role of renewable energy sources in sustanable development

8/6/2019 Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Sustanable Development

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WWELCOMEELCOME

Professor and Head,

School of Energy and Environmental Studies, DEVIDEVIAHILYA VISHWAVIDYALAYAAHILYA VISHWAVIDYALAYA ,

Indore (M.P.) -INDIA



Role of Renewable Energy SourcesRole of Renewable Energy Sources

inin

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development



Life And Renewable Energy SourcesLife And Renewable Energy Sources

�� Life was come in existence due to theLife was come in existence due to thesuitable environment created by naturalsuitable environment created by natural

energy sources.energy sources.�� The driving forces of life on the earth areThe driving forces of life on the earth are

Renewable energy sourcesRenewable energy sources

�� These sources already exist in nature.These sources already exist in nature.



Energy for DevelopmentEnergy for Development

� Energy is central to economicdevelopment.

� There is a clear correlation betweenincreasing people¶s access toconvenient, affordable energy andimproving their living standards,such as improved education, healthand economic conditions.



Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Ä...development, that enables meeting theÄ...development, that enables meeting theneeds of present generation, withoutneeds of present generation, withoutthreatening needs of future generations.³threatening needs of future generations.³(Our Common Future, Gro Brundtlant,1987 (Our Common Future, Gro Brundtlant,1987



Face to Problems..Face to Problems..

Excessive use of Fossil fuels with growingdemand in developed and developingcountries.

Balance of payment problems to developingand oil importing countries

Reliability of fuels supply «.uncertain!

Fast Environmental degradation.

Quality of health of living creatures.



The Energy ChallengeThe Energy Challenge

World energy demand will increasesignificantly

World energy supply is mostly fossil-Fuel based and will remain so for decades

Energy-related worldwide environmentalimpacts will continue to grow

Access to affordable energy is notuniform



Energy Consumption: world scenariosEnergy Consumption: world scenarios

Source: Energy Information Administration, I nternational Energy Outlook 2004, Table A2



Environmental scenario¶s: Alarming TrendsEnvironmental scenario¶s: Alarming Trends



Sustainable Path..Sustainable Path..

Synchronization between nature andmaterialistic developmental rate

Synchronization between nature anddevelopment of human beings

Balance between use of conventionalenergy sources (Fossil Fuels) andnatural sinks



Simple Solutions..Simple Solutions..

Develop own reliable and sustainableEnergy sources

Promotion and substitutions of

Renewable energy sources and

technologies

Energy from Renewable energy (RE) can

be particularly appropriate for all

countries.

Integrate Projects Around Local Needs

and Capacity



Simple Solutions..Simple Solutions..

Interest in renewable energy and energyefficiency has increased recently due toenvironmental concerns about global warmingand air quality.

It is widely accepted that the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants fromfossil fuels are cause global warming,damage fragile ecosystems, and compromiseair quality.

Renewable energy and energy efficiency, onthe other hand, have low environmentalimpacts and are sustainable, i.e. the energyresource will never run out.



TechnologyTechnology--based Solutionsbased Solutions

Energy efficiency (EE) and conservation isalso highly relevant to sustainabledevelopment objectives of developingcountries.

Energy efficiency measures help reducethe amount of public funding that isrequired per capita for electricitygeneration, thus allowing more people tobenefit from limited development funds.



Constraints..Constraints..

Due to Lack of good polices, High initialcost has been a major inhibitor to the

widespread adoption of renewable energy.

Over the past decade, however, there hasbeen a substantial decrease in costs.

Coupled with changes in market forces andimprovements in technology, this trend is

creating new opportunities for renewableenergy.



Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

1. The sun2. The motion & gravitational potential of the

sun, moon & earth.

3. Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical

reactions & radioactive decay in the Earth.4, Nuclear reactions on the Earth.

5, Chemical reactions from mineral sources.

Renewable energy is derived from sources 1, 2 & 3.

Finite energy is derived from sources 1 (fossil fuels), 3

(hot rocks), 4 & 5.



Comparison..Comparison..



RRENEWABLEENEWABLE EENERG YNERG Y DDEVELOPMENTEVELOPMENT

AANDND UUTILIZATIONTILIZATION

Solar thermal energy technology

Solar photovoltaic energy technology

Wind power generation technology

Biomass/Waste-to-energy utilization

technology

Geothermal utilization technology

Ocean energy technology



Solar EnergySolar Energy

� t ri t ' r f r li t,t, t t r, l tri it .

� Dr i r , ti il i ,ri li t , t r ,l tri f , t .

� ³ " li tiit li t t r -li titi .



Solar Thermal SystemsSolar Thermal Systems

�� Solar thermal systems offer as much as 60% of Solar thermal systems offer as much as 60% of

householders annual hot water requirementshouseholders annual hot water requirements

�� Reductions in COReductions in CO22 emissions can be as much asemissions can be as much as

1500m1500m33

per annum.per annum.

�� Solar thermal system can deliver hot water to theSolar thermal system can deliver hot water to thehot water tank of temperatures up to 70hot water tank of temperatures up to 70°°CC



PHOTOVOLTAICSPHOTOVOLTAICS

� Reduces pollution� Stabilizes electricity costs

� Lessens dependence on fossil fuels

� Increases self-reliance

� Can size for small, on-site installations� Not grid dependent

� Currently expensive $$$$$



BIOMASS/ORGANIC WASTE

Bio-fuels are sure to be an exciting part of our energy future.

Commercially Viable Gasification Systemsfor Biomass Waste-to-Power and thermalapplications

Commercially Viable Bio-methanationSystems for Biomass Waste-to-Power

Bio-based Products

Carbon Sequestration



BBIOIO--ENERGYENERGY

Biomass ² feedstock for bioenergyproducts.

Any organic material produced by

photosynthesis and available on arenewable basis ² ´Stored solar energyµ

Crops, crop residues, wood products and

residues, animal and municipal wastes andaquatic plants



Contd«

Need of Comprehensive approach to

sustainable design, construction and

operations required urgently to

mitigate environmental impact, rising energy demand and cost

9.0 Conclusions9.0 Conclusions



FFUELSUELS AANDND PPRODUCTSRODUCTS

Ethanol, bio-diesel

Methane capture and conversion toelectricity

Biomass feedstock for powergeneration

Bio-based products ² plastics,lubricants, urethane foam, solvents,

resins, thickeners, etc.



EETHANOLTHANOL

Converting starch content of biomass into alcohol

Most existing operations use corn as feedstockdue to oversupply ² beneficial byproducts ² 3,500uses

Emerging developments in new biocatalysts makeit possible to use any plant or plant product ²cellulosic ethanol

Significant reductions in enzyme costs to convertcellulosic biomass into sugars.



BBIOIO--DIESELDIESEL

Can be derived from soybean oil, canola oil,sunflower oil, tallow, waste grease fromrestaurants, etc.

Requires no engine modification;

Cuts exhaust emissions; minimizes black smoke,odor, greenhouses gases, air toxics andparticulates. No sulfur dioxide (acid rain)

Excellent lubricant



METHANE CONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY Anaerobic digestion of animal waste or biomass produces

methane to operate a generator to produce electricity.

Potential to produce enough electricity to power all farm

and home operations plus selling excess power to local

utility. Odor control.

Methane is 21 times more potent than CO2.

Methane credits ?



IMPORTANCE

Clean, domestic, renewable fuels,chemicals and power produced by biomass

Expand sustainable energy use in powerproduction, transportation andmanufacturing processes

Near-zero net greenhouse gas emissions Improves energy security and balance of

payments- less dependence on foreign

fossil fuelHealthier, more diversified rural economies Improved environmental quality



TRENDS IN PRICES

NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)



RESEARCH REQUIRED: BIOMASS GENERATION &

SYSTEMS

Energy Plantation in Barren and waste lands

Utilization of Agricultural , forestry residual

waste/Municipal solid waste

Advanced agriculture (energy crops) enabled

Advanced agriculture (energy crops) enabled by

plant genomics and bio-science by plant

genomics and bioscienceEfficient conversion technologies and system

designs



RESEARCH FOCUS IN TRANSPORTATION

Hybrid Engine Technology

Alcohol/Bio-diesel Based Engine

Development Of Light Weight Battery

Conversion To Fuel Cell Based Technology

More Efficient/Comfortable Cabin Environment



Wind Energy

Green Energy ± Clean Energy.

No emission of hazardous waste.

No consumption of fossil fuels. Least expensive form of renewable

energy.

Low operating cost.

Low Gestation eriod



WORLDWIDE GROWTH IN WIND ENERGY

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Rest of the World

India

Denmark

USA

Spain

Germany



Wind ower: Trends

� Costs ¼ 900/kW on land (¼ 350/m2)

� kWh costs: 5 to 7 ¼ct/kWh (6 to 9

offshore)� Finding good sites more difficult, approval

procedures slow in some countries

� Need to move near-shore and offshore� Average turbine capacity: 1 to 2 MW on

land and 3 to 5 MW offshore



TRENDS IN PRICES




RESEARCH REQUIRED: WIND TURBINES &

SYSTEMS

Development Of Low Wind Speed Turbines

Use Of Advanced Power Electronics

New Materials For Better Aerodynamic Blades

Installation Technology Of Wind Machines In Oceans



.

Geothermal Energy

The Earth¶s core, 4,000 miles below thesurface, can reach temperatures of 9000°

F.Direct-use applications require geothermaltemperatures between about 70° to

302°

F²lower than those required for electricity generation



TRENDS IN PRICES




Oceanic Energy

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Tidal Energy

Wave Energy



Potential

Potential as significant power supply (1 TW)

Intermittence problems mitigated by

integration with general energy supplysystem

Many different alternative designs

Complimentary to other renewable andconventional energy technologies



World Oceanic Energy Potentials

(GW)Source

� Tides

� Waves

� Currents

� OTEC1

� Salinity

� World electric2

� World hydro

Potential (est)

� 2,500 GW

� 2,7003

� 5,000

� 200,000

� 1,000,000

Practical (est)

� 20 GW

� 500

� 50

� 40

� NP A4

� 2,800� 550

1 Temperature gradients2 As of 1998

3 Along coastlines 4 Not presently available

Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005

� 4,000

role of renewable energy sources in sustanable development

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