RomeRome

Ancient Rome:Ancient Rome:

The Spirit of EmpireThe Spirit of Empire

The Drama of Roman HistoryThe Drama of Roman History

The Rise of Republican Rome:The Rise of Republican Rome:

City founded in 753 B.C. (legend)City founded in 753 B.C. (legend)

Republic: government of representatives Republic: government of representatives chosen to act for the people at largechosen to act for the people at large

Romans conquered Italian peninsulaRomans conquered Italian peninsula

Struggle between patricians and plebeiansStruggle between patricians and plebeians

After Italy, the Mediterranean: Punic WarsAfter Italy, the Mediterranean: Punic Wars

146 B.C. Romans conquered Corinth 146 B.C. Romans conquered Corinth and the entire Hellenistic world and and the entire Hellenistic world and culture.culture.

Julius Caesar(100-44 B.C.) conquered Julius Caesar(100-44 B.C.) conquered Gaul (France) and had himself named Gaul (France) and had himself named dictator for life in 46 B.C. Assassinated dictator for life in 46 B.C. Assassinated in 44 B.C.in 44 B.C.

Octavian (63 B.C.-A.D. 14) defeated Octavian (63 B.C.-A.D. 14) defeated Mark Antony in 31 B.C.Mark Antony in 31 B.C.

Imperial RomeImperial Rome

Romans rude farmers compared to Romans rude farmers compared to cultured Athenianscultured Athenians

Culture began under Octavian (Caesar Culture began under Octavian (Caesar Augustus: Pax Romana: “I found Rome a Augustus: Pax Romana: “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.”city of bricks and left it a city of marble.”

Virgil: The AeneidVirgil: The Aeneid

Romans absorbed Greek culture and were Romans absorbed Greek culture and were very practical.very practical.

The Art of an EmpireThe Art of an Empire

Statues and buildings: political Statues and buildings: political advertisementsadvertisements

Augustus: Augustus: Augustus of Primaporta,Augustus of Primaporta, Ara Ara PacisPacis

Trajan: Forum, Basilica Ulpia, Column of Trajan: Forum, Basilica Ulpia, Column of TrajanTrajan

The Architecture of RomeThe Architecture of Rome

Buildings for practical purposes:Buildings for practical purposes:

Basilicas, baths,, libraries Basilicas, baths,, libraries

Innovations: concrete and the archInnovations: concrete and the arch

Arch: flexible constructionArch: flexible construction

Barrel vault, cross vault, domeBarrel vault, cross vault, dome

Concrete: quick and inexpensive allowed Concrete: quick and inexpensive allowed for fast constructionfor fast construction

Roman BuildingsRoman Buildings

Concentrated on interiorsConcentrated on interiors

Buildings for recreation: baths were Buildings for recreation: baths were beauty salon, library, shopping mallbeauty salon, library, shopping mall

Basilica of ConstantineBasilica of Constantine

Baths of CaracallaBaths of Caracalla

ColosseumColosseum

The PantheonThe Pantheon

Only building from Antiquity entirely Only building from Antiquity entirely preserved.Dedicated to the 7 planetary preserved.Dedicated to the 7 planetary godsgods

Built by Hadrian in A.D. 120Built by Hadrian in A.D. 120

Interior is perfect hemisphereInterior is perfect hemisphere

30 ft. opening:oculus for light30 ft. opening:oculus for light

Roman Art and Daily LifeRoman Art and Daily Life

Family: basis of social identity. Family: basis of social identity. PaterfamiliasPaterfamilias

Women: confined social roles, but could Women: confined social roles, but could own property, divorce their husbands, and own property, divorce their husbands, and could inherit husband’s wealth.could inherit husband’s wealth.

PompeiiPompeii

Destroyed in 79 by eruption of Mt. Destroyed in 79 by eruption of Mt. VesuviusVesuvius

First excavated in the 18th century: offers First excavated in the 18th century: offers glimpse of Roman household & decorationglimpse of Roman household & decoration

atrium; wall paintings; mosaicatrium; wall paintings; mosaic

Busts to commemorate family members: Busts to commemorate family members: realistic renditions. Death masksrealistic renditions. Death masks

Roman Theater and MusicRoman Theater and Music

Entertainment: a birthright!Entertainment: a birthright!

Theater: Comedies and tragedies Theater: Comedies and tragedies borrowed from Hellenistic empire.borrowed from Hellenistic empire.

Plautus: comic playwright: farces, coarse Plautus: comic playwright: farces, coarse humor.humor.

Terence: Fully developed characters. Terence: Fully developed characters. Greeks easier to mock.Greeks easier to mock.

Seneca: Tragedian. Exaggerated plots.Seneca: Tragedian. Exaggerated plots.

Bear fighting and gladiator fights were Bear fighting and gladiator fights were preferred to plays.preferred to plays.

Pantomime. Elements of farce, Pantomime. Elements of farce, improbable situations, exaggeration and improbable situations, exaggeration and horseplay.horseplay.

Often obscene spectaclesOften obscene spectacles

Theaters were large structures with multi-Theaters were large structures with multi-storied stages. Up to 60,000 spectatorsstoried stages. Up to 60,000 spectators

Masks and wigs: Men still played all the Masks and wigs: Men still played all the roles.roles.

Actors were often slaves; not respectedActors were often slaves; not respected

Roman Music and DanceRoman Music and Dance

Imitated Greek music and instrumentsImitated Greek music and instruments

Orators had musicians play for effectOrators had musicians play for effect

Tuba, horn, organ (hydraulis), aulos, Tuba, horn, organ (hydraulis), aulos, cythara (twelve-stringed lyre)cythara (twelve-stringed lyre)

Roman PoetsRoman Poets

Catullus: lyric poet who studied Sappho; Catullus: lyric poet who studied Sappho; wrote love poemswrote love poems

Ovid: poet. Ovid: poet. Metamorphoses: Metamorphoses: Source for Source for many other European writers, such as many other European writers, such as Chaucer and ShakespeareChaucer and Shakespeare

Vergil: epic poet. Vergil: epic poet. Aeneid Aeneid celebrated celebrated traditional Roman values; propaganda for traditional Roman values; propaganda for Roman imperialismRoman imperialism

Story of Aeneas, Trojan warrior’s Story of Aeneas, Trojan warrior’s adventures.adventures.

Unifying theme: destinyUnifying theme: destiny

Dido and AeneasDido and Aeneas

Roman SatireRoman Satire

Superior over the GreeksSuperior over the Greeks

Satire: artistic form that wittily ridicules Satire: artistic form that wittily ridicules human folly or vice.human folly or vice.

Horace: fablesHorace: fables

Juvenal: Criticism of Roman life.Juvenal: Criticism of Roman life.

Roman PhilosophyRoman Philosophy

Lucretius: Good is moderate and lasting Lucretius: Good is moderate and lasting pleasure. Epicureanismpleasure. Epicureanism

Stoicism: duty and world order. Divine Stoicism: duty and world order. Divine reason controlled the universe. Happiness reason controlled the universe. Happiness was in social duty.was in social duty.

Marcus Aurelius: Meditations (stoic Marcus Aurelius: Meditations (stoic Roman character)Roman character)

Rome’s Division and DeclineRome’s Division and Decline

Diocletian: Empire had grown unwieldy. Diocletian: Empire had grown unwieldy. Divided into East and West.Divided into East and West.

In the third century, Constantine moved In the third century, Constantine moved the capital to the East, in Constantinople the capital to the East, in Constantinople or Istanbul, Turkey.or Istanbul, Turkey.