Rome

RomeMr. ForgieRoom 126

Founding of RomeLegendary date is April 21, 753 BCELegend Romulus and Remus twins sons of Mars founded the city after being rescued from the Tiber river by a she-wolfFor about 2.5 centuries the Etruscans ruled the cityAs the Etruscans traded throughout the Mediterranean more people immigrated into Rome

Rome - Patricians509 BCE wealthy/powerful citizens drove out the Etruscan kings and declared Rome a republicThey kept the class system from the Etruscans and its class conflictsOnly 7-10% of the population (wealthy) were represented in the governmentThese Patricians were free men with hereditary, wealth or power Rome-PlebeiansPlebeians were poor people without property or hereditary tiesThey lacked property so they could not serve as officers in the military or in the governmentIntermarriage was forbidden and they could not serve in any religious officePlebeians had been somewhat protected by the Etruscan Kings but that was goneClass ConflictThe Struggle of the Orders broke out about 15 years after the republic was established Lasted about 50 years (494-440 BCE)Plebeians relied on their huge numbers to gain some form of representationThey refused to serve as foot soldiers which weakened RomeIn 451 BCE (10) Patricians codified some current customs into the Law of the Twelve Tables Law of the Twelve TablesThese laws on Ivory actually hurt the plebeians because of the severity of punishment towards the poor.Debtors were often sold into slaveryIf you grazed your animals on land you did not own you were hungPatricians slowly yielded under pressure from the plebeians and changed many of the lawsTribunesFinally the Patricians agreed to give the plebeians some representation in the SenateTwo tribunes were elected by the plebeians and they represented them in the SenateThey did have veto power so they were somewhat effectiveSenateLegislative and Consultative bodyThey elected a variety of low level Magistrates to administer RomeMagistrates served for one year and then automatically became SenatorsSenate decided policy but also nominated two Consuls (Executives) to govern all of the Roman EmpireConsulsConsuls, Senators and Magistrates were elected by the Comitia Centuriata (Leaders of the Soldiers)Once elected they served for one yearInitially only Patricians could be a consulIn 360 BCE the first Plebian Consul was electedLater in the Empire consuls will begin taking power from the Senate/even appointing some SenatorsEarly MilitaryThe early empire ruled by armed forcePatrician or Plebeian could be a military leader but you had to provide your own arms so usually only wealthy rose in the ranksUnits were divided into 100 men called centuries, which were led by CenturionsCenturions met to elect Senators, important magistrates and consuls

RulingAll ruling (magistrates and consuls) was done in pairsThis allowed for a checks and balance and helped to avoid a return to the time of the single Etruscan KingEach consul had veto power over the otherIn an emergency the Senate could appoint a dictator to serve for 6 monthsMilitary PowerAt first they copied the Greek Phalanx but then changed to small units with swords and javelinsThey place young troops in front, more tested veterans in the middle and skilled veterans in the backEarly on it had no navy but it captured one from Carthage and copied it then conquered CarthageThey also used catapults for battering city wallsThey were patient and often used time to conquerExpansion of the RepublicRome established alliances with nearby city-states and then challenged the Etruscans After a 6 year siege (396BCE) Rome capture Etruscan city of VeiiContinues to expand with a setback of being sacked by the Celtics in 264 BCERome was now a society geared towards war and will expand for 140 yearsCauses of the Punic WarsRome vs. CarthageCarthage located 130 miles across the MediterraneanCarthage was a major port for the Phoenicians and they controlled North-central coast of Africa and western MediterraneanCarthage had a main trade route to Spain (Silver) and so they created ports and cities in Sardinia and Sicily (and one on Italy) to protect he route

Map of Rome/Carthage Area

First Punic War (Punici)Fighting started in Sicily in 264 BCE and lasted until 241 BCERome won and now controlled Sicily five years later they will take Sardinia and CorsicaThis is the first time Rome has provinces outside Italian Peninsula

Second Punic WarSpanish city of Saguntum wanted Carthage out and asked Rome for helpThe Romans attacked and defeated by Hannibal (219 BCE) the war will last 20 yearsHannibal now went overland towards RomeTook Troops/Elephants 1000 miles overland including the Alps destroying northern Roman territory and Rome's armies sent to stop himRomes allies stayed loyal and Rome raised more armies

Second Punic WarRome recaptured cities and launched a new attack in SpainHannibal marched south unable to take the city of RomeAfter winning several victories in Spain 211-206 BCE Romes General Scipio invades AfricaHannibal heads home to Carthage to stop himScipio will defeat Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202 BCE) and Carthage became a dependency of RomeScipio is renamed Scipio Africanus for his victoryNew WisdomPolicy of Brute ForceThe City of Capua (Region of Campania) tried to rebel against Rome (allied with Hannibal)Rome executes 70 of their Senators, imprisons 300 aristocrats and sold many of their citizens into slaveryThird Punic WarIn 149 BCE Rome will respond with New Wisdom against Carthage when Carthage attacks An African ally King Masinissa of NumidiaThis is the Third Punic war and lasts until 146 BCERome will completely destroy Carthage sow salt into the ground and then annex all of Carthage into the Roman Province of Africa

Rome ExpandsAfter the second Punic War Rome attacks the Gaul's in Northern Italy and annexes their territoryIt annexes Spain (province)in 197 BCE but treats them so bad they continually revoltRome completely destroys Spain in 133 BCEThey then attack Gaul in France and by 121 BCE they annex that areaExpansion Eastern MediterraneanAfter Alexander died his Kingdom was divided into 3 regional kingdomsTwo of the Kingdoms (Macedonia and Syria) controlled by the Seleucid dynasty threatened to attack the third Egypt (Ptolemaic family)To take advantage of this turmoil other Greek states asked Rome to intervene and free them from Macedon

Expansion (200 BCE)King Phillip V rejects Rome's threats and Rome attacks and defeats him Rome declares those city-states free but they really rule themRome then warns Antiochus III of Syria to stay out of Egypt and Europe he ignores the warning and they take all his land and push him into Syria making him pay indemnitiesExpansion168 BCE the son of King Phillip V Perseus tries to attack Egypt again and Rome defeats him ending the Macedonian monarchyGreek city-state of Corinth tried to be too independent even attacked some of Romes convoysRome uses new wisdom and razed the city, sold them into slavery and took their art to RomeKing of Pergamum (part of Asia Minor) bequeathed all of his land to Rome in 133 BCEExpansion Pompey the Great will add Syria, most of Asia Minor and Jerusalem about 63 BCEHe will all a Jewish King to rule Judea as a client-monarchPompey will use this type of indirect rule by local potentates throughout the east Pompey will found about 40 cities to create a Roman political influencePolitical RuleRome offered economic and social support to those it conquered. It would also offer them various levels of Roman citizenship (Italian Peninsula) to induce residents to support and join its armiesIn 91 BCE Marcus Livius Drusus the Younger was elected Tribune and wanted to give all Italian allies full citizenship Senate rejects idea and Drusus is assassinated and War of the Allies begins (Social War)

Social WarAfter two years of fighting Rome offers full citizenship to those who remained loyal and those who stopped fightingCitizenship began to be used as an inducement to loyaltyIn annexed land aristocrats were offered partial citizenshipSocial StructurePatron-Client relationship = Strong men offered protection for the weak and the weak offered obedient and servicesPatricians offered services to Plebeians (usually legal) the plebian would then pay patrons fines and fees and money for a daughters dowries A client would present himself periodically to the patron and the patron would give the client a giftThis relationship was codified and a Patron who defrauded the client would be executedThis type of relationship was also characterized by Rome's imperial control over conquered provincesRoman FamilyFather of the family (paterfamilias)had the right of life and death over family membersHe controlled occupations, who they married and economics possessions and maintained control even after a daughters marriageNot a tyrant they were worried about child's well-being

WomenWomens role was subordinate to menFree from father after his deathMarriage was arranged Motherhood was the most important thingFreeborn women were free from legal control of by father/husband/guardian after bearing three childrenWomen should be faithful to one manWomen committing adultery could be executed drinking wine could also be punishedMost of these rules applied only to the upper-classClass ConflictImperialism resulted in the rich becoming richerSmall farmers who served in the army often returned home to find their farms sold for debt they then lived impoverished in a cityThe City of Rome reached 1 million by 1st century (CE) and class divisions were very greatWealthy houses had bathrooms, were spacious and comfortablePoor lived in unheated houses no water dirty and overcrowded typhus and fire killed manyReforms for the PoorThe Gracchi brothers Tiberius and Gaius tried to protect the interests of the plebeians.Tiberius wanted to give lands to returning soldiers so numerous Senators and their clients clubbed him to death in 133 BCEDespite the murder redistribution of land did take placeIn 123 BCE Gaius was elected tribune and lands from the Punic wars was distributed He also gave bread doles to the poor

Social ReformsGaius was not sensitive to non-Italian poorHe allowed Roman knights to collect taxes from farmers in conquered areasThis allowed them to collect what they were suppose to for Rome and even more for themselvesHe often auctioned off these tax collector positionsHe and his fellow tribune was also assassinated in 121 BCE and 3000 of his supporters were executedHowever the foundation for the end of the empire was laid (Challenge to the Senate)

Dealing with class conflictsTo keep the poor content Rome began the bread and circuses They gave up to 200,000 poor/former soldiers a dole of bread each dayThey also provided public religious activities, theater and gladiatorial contests of great crueltyPublic arenas could hold about half of Romes populationHundreds of people and up to 5000 animals could be killed in a single dayFree food and gory spectacle kept the unemployed compliantSlavery in RomeRome needed slaves for farming and to work mineral minesThey filled the need through conquestNine years of war conquering Gaul Julius Caesar had made 500,000 Gaul's slaves25% of farm labor was slavesAbout 400,000 of 1 million population of the city of Rome was slavesOn Roman proverb stated Every slave we own is an enemy we harborSlaverySeveral revolts/wars occurSicily Great slave war 70,000 slaves revolt (134-131 BCE)Sicily again 104-100 BCESpartacus Revolt (Gladiator) 73-71 BCEMany revolts occurred when a foreign army invaded

End of the RepublicGeneral Gaius Marius campaigned to become consul in 107 BC (served 7 times)He recruited troops that did not own property and would be loyal to himHe gave soldiers land in foreign areasNow the Armies were dependent on him and not the stateBut there was another General named Sulla that also had power

Civil War Rome needed to fight King of Pontus and decides to send SullaMarius wants the glory and transfers the assignment to himselfSulla gets mad and attacks Rome (83-82)Sulla takes control of Rome and declares Marius an outlaw and then heads to GreeceMarius not to be outdone joined with another General and seizes control of Rome

Civil WarSulla-after beating the King in Greece he returns to Rome takes control and declares himself dictator keeps control for 2 years and then steps downTwenty years later Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form a triumvirate (alliance of three)The three competed until Caesars takes control from the other twoJulius CaesarBorn about 100 BCE Caesar had been married to Cornelia, because she was the daughter of Cinna who was Sullas enemyCaesar refused and fled to the Greek Islands and studied philosophy he returns years later after he was pardonedElected magistrate of public games 65 BC he often spent his own moneyElected Chief Priest in 65 BCEElected Consul in 59 BCEUsed strong arm tactics to intimidate the Senate and the other Consul

Caesar as a GeneralAfter consul (58 BCE) he would take a military force into GaulAfter nine years he has conquered all of Gaul crossed the Rhine to threaten the Germanic tribes invaded Britain twiceReturns to Rome rules under triumvirate until Crassus diesPompey dies Pompey dies in Egypt

Caesar DiesCaesar rules alone until killed in 44 BCEHad formed Julian CalendarExtends citizenshipReorganizes City GovernmentCaesar selected his sisters grandson to replace him Gaius Octavian (63-14CE)Later called OctavianHe avenged Caesars death killed 300 SenatorsOctavianTo avert Civil War Octavian had his sister marry Mark AnthonyIn 36 BC Anthony divorces Octavia and marries Cleopatra but he jointly rules Egypt with her against the lawOctavian will defeat Anthony/Cleopatra at ActiumAnnexes all of Egypt and keeps treasury for himselfBy 27 BCE a grateful Senate gives him the title of Augustus (Sacred or Venerable) He will rule Rome as emperor for 56 years until he dies in 14 CE he was Princep (First Citizen)This is the Golden Age of Rome Art Roads - LiteratureUnder Augustus (Pax Romano)Rome became more conservativeMarriage became more equal for the wivesMilitary became a profession Roman Empire expandsAnnexes Bavaria and SwitzerlandMilitary took control of the governmentFailed to conquer central Germany but failedBuilt many outposts and cities connected by 50,000 miles of 1st class roads and 200,000 miles of lesser roads

Expansion continued40 CE Rome conquers Wales and England and it becomes BritainEmperor Trajan takes Romania Hadrian consolidates the Empire withdraws from Mesopotamia and builds a wall in BritainEconomic TradeImperial rule and markets developed and created profit in the provincesRomans levied taxes and tributes and recruited soldiers from conquered landsSettled their soldiers on foreign landsExploited their political power on provincesMany Romans thought the empire had lost its soulSustaining RomeThe city required huge amounts of grain- Egypt, Sicily , North Africa and SpainLeather-France, Pottery-Rhineland, Wool-EnglandTo administer military/administrative cities needed London, Paris, Barcelona etcPeople of wealth wanted luxury items required the trade routes to be secure-this was added during the Pax Romana or Roman Peace (27 BC to 180 AD)

StoicismPhilosophy borrowed from Greeks (est by Zeno)World is rational, well ordered and coherent systemAccept without joy or sadness everything that happensReligion in Imperial RomeOfficially Rome celebrated a religion centralized on the person of emperor-godAugustus had rebuilt temples and encouraged worship of ancestral gods-Jupiter, Juno and MinervaAugustus was deified and animal sacrifices were made to himFor the most part as long as a person venerated the emperor and backed the state diverse religious practices were allowed

Mystery ReligionsRituals of initiation that defied rational understanding-orgies, baptisms, dramtic ritualsMithraism was one such religion- worshiped the Persian sun god Mithras as a mediator between god and man popular with the militaryRome would not tolerate sects that challenged authority of the empire i.e. JudaismRome and the Jews Jews were monotheistic and worshipping multiple gods, especially the emperor evoked strong opposition to RomeRevolt in Judea was always simmeringStarting in 63 BCE fighting between Jews and Romans (and Jew v. Jew) broke out frequently There were 3 major revolts after which Rome destroyed Jerusalem (70 AD) the principal temple- ended Judea as a state and exiled the JewsThis is the Jewish DiasporaRome and early ChristiansJesus of Nazareth (4BCE-30 CE)-Christ or MessiahEmerged from JudaismClashed with Romans because of MonotheismRomans rejected for three centuries because it rejected divinity of the emperor/Kingdom of Heaven distinct from the Roman EmpireRoman Governor Pontius Pilate will crucify Jesus

Beginning of Acceptance By the time of Marcus Aurelius' and despite persecutions Christianity will begin to be acceptedStoicism helped acceptance-orderly world and concern for social welfareIn addition, Christianity added faith in God to intervene and help, miracles and hopeIt was attractive for the poor but later wealthy will be attracted by its organization and messageConstantine and Licinius313 Edict of Milan made Christianity a valid faithAfter 324 when Constantine ruled alone he recognized Christianity as a religion that had brought miracles to the empire and gave it official recognition and the religion spread freely330 Constantine inaugurates a new Rome in Constantinople (discuss later)Government support of polytheistic cults were terminated in 394

Dismemberment of the EmpireCeltic groups, Goths and Huns (with others) had rebelled for centuriesThird century invaders began penetrating the borders- Goths went into the Balkans and Asia MinorFranks attacked into Gaul, Spain and North AfricaEmperor Gallienus manages to preserve the Italian empire and his successor Aurelian protected Romes western and northern borders

Fragmentation of AuthorityContinued warfare forced the decentralization of power from the capital to provincesPower left the Senate and went to GeneralsEmperor Diocletian (284-305) believed that pomp and majesty would save everything battles and splendor bankrupt the empire and brought miseryIn 330 Constantine moves builds another capital east so now there is an east and west capitalBarbariansValentinian (364-375) was the last emperor to successfully drive back the barbariansAttacks by the Goths, Franks and other barbarians resulted in allowing them to settle within the empire if they provided fighting menAttila attacks in 451 and leaves only after Pope Leo I intervenesIn 476 the German general Odoacer deposed the last (western) emperor and became the first barbarian king of Italy

Causes of FallInternal Conflict elite and massesSustainment of military caused over taxationNo viable succession of quality emperorsPopulation of became heavily Germanic and whole units were not RomanLoyalty to General and not RomeChristianity offered an alternative to the Roman Empire

Eastern Empire 330-1453Greek Language Roman Law Christian FaithManages to survive attacksHas a resurgence under Justinian (Creates Justinian Code) Makes administrative and military districts (Themes) Confronts Islam Arab armiesIconoclasts controversy 726 helps split church/political foundationsSuccumbs to Turks in 1453

Hate On MeJill Scotthttp://music.download.com, track 12004213381.17http://music.download.com/