role of ict and risk assessment august 2017 in ... · biodiversity. challenges of ict application...

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Summer School, Hurghada, Egypt 2017

Role of ICT and Risk Assessment in Agrobiodiversity Conservation

Dr. Mohamed El-Said El-ZemaityDept. of Plant Protection, Fac., of Agric. Ain Shams

University, B.O.Box. 68 Hadeyk Shoubra, 11241Cairo, Egypt. E- mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Contents

Agrobiodiversity and agricultural productivity1

Negative Effects of Pesticides on Agrobiodiversity

2

Risk Assessment and Biodiversity

3• Environmental Risk Assessment• Decision tree

ICT and Biodiversity 4

• Principles • ICT applications in biodiversity conservation• Challenges of ICT application for biodiversity conservation• Who are the major players?• Global Positioning System (GPS)• Simulation in biodiversity conservation

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Contents




ICT and Biodiversity

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3

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Agrobiodiversity (Agricultural Biodiversity) .

• sub-set of biodiversity, that is influences and interacts with agriculture.

• Agrobiodiversity includes:• farmed crops• livestock • all organisms that live within or pass through the agricultural

environment.

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Elements of Biodiversity Influencing Agricultural Productivity

Pollinators Beneficial Organisms

Soil Organisms

Aquatic Organisms

Pests Diseases

Invasive SpeciesWeeds

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Pest Control Agents and Used Strategies to Prevent Decline of Agricultural Productivity.

• Agents• Chemical agents (Pesticides)• Biotechnology products and

novel agents (Specific materials, Bio – pesticides and IPPs)

• Application• Conventional • IPM strategy

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Contents





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Intensive and misuse of pesticides can lead to serious

changes and adverse effects to target pests and environmental

elements.

Resistance

Damaging AO

Replacement

RF for beneficial organisms

Resurgence

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Contents





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• Environmental Risk Assessment• Decision tree

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• Decision tree model is used for making risk assessment of pesticides against non-target organisms. In this model exposure data (e.g. Dosage, PIEC, PEC and PED) are compared with acute and chronic toxicity data.

• The lowest LC50 or NOEC value per group of organisms (mammals, birds, water organisms) is used where:• PEC = Predicated Environmental Concentration • PIEC = Predicated Initial Environmental Concentration• PED = Predicated Environmental Dosage• NOEC = No Observed Effect Concentration

• In the decision trees four different risk categories for pesticides could be distinguished, they are:• No risk – Low risk – Intermediate risk – High risk.

- Environmental Risk Assessment

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(the decision tree for bees and other beneficials/natural enemies (such as Encarsia formosa and Phytoseiulus persimilis) could be drawn by using these input data)

Bees Encarsia formosa Phytoseiulus persimilis

No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) from bees breeding-test

Data from residue toxicity test

Data from residue toxicity test

LD50 in contact/oral tests (mg a.i./kg, ug a.i./bee)

Toxicity data from persistence test

Toxicity data from persistence test

Toxicity data from cage test

Toxicity data from field test



Toxicity data from direct contact test

Dosage (mg a.i./kg)

Risk Assessment and Biodiversity- Environmental Risk Assessment Example

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Risk Assessment and Biodiversity- ILLUSTRATIVE: Decision tree for Phytoseiulus persimilis

Is exposure of P. persimilisused in IPM possible?

No study of toxicity on P. persimilis necessary

No risk

Is the normal testing procedure suitable in view of the claim, application method and substance characteristics?

Update test procedure with available information

Study toxicity in the lab

Reduction of Reproduction Reduction < 30%

Reduction > 99% Persistence test (effects of 3 days old residues on reproduction in the lab)

Reduction < 30%

Field test against harmless reference substance Effects test substance ≤ effects reference substance

Low risk

High risk

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

NoYes

No

No

No Yes

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ContentsAgrobiodiversity and

agricultural productivity1




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• Principles • ICT applications in biodiversity conservation• Challenges of ICT application for biodiversity conservation• Who are the major players?• Global Positioning System (GPS)• Simulation in biodiversity conservation

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What is ICT?

• Digital files can be stored indefinitely (size) • Can be stored indefinitely (time)• Without any loss of quality.

• Can be reproduced at almost no cost.• Can be transmitted almost instantaneously • Can be transmitted Over great distances

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Information and Communications Tools

Telephone\Fax Computers (PC\Laptop\Tablet\PALM)

Broadcasting (Digital TV & Radio)

Satellite Mobile (Phone\Smart phone)

GPS (Global Positioning Systems)

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Internet characteristics

It has many characteristics that makes it suitable as an important source of information:

Quick Persistent Detailed Open Interactive

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ICT Services

and Products

Mailing List

Bulletin Board

On-line Database and

Libraries

Web-Based Resource Centers Organizational

Home Pages

Training\Reference material on compact disk

DistanceLearning courses

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ICT mechanisms

ICT mechanisms that could be used to improve the flow of information:

1- Chatting and group meeting for brain storming using the computer.2- Broadcasting e-mails to experts for inquiries, problem solving, and experience exchange.3- Discussions group development that would provide access to both national and international interaction to all members of the discussions groups.4- Data and paper publishing without costly printing charges.5- Web-mining for information on related (and unrelated) sites would provide much of the basic graphic and biological information sought.6-Web-page publishing by local projects so that field programs and research institutions can begin to develop meaningful partnerships.

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ICT applications in biodiversity conservationIC

T AP

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Biodiversity Monitoring and Sensor TechnologyIncreasingly used in biodiversity monitoring.

Biodiversity Data ProcessingThe intermediate step between monitoring and presenting to the public or experts.

Biodiversity NetworkingFew initiatives in this area.

Biodiversity Information and EducationProcessing of data and presentation in an attractive is the core of many institutions’ work in this field.

Biodiversity ResearchUsing relevant technologies including hardware as: GPS, data logging, radio tracking, GIS, Data mining.

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Relevancy of ICT in relation to information processing & concentration

Sub-categoryCollection

of data

Processing of

data

Generation of

knowledge

Distribution of

knowledgeIdentification and characterization of biodiversity

+++ +++ ++ +

Biodiversity patterns +++ +++ ++ +Biogeography ++ +++ ++ ++Ecosystem services ++ +++ +++ ++Evolutionary processes +++ +++ ++ +Conservation and restoration ++ ++ +++ +++Monitoring +++ ++ ++ +++Governance of biodiversity + + ++ +++

Less relevant: +, relevant: ++, most relevant: +++Source: Nigmann et al, 2009

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The link between establishing "virtual" and maintaining real

biodiversity

Challenges of ICT application for

biodiversity conservation

Research challenges related to the efficiency of information

- The relation between actual conservation of biodiversity. - How do websites with information about biodiversity help to maintain

biodiversity in reality?- Obstacles faced.

ICT could help some persons to find and collect rare species

Activation the existing knowledge to have an

impact on political decisions

Facilitating information flow and strengthen the aspect of free availability of data and ICT systems

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Who are the major players?

1- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)(https://www.iucn.org/about)

It provides public, private and non-governmental organizations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together.

2- Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) (http://www.iucnredlist.org,)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is one of the best known and most valuable list of species available. The information of the Red List is saved in a centralized database, via a search function, information is available for everybody free of charge via the Internet.

https://www.iucn.org/about

http://www.iucnredlist.org/

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About The IUCN Red List1. The IUCN Red List is a rich compendium of information on threats,

ecological requirements, and habitats of species; and on conservation actions that can be taken to reduce or prevent extinctions.

2. It is based on an objective system for assessing the risk of extinction of a species based on past, present, and projected threats.

3. Species assessments are conducted following a standardized process using the rigorous IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, ensuring the highest standards of scientific documentation, information management, expert review, and justification.

4. There are eight IUCN Red List Categories based on criteria linked to population trend, size and structure, and geographic range. Species listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable are collectively described as threatened.

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Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) (http://www.iucnredlist.org,)

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Calculating Generation Length

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Calculation of Population Reduction Under IUCN Red List Criteria

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3- Biodiversity Network Japan (http://www.bdnj.org/index_E.html)

Its mission is to conserve biodiversity through scientific research, policy advocacy, training, and dissemination of scientific knowledge.

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4- African Biodiversity Network (africanbiodiversity.org/)

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5- Networks - Biodiversity Information System for Europe (biodiversity.europa.eu/networks)

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6- Biodiversity Education and Awareness Network (BEAN) (https://biodiversityeducation.ca/)

https://biodiversityeducation.ca/

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Other valuable resources:7- NBN Atlas -UK's largest collection of biodiversity information (https://nbnatlas.org/)8- Global Youth Biodiversity Network (GYBN) (https://www.cbd.int/youth/gybn.shtml)9- Global Genome Biodiversity Network (GGBN) (www.ggbn.org/) 10- Kingston Biodiversity Network (www.kbn.uk.com/)11- Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity Network (https://ecoservicesnetwork.ca/about/)12- Oklahoma Biodiversity Network (https://okbiodiversity.org/)13- CABNET - Central Asian Biodiversity Network (www.succow-stiftung.de/cabnet-central-asian-biodiversity-network.h.)14- Indigenous Peoples' Biodiversity Network (IPBN) (https://www.povertyandconservation.info/en/org/o0147)15- Terrestrial Biodiversity Network (https://www.nccarf.edu.au/networks/terrestrial-biodiversity-network)16- Tennessee River Basin Biodiversity Network (http://applcc.org/news/tennessee-river-basin-biodiversity-network-meeting)17- BIOMAC biodiversity network of West Africa (africa.wetlands.org/.../Biodiversityconservation/Biodiversitynetworki.)18- Middle Eastern Biodiversity Network (www.bik-f.de/files/publications/krupp_et_al_zookeys__65b2c8)

https://nbnatlas.org/

https://www.cbd.int/youth/gybn.shtml

http://www.kbn.uk.com/

https://ecoservicesnetwork.ca/about/

https://okbiodiversity.org/

http://www.succow-stiftung.de/cabnet-central-asian-biodiversity-network.h

https://www.povertyandconservation.info/en/org/o0147

https://www.nccarf.edu.au/networks/terrestrial-biodiversity-network

http://applcc.org/news/tennessee-river-basin-biodiversity-network-meeting

http://www.bik-f.de/files/publications/krupp_et_al_zookeys__65b2c8

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Global Positioning System (GPS)• GPS provides benefits in geo-fencing, map-making and surveying.• GPS receivers become cheap and more popular for many uses.• The GPS user can be produce simple digitized map with high

accuracy.• The technology of GPS and SMS can be used in warning authorities

about some species when cross a geo-fence.(For example elephant in Kenya: the solution to prevent an elephant bull fromwandering into farms and destroying precious crops was to tag the elephant with adevice that sends a text message when it crosses a geo-fence. With using thistechnology the elephant can roam freely and the authorities are alerted whenever itis near the farm)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg

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Simulation in biodiversity conservation

Predator

Pest

Removal of Natural Enemies Simulations

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Significance of RA and ICT in promoting agricultural productivity

Risk assessment implementation Utilizing ICT

Protectingbiodiversity

>>

Promoting agricultural productivity

Risk assessment : Risk management >> Protecting biodiversity >> Promoting agricultural productivity

Agriculture: ICT applications >> efficiency increase >> sustainable development

Biodiversity: ICT applications >> biodiversity conservation >> sustainable agriculture

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References• Celebic, G., and D. I. Rendulic (2011). Basic Concepts of Information and

Communication Technology, handbook. Open Society for Idea Exchange (ODRAZI), Zagreb. Available at: http://www.itdesk.info/handbook_basic_ict_concepts.pdf

• Emans, H.J., M.A. Beek and J.B. linders (1992). Evaluation system for Pesticides –Agricultural Pesticides. Nat. Inst. Pub. Env. Prot., Bilthoven, The Netherlands.

• Künast, C., R. de Graeff and G. Whitmore. Pesticides and biodiversity-Agriculture productivity and biodiversity conservation. European Landowners’ Organization (ELO) and the European Crop Protection Association (ECPA). Available at: http://www.ecpa.eu/sites/default/files/

• Maezawa,Y., Y. Hatakeyama, M. Saito and F. Hirota (2014). Conservation of biodiversity by making use of ICT. Fujitsu Sci. Tech. J. Vol. 50 (4): 44-51.

• Nigmann, U., R. Biederman, R. Achtziger and W. E. Holzinger (2009). ICT for Environmental Sustainability concerning Key Area: “ICT for Biodiversity”. ICT-ENSURE project, European Commission’s seventh.

• Patterson, D. (2010). Focus Area Survey (WP8): Information and Communication• Technologies (ICT) in Biodiversity, Technical Report for ICT-ENSURE.• Schauer,T, P. Lanz, M. Feilhauer and O. Popescu (2009). ICT for Environmental

Sustainability in the Area of Agriculture and Biodiversity. The Club of Rome -European Support Centre, http://www.clubofrome.at

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