risk protective factors in prevention · powerpoint presentation author: julie m. hynes created...

Risk/Protective Factors in Prevention (and Where

Problem Gambling Fits In)10th Annual Midwest Conference on Problem Gambling &

Substance Abuse | 6.26.2013

J. Hynes | www.preventionlane.org1

Risk Factors

& Protective

Julie Hynes, MA, CPS

Midwest Conference on Problem Gambling & Substance Abuse

June 26, 2013 | Kansas City, MO

in Preventionand where problem gambling fits in These slides are online at

www.preventionlane.org/mcpgsa

http://www.preventionlane.org/mcpgsa





beforechange the factors

that contribute to it.

PROBLEM BEHAVIORS

Promotion & preventionAnd prevention is finally on the

national agenda!

Kernels

Resiliency T

heory

ADVERSE CHILDHOOD

EXPERIENCES (ACE)

40 DEVELOPMENTAL

ASSETS

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGY

PROMOTIVE FACTORS

Risk & Protective Factor Theory





Risk-Focused Prevention• PREVENT problem behavior from

happening:

– Identify factors that increase risk of

problem and then find ways to reduce those

risks

– Enhance protective/resiliency factors

• Decades of research: Hawkins, Catalano

& other researchers (Biglan, Embry, etc.)

• Four Domains:

– Community -- Family

– School -- Individual/Peer

Problem behaviors share common risk

factors

Exposure to a greater number of

risk factors a young person’s

risk exponentially

Protective factors buffer exposure

to risk & build on strengths

The Risk & Protective Factor Theory:

RiskFactorA characteristic at the

biological, psychological,

family, community, or

cultural level that

precedes and is associated

with a higher likelihood of

problem outcomes

Source: CAPT http://captus.samhsa.gov

RiskFactor

(In other words, a factor

that increases risk.)





My Analogy

Recognized Problem Behaviors • Substance abuse

• Violence

• Delinquency

• Teenage pregnancy

• School dropout

• Depression

Problem gambling??

Risk Factors for Adolescent

Problem Behavior Protective Factors:Individual Characteristics:

– Gender

– Resilient Temperament

– Positive Social Orientation

– Intelligence

Protective Processes:

– Opportunities for involvement

– Social and cognitive skills

– Recognition

Dickson, Derevensky & Gupta, 2002





Source: Greater Old Town Communities that Care, Maine

Risk or Protective?Individual, family, community /society?

Young people who feel school is

important.

Young people who live in

communities with norms tolerant

of use.

Young people who believe drug use

is dangerous.

Young people who have friends

who use alcohol or marijuana.

Young people who have an

opportunity to contribute to their

schools.

Young people who begin ______ at

an early age.

Risk or Protective?Individual, family, community /society?

but where does





Click to go

http://www.problemgamblingprevention.org/resources/prevention-

resource-guide03.pdf

http://youthgambling.mcgill.ca/en/PDF/Publications/2008/Dickson%20article.pdf

Source: Marotta & Hynes, 2003

School:– Anti-Social behavior

Individual/Peer:– Peer Involvement

– Favorable Attitudes

– Early Initiation

– Constitutional

Potential Shared Risk Factors for PROBLEM GAMBLING

Community:– Availability

– Community Laws & Norms

Family:– Family History

– Family Conflict (competition)

– Parental Attitudes/Involvement

Source: Marotta & Hynes, 2003

Potential Shared Risk Factors for PROBLEM GAMBLING

http://www.problemgamblingprevention.org/resources/prevention-resource-guide03.pdf







http://youthgambling.mcgill.ca/en/PDF/Publications/2008/Dickson article.pdf

http://youthgambling.mcgill.ca/en/PDF/Publications/2008/Dickson article.pdf





• Single-parent

household

• Gambling on cards/sports

• Being male, older teen

• Lower household

income

• Competitive

• Having lost more than

$50 in a single month

• Started gambling

before 8th grade (early

initiation)

• Parents who gamble--

youth twice as likely

to be at-risk gamblers

& four times as likely

to be problem gamblers

Source: Volberg, et al (2008; bid).

Risk factors for youth “A” unique set of risks

We’re

decades

behind

ATOD!





“The earlier people begin

gambling, the more likely

they are to experience

problems from gambling.” - National Academy of Sciences

•Amygdala active

•Fight or flight,

emotion

•Decision-making

altered

•More vulnerable to

risk-taking &

impulsive behaviors

Source: Ramoski, S., Nystrom, R. (2007).

“The adolescent brain is

especially sensitive to the

effects of dopamine.





AWARENESS (low)

2012 Oregon Student Wellness Survey, Lane County (“ESD”) and Oregon; available at http://oregon.pridesurveys.com/esds.php?year=2011

AWARENESSOregon parent/youth focus groups :

All parents in their focus groups said their kids didn’t gamble

All of their kids, who were in their own focus groups, said they did gamble

Neither sees gambling as risky

ATTITUDESMost parents &

communities believe:Youth gambling is harmless

Youth who gamble are

unlikely to have

problems in school

Youth gambling is not

associated with

alcohol or drug use

…and those beliefs are

part of the problem!

2012 OREGON

STUDENT WELLNESS SURVEY (SWS)

2012 Gambling, Substance Use and Mental Health

among Oregon Youth

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Gambling Alcohol Binge

Alcohol

Marijuana CigarettesDepression Psych

distress

Per

cent

ag

e

6th 8th

11th

Source: http://oregon.pridesurveys.com/esds.php?year=2011

n=55,611 students (18,885 6th grade; 21,368 8th grade; 15,358 11th grade)

http://oregon.pridesurveys.com/esds.php?year=2011








Used ALCOHOL in the past month

3.1%

14.6%

29.5%

14.9%

30.9%

46.9%

Grade 6 Grade 8 Grade 11

Did not gamble Gambled

Binge drank in the past month

0.5%

5.6%

16.4%

4.3%

12.7%

28.7%



Available at: www.preventionlane.org/sws.htm

Smoked cigarettes in the past month

1.1%

6.2%

12.5%

5.1%

10.8%

18.7%




Used marijuana in the past month

0.7%

8.3%

19.3%

4.3%

15.8%

28.4%




http://www.preventionlane.org/sws.htm







5.7%

12.8%

22.5%

15.4%

23.0%

35.4%




Skipped school one or more days in the past month

7.2%

5.0%

11.3%

9.0%

Grade 8 Grade 11



Attempted suicide in the past year

Attempted suicide in the past year

10.1%8.0%

21.0%18.6%

Grade 8 Grade 11

Did not bet/gamble more than wanted to

Bet/gambled more than wanted to

Delinquency (physical fight in last month)

41.80%

22.40%

Physical fight

Gambled Did not gamble







CONCLUSION?

Teens who gamble are

smoked up, toked up,

drunk emo delinquents.

CONCLUSION?

Teens who gamble are

smoked up, toked up,

drunk emo delinquents.X

delinquency

sexual

behavior

depression

substance

use

gambling

Problem

Behaviors

Conclusion: Problem Gambling is

One Component of Problem Behaviors

Protective Factors & Gambling

60.60%

29%

65.90%

21.80%

Strong Positive Youth development Depression






43.80%

32.90%

53.70%

23.20%

Likes school absenteeism




Lussier et al (2007):

Social bonding &

personal competence

related to lower

gambling severity.

SO NOW WHAT?PREVENTION in action

• Tobacco, alcohol, and

other drug use and abuse

• Delinquency and crime

• Premature or unsafe sex

• Depression and suicidality

• School failure, dropout

Scientific consensus is that that we can prevent these problems





By creating nurturing environments using EVIDENCE-BASED

PREVENTION PRACTICES

Pre-

conception

Prenatal/

Infancy

Early

ChildhoodChildhood

Early

AdolescenceAdolescence

Family

• Prenatal care• Home visiting

• Evidence-based parenting programs

• Evidence-based kernels

Schools

• High-quality preschool and daycare• Classroom-based prevention curricula

• Evidence-based kernels• Afterschool programs

Community

• Community organizing to improve neighborhood environments• Support for evidence-based strategies

• Support for out-of-school activities• Evidence-based kernels

Policy

• Community members have ensured access to services to meet basic needs

• Promotion and support of healthy lifestyles• Policy to promote and support evidence-based strategies

Prevention strategies by developmental phase and domain

Source: Project WEAVE, 2011

The right support to the right people

Ideally, we would have varying levels

of support to meet the needs of

diverse youth and their families.Size of population affected

More intensive for at-

risk youth and families

~15%

Most intensive

interventions for the

youth and families at

highest risk

~10%

Universal supports for

all youth

and families

~75%


Evidence-based prevention is

a good investment

$61 $120 $880

$1 ,200

$15

$30 ,828

$7 9, 935 $94 , 900

$50

$5,050

$10,050

$15,050

$20,050

Annual cost per person per

family






Evidence-based prevention programs save money

• On average, for every dollar invested

in these evidence-based prevention

programs nationwide…

– $6 was saved with Project Alert

– $8 was saved with Adolescent Transitions

Program

– $11 was saved with Strengthening

Families 10-14

– $35 was saved with Good Behavior Game

We can expect all of these to work wi th problem gambli ng!

It’s ALL of us.NOT JUST programs

OR those prevention people.

More links:

Consider doing one of your assignments on a vulnerable

population group we didn’t get to explore.

National Registry of Effective

Prevention Practices (NREPP)

(SAMHSA)

“Best Intentions Aren’t Enough:

Techniques for Using Research &

Data to Develop New Evidence-

Informed Prevention Programs”

(U.S. Dept of H&HS, 2013)

http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov/

http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov/

http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/13/KeyIssuesforChildrenYouth/BestIntentions/rb_bestintentions.cfm









More links:

Consider doing one of your assignments on a vulnerable

population group we didn’t get to explore.

National Prevention Strategy

(U.S. Surgeon General, 2011)

Nurturing Environments(Blog – renowned prevention experts

Tony Biglan & Dennis Embry)

preventionlane

For more info & resources, visit

preventionlane preventionlane

Thank

Connect:

http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/initiatives/prevention/strategy/

http://www.nurturingenvironments.org/

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