent. He

Roots of Andalusian Islamic Medicine=Semir Yahia EI-Gammal 27

served in the court of AI Mowahhadinrulers. Being a pronounced physician,he disdained surgery and surgeons.His chief work was "Al-Taysir filModawah wal Tadbir" (facilitation oftreatment) was based on his personalexperience (since his philosophy wascentered round" ... experience is thebest guide"), in which he discussedbone feeling and the itchmite. Thisbook was translated into Latin byParavicius in 1280 AD., and againin 1490 AD. causing a great influenceon European medicine till the end ofthe 17th century AD.

4. Ibn Rushd (Abul Walid Mohammed),(1126-1198 A.D.); He was born inCordova and obtained both religiousand scientific education, becamefamous as an Aristotelian professorsince he highly evaluated Aristotle'sworks and commented upon themin his books. His famous text "AI-Kulliat fil Tib" (General rules onmedicine) that medical encyclopaediawhich was translated into Latin underthe name "Colliqet " in which herecognised the function of the retinaand immunity after small-pox infection.This book was highly esteemed in themedieval ages and was a rival to hiscontemporary Avenzoar's AI- Taysir. IbnRushd, known to the Latins as Aver-roes was the most illustrious memberof his great medical family and themost celebrated physicia n, philosopherand philologist Hispano-Arabic perso-nality, to the extent that his teacher

Avenzoar called him "the greatestphysician after Galen", and manyscientists were deeply affected byhim, such as Ibn Bajjah.

5. AlZahrawv (Abut Oasern Khalaf).(936-1013 AD.), known to the Latinsas Abulcasis, was born at Zahraanear Cordova. His famous book"AI- Tasrif" on surgery comprised30 sections and translated severaltimes into many languages and wasthe main text book in Europe till the16th century. He was considered asthe most distinguished surgeon inIslam.

6. Ibn AI Khateeb (Lesan AI-Din).(1313-1374AD.); He was born inGranada, recoqnised as a great historian physician and politician. He desc-ribed the Plague (the black death) ina special treatise" ... the existence ofcontargon is established by experience,study and evidence of the senses bytrustworthy reports on transmissionby garments, vessels, ear- rings or bypersons from the house, or from aninfected person, or by infection of ahealthy sea-port. or by the immunityof isolated individuals and nomadic-bedowin tribes of Africa".

7. Ibn Khaterna (Ahmad ibn Ali); Hewas a physician in Almeria and wrotea book on Plague in 1348 A.D., inwhich he stated that..." '" if the firstpatient expectorated blood or deve-loped puboes, then the second willdo so ... ", He died in 1368 AD.

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8. Ibn Bajjah (Abu Bakr Mohammadibn Yahya Al-Sarqostv) (1065-1138A.D.), born in Saraqoss a. He tra-velled to Seville. Granada, Fez...etc.,and was excelled in ph/sics; medicine,mathematics, astrology •••etc. He wasknown to the Latins as Avempace.

9. AI-Ghafiqi (Abu Gaafar Ahmadibn Al-Savved), (1165-1233 A.D.).born in AI-Ghafiq near Cordova. Hewas a famous botanist, travelled tonorth Africa, Middle East and wrotehis famous book "AI-Adwiya AI-Mufradah", which was later quotedalmost entirely by ibn Al-Bavtar.

10. lbn AI Baytar (Abu MohammadAbdullah ibn Ahmad); died in 1248A.D. He was born in Malaga, andbecame renowned botanist andwrote his famous book" AI Gamae Li-Mufradat AI-Adwiyu wal Aghdhiyah"(Collection of simple drugs). in whichhe described more than 1400 medici-nal drugs and is indeed an extraordi-nary work, and was very appreciatedfor over 500 years in most of theEuropean schools.

11. Ibn Juljul (Solayman ibn Hassan);born in 945 A.D. in Cordova. Heserved in the court of the king HishamAI-Moayyed Billah. His famous book"Tabaqat AI--Olamaa wal Falasitah"(Grades of physicians and philoso-phers) was the main source fromwhich AI-Oufti and ibn Abi Usaibeaobtained their references and know-ledge. He wrote two books onmedicaments also.

Bull. Ind. tnst. Hist. Med, Vol. XXII

The Europeans heard a lot aboutthe great Arabic sciences through thetranslations of their books into Latinwhich was done by the famous legen-dary translator "Constantinus Afri-·canus" (10201087,A.D.), who wasborn in Carthage (in North Africa).Although he was not very talented inArabic and his Latin was very mode-rate and with a very limited idea aboutmedicine and other sciences, yetduring his long stay in Monte-Cassinomonastery in Salerno, Italy, he man-aged to translate and supervise on thetranslation of many Arabic bookswith the help of a group of translatorswho knew Arabic, Hebrew and Latinfar better than him. Of the famousbooks he translated were AI--KitabAl-Malaki or Kamel AI-Sinaa by AI·Majusi (Haly Abbas). which he calledLiber Constantini (later, a better trans-lation was made by Stephan of Anti-och in 1147 A. D. and was calledLiber Regius). Also "Maqala filMalankhulia" by Ishaq ibn Imran(called "Liber Constantini de Malar,-cholia"), "Ris ala fil Nisyan wal lIag"by ibn Al-clazz ar (called "Liber deOblivio ne"}, also "Viaticum pere Gri-naris". again written by ibn AI-·Jazzar,"Kitab Zad Al-Musafir" (a sketch ongeneral medicine). several writings byIshaq ibn Solayman AI-Israili (knownas IssacJ udaeus), several Arabic tran s-lations of Hippocrates works such as"Aphorisms", "Prog nostica", "0 iactaAcutorurn", and many books of Galen.Also "the ten treatises on the eye"by Hunayn ibn lshaq (called Oculis ) ,

Roots of Andalusian Islamic MedicineSi'mi, Yahia EI-Gammal 29

"Liber Experimentorum" by Rhazison cherni stry.

Struggle between Christendomand Islam began in Spain and Sicily.Toledo fell in 1085 and as it wasfamous of being the greatest Moslemlearning and cultural centre, manyEuropean students came to studyArabian medicine and became lateron famous physicians and translatorsof many books on medicine into Latin.Of these were "Adel ard of Path","Petrus Alphonsi", "Gerard of Cre-moria". "Michael Scot" and manyothers, including "Dornenicus Gun-dissalinus" (also known as DomingoGonzalez) and" Joannes Hispalensis".

Many ot the monastery monks inAndalusia began to translate many ofthe Islamic sciences into Latin startingfrom the 1Orh century A D., speciallvin Rebal and Barcelona monasteries.Most famous of them was "Tibertinusde Tivoli" (of Italian origin), workedin Barcelona and was often known as'the Platonic" owing to his greatinterest in the works of the Greek phi-losopher Plato. He translated manybooks on medicine and astronomyinto Latin.

The intermediaries for the translation and learning were the Mozarabs(a mixure of Spanish Arabs and Jewswho adopted both Arabic and Jewishcustoms) .

In 1100 A.D., the Bishop "Raymond of Toledo" translated some of

the Arabic medical and scientificbooks into Latin. He founded underthe direction of Archedeacon Domi-nico Gundisalvi a school of translationin Toledo which flourished till the13th century A. D.

The English mathematician andphilosopher "Adelard of Path" cameto Toledo in 1100 A.D., and the Spa-nish Jew Petrus Alphonsi (later con-verted to Christianity), both trans-lated many medical books from Ara-bic into Latin and helped in thespread of the Islamic sciences intoEngland for the first time.

Also the converted Jew "IbnDawud" (Avendeath) translated agreat number of Islamic books in diffe-rent sciences into Latin.

Also "Ruffino", a scholar of Ale-ssandria, Italy came and lived in Mur-cia, Spain and tranlated into Latin thefamous book of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq"Questiones Medicae".

One of the most important trans-lators at that time was "Gerard ofCromona" (1114-1187 A.D.). Hewas born and died in Cremona in Lom-bardia, Italy. He came to study inToledo and later became an importantmember of its college of translators.In 1160 A.D., he was appointed theBishop of Toledo and translated-morethan 92 books into Latin, such as theoriginal works in Greek of Aristotoies.Hippocrates, Galen •••etc. He alsotranslated the" Almageste" of Pto--

30

lemy, "De lntellectu". "De QuinqueEssentiis" of AI-Kindi, "De Crepus-culls" of At-Hazen. the "De MotuAccessionis et Recessionis" of Thabit,the "Algebra" by AI--Khawarizmi,"Al-Oanun" by Avicenna (retrans-lated in 1515 AD. by Andrea Alpaqo) ,"Al-Tasrif " by Al-Zahrawi (remainedthe basic text, on Surgery in Europetill the 16th century AD.). and manyother books. Gerard of Cremona isregarded &S the real father of Ara-bism in Europe.

"Mark of Toledo" also translatedmany Arabic works on medicine suchas Hippocrates' "On airs, water andplaces".

"Abraham of Tortosa" and"Simon of Genoa" translated Abut-casis "AI Tasrif" into Latin.

Another famous translator wasthe Jew "Abraham ibn Dawud" (died1180 A.D.), lived in Cordova andtranslated many of Avicenna's works,whom he admired greatly. WhenToledo fell into the hands of the Chris-tians, Abraham fled from Cordova toToledo, but was killed owing to hisrefusal to revert into Christian itv.

The translation movement conti-nued in Seville up to the 12th centuryA D., under the direction of thefamous Jewish couple "Eugines ofieville" (Yohanna or Johannis Hispa-lensis) and "Dorninix Gondisalvo"(Ghandalba) who turned into Christi-

Bull. Ind. Inst. Hrsr, Med. Vol. XXiI

anitv. The first translated the Arabicscientific and medical texts into Cas--tellano, while the latter translated itinto Latin. (the Castellano languageof Andalusia was at its beginning ofdevelopment and used by the Chris-tian Iberians specially in Castille).

Also "Yohanna of Toledo" wasbusy in Latinisation of the Arabictexts, so did the famous physician"Hispanis of Seville" who, beforebecoming the Pope Giovanni XI, trans-lated some Arabic books into Latin.

The French priest "Gerber!" v.si-ted Andalusia in 980 AD., joined theRebol monastery of Catalonia andwas very interested in Islamic medicalsciences and translated some of theminto Latin before he was elected asPope Sylvester II in 999 AD ..

The English priest "Robert ofChester" visited Andalusia from 1141to 1147 A D. and translated the HolyQuran into Latin and many otherArabic books on physics, medicine,mathematics •.. etc.

The ex-Kino "Alphonso the wise"(Alphonso X, king of Castille) afterhis forcebly abdication from the thronein 1284 AD., spent the rest of hislife in translating Arabic books intoCastellano.

Also the Italian physician "Bramino Latini", who was also theAmbassador of Florence in Toledo in

Roots of Andalusian Islamic Medicine---Samir Yet.ie EI-Gammal

1260 A.D., translated many Arabicmedical books into Latin.

Other famous translators were;Mousa ibn Taboun and his bro-thers,Ibn Shatoub,Nathan AI-Matoni,Yahoudha AI-Harzi,Giovanni de Capoa.Simon de Genova and manyothers.

31

Conclusion:From the above mentioned facts,

one can clearly see, how great wasthe influence of the Islamic civilisationin Andalusia on the life of the Medie-val Europeans which led them throughtheir dark ages to the light of themodern glory which ended in the20th century's golden glory ofinter-planetary communicatios.

32 BUll. Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. XXII

REFERENCES

Short History of Medicine1. Charles Singer2nd Ed., 1962, pp. 67.

2. AI-RaziHyderabad Ed., India, 1962.

3. Ibn RushdCairo Government Press, 1928.

4. AI-ZahrawiLucknow Ed., India, 1908.

5. Thabit ibn QurrahCairo Government Press, 1928.

6. lbn AI-QuffHyderabad Ed., India, 1962.

7. AI-Ibn Baytar

8. Hunayn Ibn lshaqEgyptian Government Press, 1928

9. Dawud AI-AntakiBoulak Ed., Cairo, 1870.

10. Ibn Abi UsaibeaBeirut Ed.

AI- Hawi (Continens)

AI-Kulliat (Colliget)

AI- Tasrif

AI-Dhakhira

AI-Omda fil Gir ahah

AI-Game Li-MufradatAI-Adwiya wal Aghdhia

AI-Ashr Maqalat fil Ein

Tazkerat Ulul Albab

Tabaqat AI-Atibba(Classes of Physicians)

11. Ibn Al-Oif ti Tarikh AI-Falasifah(H istory of Philosophers)

Leipzig Dieterichsches Verlags buch Handling, 1903.

12. V. Barthold

13. A. Garrison4th Ed.

14. Dr. Hasan Kamal1st Ed., Cairo, 1975

15. Manfred UlmannEdinburgh University Press, 1978.

16. Dr. Saber GabraCairo Ed., 1960.

History of Islamic Civilisation

Garrison's History of Medicine

Encyclopaedia of Islamic Medicine

Islamic Medicine

History of Drugs & Cure

Roots of Andalusian Islamic Medicine--Samir Yahia EI-Gammal 33

17. Dr. Father George Shehata Qanawaty Drugs and MedicamentsCairo Ed., 1959.

18. Associated Institution for the Study Islamic and Arab Contribution to theand Presentation of Arab Cultural European RenaissanceValues

General Egyptian Book Organisation Ed., 1977, Cairo.

19. Abridged Arab Medicineand Pharmacy HistoryCairo Ed , 1970.

20. Encyclopaedia of Islamic Sciencesand Islamic ScientistsCairo Ed., 1980.

Arab Organisation for Education,Culture and Sciences, Members

34 Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist, Med. Vol. XXII

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