Risk Assessment and Monitoring for Environmental

ChemicalsPramod Kumar Gupta

Environmental Engineer

Central Pollution Control Board

Delhi

INDIA

J.I.C.A. Kobe, Japan

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

Endocrine disrupting chemicals consist of synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals that affect the balance of normal hormonal functions in animals. Depending on their activity they may be characterized as estrogen modulators or androgen modulators. They may mimic the sex hormones estrogen or androgen or they may block the activities of estrogen or androgen.

E.g. Benzo (A) pyrene, Bisphenol - A, Cadmium, DDT, Lead, PCBs, 2,3,7,8 - TCDD

Effects on wild animals by EDC

Imposex : Small shell fish, oyster, snail induced by TBT bioaccumulation.

Increased population of bi – sex fish in under – stream of sewage plant or pulp factory : alkyl phenol ethoxylates, difurans, PCBs.

Feminization of male seagull or masculization of female seagull – organo chlorine pesticides, PCBs.

Decreased population of western gull in California – organo chlorine pesticides, PCBs.

Suspected effects in human by EDC

Increased endometritis in woman – Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.

Increased mammary tumors in women – organic chlorine pesticides, PAH.

Decreased number and concentration of sperm in men.

Increased testicular tumors in men.

Increased prostate tumors in men.

Adverse effects on development of nervous system in children.

Risk of a synthetic pesticide Workers or farmers who usually handle large amount of pesticide as profession.

High risk of direct exposure.

Ordinary people who are exposed to pesticides indirectly through foods at extremely lower levels.

Exposed to whole life.

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

ADI = Non – observed effect level / Factor of Safety

Factor of Safety = Species difference x Individual difference

= 10 x 10

= 100

When Human Risk cannot be wiped out – Committee reject to set an ADI

ADI of PCB and Pesticides

Chemical ADI (mg/kg bodyweight/day)

PCB 0.005

-BHC 0.008

Malathion 0.02

Fenitrothion 0.005

Diazinon 0.002

Legend for Standards of Pesticide Regulation

Tolerance for Pesticide Residue :

Upper most residue level of a pesticide in food to ensure the ADI.

Standard for withholding registration :

Uppermost residue level of a pesticide in food and fresh water to ensure the tolerance for pesticide residue.

Direction for safe use of agricultural chemicals :

Concentration of the chemical, frequency and adequate time for application

Guidance for safe use of agricultural chemicals in field workers :

Use of mask, hand gloves, eye glasses, long sleeve shirts

The Basic Principle of Waste Disposal Effort to minimize the amount of waste Segregated disposal Promotion of resource recovery and recycling Reduction of volume, creation of harmless waste Final treatment of residue

Final Disposal Site• Strictly controlled land fill site : Hazardous material

• Least controlled land fill site : Rubber, Plastic, glass waste

• Controlled land fill site : Live stock excreta, animal and

plant residue, sludge.

Purpose for Incineration of Waste

• Volume Reduction :Combustible Compounds CO2 ExhaustWater SteamInert Material Ash Land fill

• Deodorization :

Temperature > 700° C – Thermal decomposition of offensive odor components.

• Detoxification :

High temperature – Decomposition of PCBs, infectious organism.

Advantages of Incineration• No land requirement• Power generation• Cooling and Heating

Disadvantages of IncinerationSecondary Pollution –

• Dust Exhaust Gas treatment• HCl Waster water treatment

• SO2 Detoxification of ash

• NOX

• Dioxins• Heavy Metals

Dioxin Reduction at source

Furnace Temperature > 850° CRetention Time > 2 SecsCombustion Gas Turbulence

CO < 30 ppm

Avoid CO peak > 100 ppm

Sources of PCBTransformerCarbon free paperSealant PCBFluorescent

90% of PCB still remaining in environment

Special Control Law for Dioxins, 2000

Definition Poly Chlorinated dibenzo furan (PCDF) Poly Chlorinated dibenzo- para-dioxin

(PCDD) Coplanar poly chlorinated biphenyl

Tolerable Daily Intake – 4 pg-TEQ/kg/dayEnvironmental Quality Standards –

Water Quality – 1 pg-TEQ/l (Annual avg.) Soil – 1000 pg-TEQ/g, max Emission Standards – 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm3

Basic Environment Law, 1993 Environmental Quality Standards:

Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution Soil Pollution

Air Pollution Air Pollution control law Road Transport and Motor Vehicle law Electric utilized industry law Gas utility industry law

Water Pollution Water Pollution control law Sewerage law Law concerning special measures for the

conservation of lake water quality

Soil Pollution Agricultural land soil pollution prevention law

Noise Pollution Noise regulation law Road transport and motor vehicle law

Production Law concerning examination and regulation

of manufacture and handling of chemical substances

Agriculture chemicals regulation law Waste

Waste disposal (Management) Law Containers and packaging recycling law Home appliances recycling law Construction Materials recycling law Food recycling law Law on recycling of end – of – life vehicles Enactment of the special measures to

process PCB

Impact of Agro – Eco system on Atmospheric and Aquatic

Environment

Excess Nitrogen (Fertilizer) causes high Nitrate in Ground water

Emits N2O, NO & NH3

Emits CH4 & CO2 – Global warming

Continuous Ambient Air quality Monitoring Station

SPMSO2

NOX

O3 (Alarm if > 120 ppb)

Radiation

Continuous Water Quality Monitoring Station

DO pH EC COD Temperature Turbidity Total Phosphorous Total Nitrogen

Visit of Minatojima Clean Center

Domestic waste incinerator Central control room Bulky waste crusher ESP Desulphurisation equipment

Environmental Standards SPM : 30 mg/Nm3

NOX : 150 ppm or below HCl : 4.8 mg/Nm3

Dioxin : 0.1 ng – TEQ / Nm3

Sewage Treatment Plant, Kobe Port Island

Screen Channel Grit Channel Equalization tank First Sedimentation Tank Bioreactors Final Sedimentation Tank Chlorination Tank Sand Filtration Sludge dewatered Incineration Environmental Standards – Compliance

(including dioxin : 10 pg/l, PCB : 0.003 mg/l)

Minamata Disease Chisso Co. : Production Acetaldehyde Methyl Mercury compound discharged in

Minamata Bay Fish contaminated with Methyl Mercury Consumption of Contaminated fish by humans Development of Minamata Disease In 1968 production of Acetaldehyde closed Dredging of contaminated bottom sediment

and reclaimed area

Visit of Kobe offshore Reclamation Disposal Site

Innovative project : No land requirementWaste Material transported by marine

transportation Iron sheet encloses the siteEffluent treatment plantCreating a new land.

Akoh Cement PlantUtilization of Waste material Tyre waste as fuel Blast furnace slag Fly ashAPCE : Bag Filter / ESP

Matsushita Eco Technology Center Co. Ltd.Law for recycling of specified Home Appliances

Recycling:

• TVs• AC• Washing Machines• Refrigerators

Sanyo Electric Company

Ni – Cd Storage Battery Cd in effluent Waste water treatment plant Contamination of rice due to effluent

containing Cd Effect on Human – ouch – ouch Disease Effluent standard for Cd – 0.1 mg/l Water quality standard for Cd – 0.01 mg/l MRL of Cd in Rice – 1 mg/kg Ambient Air quality standard – 1 mg/Nm3

Principle & Operation of Analytical instruments

pH Meter EC Meter Turbidity Meter DO Meter MLSS Meter Stack Monitor for NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 & O2

Ambient Air quality monitor for CO, SO2, NOX, HC, O3

Automobile exhaust emission monitor for CO, CO2, HC Automobile exhaust testing at Manufacturing stage

Gas Chromatograph GC – MSHigh Performance liquid chromatographLC – MSSpectrophotometerAtomic Absorption spectrophotometer

Precise Measurement of Environmental Micro-pollutants by Chromatograph

Chromatography Separation from co-existing substances

Mass spectrometry Accurate detection and identification

GC/MS Volatile, non polar and thermal stable compound Mobile phase : gas

LC/MS Non - Volatile, polar and thermal unstable

compound Mobile phase : liquid

Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Analysis of biomass in soil treated with pesticide

Rapid analysis of soil for pH ( by pH meter), electrical conductivity (by EC meter), NH4, NO3, NO2,P2O5,K2O,CaO, MgO, Fe++, Zn, Cl, SO4 (by kit)

Analysis of Cu and Zn in soil by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Analysis of Cu, Zn and Cd in soil by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer

Analysis of NO3 in spinach and komatsuna (vegetable)

Water quality examination for pH, EC, DO, COD (by Pack Test Kit)

Analysis of phosphorous ion in various water samples by Spectrophotometer.

Analysis of NO3-N in various water samples by Ion Chromatograph.

Analysis of organo chlorine insecticides in agricultural soil by GC/ECD

Sampling and analysis of soil from onion field for fenitorothion insecticide residue after 3,5,7 & 14 days of its application by GC/ECD

Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Env. Sciences

Analysis of PCB in sea sediment sample of zaimoku port area by GC/MS

Rapid analysis of PCB in Amagasaki river sediment sample by ELISA Kit method

Analysis of pesticides in spiked water sample by solid phase extraction and liquid liquid extraction method.

Analysis of VOC (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in ambient air.

Monitoring of site polluted with VOC and its analysis

Rapid analysis of cyanide, phenol and ammonia in water sample by Pack Test Kit

Determination of hardness in mineral water (bottled)

Analysis of lead and cadmium in water sample by Flame Type Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Inductively Coupled Plasma with ultrasonic aerosol generator

Analysis of mercury in water samples

Monitoring and analysis of ambient PM10 by low volume sampler and high volume sampler

Kobe Quarantine Station Simultaneous analysis method is used to test

organo phosphorus, pyrethroid and organo compounds pesticides

Analysis of organo phosphorus pesticide residue in orange (imported from U.S.A.) and organo phosphorus pesticide residue in corn by GC – FPD

Recovery of 7 pesticides test in spiked paprika

GC-MS for qualitative analysis

Screening method followed by official method

Good laboratory practices

Pesticide level < MRL value.

Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Uses two types of proteins:

1. Antibody : High structure – recognitionImmune system of Vertebrate

Antigen – Antibody reaction

2. Enzyme : High sensitivityEnzyme reaction

Detect Atomole (10-15 M) level

Kobe UniversityAnalysis of river water sample spiked

with simetryn by ELISA method and HPLC method.

Analysis of water sample spiked with Bisphenol – A by ELISA kit (Microplate)

Analysis of water sample spiked with Bisphenol – A by ELISA kit (Tube)

Functions of my Organization

To formulate the environmental quality standards and emission / effluent standards;

Advise the Central Govt. on all pollution related matter;

Plan a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution;

Co-ordination with SPCBs;

Provide technical assistance and guidance to SPCBs Carry out and sponsor investigation and research relating to pollution;

Organize training of persons;

Organize through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution;

Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to pollution;

Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts;

Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control;

Action Plan To initiate studies on Risk Assessment of

Environmental Chemicals such as dioxins, PCB, pesticide

To introduce the ELISA method for monitoring of endocrine disruptors such as PCB, dioxin, bisphenol A. This method is cheaper in comparison to instrumental analysis & getting popularize.

To initiate effective monitoring of PCB & heavy metal in sea sediment of ship dismantling site

Environmental Management Plan to control pollution at ship dismantling site

To disseminate / share the knowledge gained during training

To make efforts to increase the utilization of waste material such as flyash, blast furnace slag, phosphogypsum and incinerable hazardous waste in cement manufacturing.

To develop environmental standards of SO2, NOX and dioxins for cement industry through National Task Force.

To promote the concept of recycling and reuse of waste material

To pursue the entrepreneurs to install continuous emission monitoring system in industries

To develop emission standards of dioxins for Bio medical waste incinerator

Custom duty rebate on import of pollution monitoring instruments such as GC-MS, ELISA kit etc.

To introduce soil pollution law. Pesticide monitoring in river water. To review the limit of PCB in sludge/waste to cover it

under Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989.

To make awareness regarding impact of agricultural field on global warming

To motivate industries to take voluntary pollution control measures

Enforcement of environmental standards including monitoring of environmental contaminants in & around cement and asbestos based industries.

Formulation / development of policy & guidelines related to industrial pollution control.

Public involvement for keeping checks of the industrial discharge i.e. surveillance activities.

Hazardous and Solid Waste Management.

Restoration and preservation of quality of rivers / lakes due to discharge of untreated / partially treated municipal waste water.

Installation and commissioning of the pollution control systems especially by a large number of small scale industries.

Ensuring proper operation and maintenance of the effluent treatment plants by the industries.

Flyash management.

Adoption of cleaner technologies.

THANK YOU