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Rodent responses to the lunar phases among different habitat structure. Stephanie Campbell & Charles W. Gunnels IV Florida Gulf Coast University, Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences INTRODUCTION Nocturnal animals experience high degrees of light variaFon associated with the phases of the lunar cycles as well as the degree of canopy structure. There recently has been a surge of excitement concerning rodent response to lunar phases & canopy structure stemming from the high degree of variaFon among different species. Peromyscus gossypinus & Sigmodon hispidus co‐occur in southwest Florida, yet each species exemplifies unique life history traits and behavioral differences. Experiment will help determine how these two co‐occurring, unique species will respond to lunar phases and canopy structure within the same environment. HYPOTHESIS Both species should show decreased acFvity during full moons and increased acFvity during new moons. Rodents will change their acFvity during nights of first‐quarter and third‐quarter moons because changes in the amount of light. Because S. hispidus is both diurnal & nocturnal, we expect lunar phase to have less effect on its’ acFvity than the exclusively nocturnal P. gossypinus. RESULTS REFERENCES Brinkerhoff, R., Haddad, N., & Orrock, J. (2005). Corridors and olfactory predator cues affect small mammal behavior. Journal of Mammalogy, 86(4), 662‐669. Brown, J. (1988). Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predaFon risk, and compeFFon. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 22(1), 37‐47. Cameron, G., Kincaid, W., & Carnes, B. (1979). Exoerimental species removals: temporal acFvity paterns of Sigmodon hispidis andReinthodonotonys fulvescens. Journal of Mammalogy, 60(1), 193‐195. Cameron, G., & Kruchek, B. (2005). Use of coastal wetlands by hispid cocon rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Southwestern Naturalist, 50(3), 397‐402. Griffin, P., Griffin, S., Waroquiers, C., & Mills, L. (2005). Mortality by moonlight: PredaFon risk and the snowshoe hare. Behavioral Ecology, 16(5), 938‐944. Gursky, S. (2003). Lunar philia in a nocturnal primate. InternaFonal Journal of Primatology, 24(2), 351‐367. Hinkelman, T. & Loeb, S. (2007). Effect of woody debris abundance on dayFme refuge use by cocon mice. Southeastern Naturalist. 6(3), 393‐406. Kelt, D. A., Meserve, P. L., Forister, M. L., Nabors, L., & GuFerrez, J. R. (2004). Seed predaFon by birds and small mammals in semiarid chile. Oikos, 104(1), 133‐141. McCay, T. (2000). Use of woody debrisnby cocon mice in South East pine forest. Journal of Mammalogy, 81(2), 527. Packer, W., & Layne, J. (1991). Foraging site preferences and relaFve arboreality of small rodents inFlorida. American Midland Naturalist, 125(2), 187‐194. Uhlenbroek, C. (2008). Animal Life. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley Limited. White, J. A., & Geluso, K. (2007). Seasonal differences in onset of surface acFvity of ord's kangaroo rat (dipodomys ordii). Journal of Mammalogy, 88(1), 234‐240. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Jim Goodwin and the South Florida Water Management District, Brenda Brooks, and Brenda Thomas for allowing me to conduct my research at CREW. We would like to thank Paige MarFn for teaching me skill sets needed to conduct my study and my husband Steven Rogers for assisFng me in field research. CONCLUSION Both Peromyscus gossypinus and Sigmodon hispidus avoided lunar light and preferred closed canopies. Peromyscus gossypinus was more acFve during new moons. Unlike S. hispidus, P. gossypinus was found in open habitats, which is surprising because this was the brightest environment. Open habitats were uFlized by P. gossypinus during the darkest lunar light stages, hence such high acFvity during new and dark moons. This pacern could be explained by the fact that foraging opportuniFes, such as new grasses or seeds, are only available in open canopies. This also may explain why P. gossypinus adventure out into open canopies during periods of licle to no lunar light. Peromyscus gossypinus may avoid these areas during periods of high lunar light intensity because of a high predaFon risk. Even though both species live within the same environments, they both respond uniquely to lunar phase and canopy structure. ABSTRACT Moon light affects mammalian responses to variable habitats that may result from different predaFon risks. Studying the nocturnal acFviFes of rodents promotes understanding of how these animals react in their environment during different lunar phases. Rodents show a high degree of variaFon in response to lunar cycle and variable environments. We examine the response of Peromyscus gossypinus and Sigmodon hispidus to lunar phases and canopy structure. We examined these species because they are sympatric and show life history differences that should influence their responses. We trapped rodents on nights concurrent with the lunar cycles in three habitats: open, parFal, and closed canopies. Trapping twice a night at midnight and morning allowed us determine how rodents respond to lunar phase, lunar light, and canopy structure. Both species prefer closed canopy. Peromyscus gossypinus responded to lunar phases; they were most acFve at the new moon. Peromyscus gossypinus used open habitats more than S. hispidus. Peromyscus gossypinus, which is exclusively nocturnal, avoided light, while S. hispidus, which is both dirunally and nocturnally acFve, was more tolerant of light. METHODS • Examined distribuFon Peromyscus gossypinus & Sigmodon hispidus in 3 habitat types (open, parFal, closed canopies) • Small‐mammal mark‐recapture (April‐November 2009) • DistribuFon observed across 4 lunar phases (new, 1 st Quarter, full, 3 rd Quarter) • Rodents trapped 2x per night (midnight & dawn) • 3 replicates each habitat site 9 sites • Site specifics: 1 transect, 7 traps every 8 meters • Trapping pressure: 63 traps per session; 126 traps per night • Provisions: food (bait), nesFng fluff, foliage cover • Use Mann‐Whitney U‐test & Kurskal‐Wallis to compare groups Rodents did not respond to lunar phases (K = 3.86, df = 3, p = 0.277). We were equally likely to capture P. gossypinus and S. hispidus in dark or light condiFons (U = 261.5, n light = 21, n dark = 34, p = 0.091). Surprisingly, P. gossypinus made use of the open habitat, which S. hispidus avoided (K = 20.61, df = 2, p < 0.001). More Peromyscus gossypinus were found during the new moon (K = 7.65, df = 3, p = 0.05). Rodents appeared to avoid lunar light (U = 773.0, n light = 44, n dark = 46, p = 0.045). Rodents avoided the open canopy and favor the closed canopy (K = 33.79, df = 2, p < 0.001). Peromyscus gossypinus represented 46% of captured animals and Sigmodon hispidus were collected 54% of the Fme (t = 0.67, df = 54, p = 0.51, H o mean = 0.5).

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Page 1: Rodent responses to the lunar phases among different ...faculty.fgcu.edu/...seniorresearch_poster_final.pdf · Rodent responses to the lunar phases among different habitat structure

Rodentresponsestothelunarphasesamongdifferenthabitatstructure.StephanieCampbell&CharlesW.GunnelsIV

FloridaGulfCoastUniversity,DepartmentofMarineandEcologicalSciences

INTRODUCTIONNocturnalanimalsexperiencehighdegreesoflightvariaFonassociatedwiththephasesofthelunarcyclesaswellasthedegreeofcanopystructure.Thererecentlyhasbeenasurgeofexcitementconcerningrodentresponsetolunarphases&canopystructurestemmingfromthehighdegreeofvariaFonamongdifferentspecies.Peromyscusgossypinus&Sigmodonhispidusco‐occurinsouthwestFlorida,yeteachspeciesexemplifiesuniquelifehistorytraitsandbehavioraldifferences.Experimentwillhelpdeterminehowthesetwoco‐occurring,uniquespecieswillrespondtolunarphasesandcanopystructurewithinthesameenvironment.

HYPOTHESISBothspeciesshouldshowdecreasedacFvityduringfullmoonsandincreasedacFvityduringnewmoons.RodentswillchangetheiracFvityduringnightsoffirst‐quarterandthird‐quartermoonsbecausechangesintheamountoflight.BecauseS.hispidusisbothdiurnal&nocturnal,weexpectlunarphasetohavelesseffectonits’acFvitythantheexclusivelynocturnalP.gossypinus.

RESULTS

REFERENCESBrinkerhoff,R.,Haddad,N.,&Orrock,J.(2005).Corridorsandolfactorypredatorcuesaffectsmallmammalbehavior.JournalofMammalogy,86(4),662‐669.Brown,J.(1988).Patchuseasanindicatorofhabitatpreference,predaFonrisk,andcompeFFon.BehavioralEcologyandSociobiology.22(1),37‐47.Cameron,G.,Kincaid,W.,&Carnes,B.(1979).Exoerimentalspeciesremovals:temporalacFvitypaternsofSigmodonhispidisandReinthodonotonysfulvescens.JournalofMammalogy,60(1),193‐195.Cameron,G.,&Kruchek,B.(2005).Useofcoastalwetlandsbyhispidcoconrats(Sigmodonhispidus).SouthwesternNaturalist,50(3),397‐402.Griffin,P.,Griffin,S.,Waroquiers,C.,&Mills,L.(2005).Mortalitybymoonlight:PredaFonriskandthesnowshoehare.BehavioralEcology,16(5),938‐944.Gursky,S.(2003).Lunarphiliainanocturnalprimate.InternaFonalJournalofPrimatology,24(2),351‐367.Hinkelman,T.&Loeb,S.(2007).EffectofwoodydebrisabundanceondayFmerefugeusebycoconmice.SoutheasternNaturalist.6(3),393‐406.Kelt,D.A.,Meserve,P.L.,Forister,M.L.,Nabors,L.,&GuFerrez,J.R.(2004).SeedpredaFonbybirdsandsmallmammalsinsemiaridchile.Oikos,104(1),133‐141.McCay,T.(2000).UseofwoodydebrisnbycoconmiceinSouthEastpineforest.JournalofMammalogy,81(2),527.Packer,W.,&Layne,J.(1991).ForagingsitepreferencesandrelaFvearborealityofsmallrodentsinFlorida.AmericanMidlandNaturalist,125(2),187‐194.Uhlenbroek,C.(2008).AnimalLife.NewYork,NY:DorlingKindersleyLimited.White,J.A.,&Geluso,K.(2007).SeasonaldifferencesinonsetofsurfaceacFvityoford'skangaroorat(dipodomysordii).JournalofMammalogy,88(1),234‐240.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWewouldliketothankJimGoodwinandtheSouthFloridaWaterManagementDistrict,BrendaBrooks,andBrendaThomasforallowingmetoconductmyresearchatCREW.WewouldliketothankPaigeMarFnforteachingmeskillsetsneededtoconductmystudyandmyhusbandStevenRogersforassisFngmeinfieldresearch.

CONCLUSIONBothPeromyscusgossypinusandSigmodonhispidusavoidedlunarlightandpreferredclosedcanopies.PeromyscusgossypinuswasmoreacFveduringnewmoons.UnlikeS.hispidus,P.gossypinuswasfoundinopenhabitats,whichissurprisingbecausethiswasthebrightestenvironment.OpenhabitatswereuFlizedbyP.gossypinusduringthedarkestlunarlightstages,hencesuchhighacFvityduringnewanddarkmoons.ThispacerncouldbeexplainedbythefactthatforagingopportuniFes,suchasnewgrassesorseeds,areonlyavailableinopencanopies.ThisalsomayexplainwhyP.gossypinusadventureoutintoopencanopiesduringperiodsoflicletonolunarlight.PeromyscusgossypinusmayavoidtheseareasduringperiodsofhighlunarlightintensitybecauseofahighpredaFonrisk.Eventhoughbothspecieslivewithinthesameenvironments,theybothresponduniquelytolunarphaseandcanopystructure.

ABSTRACTMoonlightaffectsmammalianresponsestovariablehabitatsthatmayresultfromdifferentpredaFonrisks.StudyingthenocturnalacFviFesofrodentspromotesunderstandingofhowtheseanimalsreactintheirenvironmentduringdifferentlunarphases.RodentsshowahighdegreeofvariaFoninresponsetolunarcycleandvariableenvironments.WeexaminetheresponseofPeromyscusgossypinusandSigmodonhispidustolunarphasesandcanopystructure.Weexaminedthesespeciesbecausetheyaresympatricandshowlifehistorydifferencesthatshouldinfluencetheirresponses.Wetrappedrodentsonnightsconcurrentwiththelunarcyclesinthreehabitats:open,parFal,andclosedcanopies.Trappingtwiceanightatmidnightandmorningallowedusdeterminehowrodentsrespondtolunarphase,lunarlight,andcanopystructure.Bothspeciespreferclosedcanopy.Peromyscusgossypinusrespondedtolunarphases;theyweremostacFveatthenewmoon.PeromyscusgossypinususedopenhabitatsmorethanS.hispidus.Peromyscusgossypinus,whichisexclusivelynocturnal,avoidedlight,whileS.hispidus,whichisbothdirunallyandnocturnallyacFve,wasmoretolerantoflight.

METHODS• ExamineddistribuFonPeromyscusgossypinus&Sigmodonhispidusin3habitattypes(open,parFal,closedcanopies)

• Small‐mammalmark‐recapture(April‐November2009)

• DistribuFonobservedacross4lunarphases(new,1stQuarter,full,3rdQuarter)

• Rodentstrapped2xpernight(midnight&dawn)

• 3replicateseachhabitatsite9sites

• Sitespecifics:1transect,7trapsevery8meters

• Trappingpressure:63trapspersession;126trapspernight

• Provisions:food(bait),nesFngfluff,foliagecover

• UseMann‐WhitneyU‐test&Kurskal‐Wallistocomparegroups

Rodentsdidnotrespondtolunarphases(K=3.86,df=3,p=0.277).

WewereequallylikelytocaptureP.gossypinusandS.hispidusindarkorlightcondiFons(U=261.5,nlight=21,ndark=34,p=0.091).

Surprisingly,P.gossypinusmadeuseoftheopenhabitat,whichS.hispidusavoided(K=20.61,df=2,p<0.001).

MorePeromyscusgossypinuswerefoundduringthenewmoon(K=7.65,df=3,p=0.05).

Rodentsappearedtoavoidlunarlight(U=773.0,nlight=44,ndark=46,p=0.045).

Rodentsavoidedtheopencanopyandfavortheclosedcanopy(K=33.79,df=2,p<0.001).

Peromyscusgossypinusrepresented46%ofcapturedanimalsandSigmodonhispiduswerecollected54%oftheFme(t=0.67,df=54,p=0.51,Homean=0.5).

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