rishabh training final report for print

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SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

09.06.2014 to 09.07.2014

ON

765/400KV & 400/220KV SUBSTATION, LUCKNOW

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

SUBMITTED BY

MOHAMMAD AMIR

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (6th SEM)

ROLL NO 1100167023

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW (U.P)

UNDER GUIDANCE OF

Mr.RAMESH KUMAR RAWAT (M.Tech. in Microelectronics, IT-BHU Varanasi)

Sr. Engineer,

765/400KV & 400/220KV SUBSTATIONS, LUCKNOW(UP)

POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD

NORTHERN REGION-1



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my adwiser and mentor, superwiser Mr. Ramesh Kumar

Rawat,Senior Engineer,765/400 kV & 400/220 kV substation Lucknow for the endless

hours of help, suggestion and advise during the training and development of this report. I am

highly indebted to him for giving me an opportunity to work under himand for his

wholehearted support and suggestions.

I would like to thank Mr. RPS Rana, Manager O&M (T&C),765/400 kV & 400/220 kV

substation Lucknow and I am gratefull to Mr. Santosh Kumar Singh, Cheif Manager,

Head and Inchargeof 765/400 kV & 400/220 kV substation Lucknow,Powergrid

Corporation of India limited for providing the neccessary facilities for completing the

training in the substation.

I express my spacial thanks to HR department staff, O&M staff of 765/400kV & 400/220kV

substation Lucknow, who helped me one way or other in successfully completing my

summer training.

MOHAMMAD AMIR

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (6th SEM)

ROLL NO 1100167023

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW (U.P)



INDEX

Abstract

About PWERGRID

765KV /400KV Remote operated Sub – Station

765 kV Major Equipmentsand Switchyard diagrams

SCADA System ( Supervisory Control And Data Aquisition/ SAS(Substation Automation System)

Protection Relays

Single Line Diagram of 765/400kV

400KV /220KV Sub – Station

400kV Charged Lines

220kV Charged and Future Lines

Power Line Carrier Communication PLCC

Auxiliary Supplies

Sub – Station Equipment

Current Transformer (CT)

Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)

Inter Connecting Transformer (ICT) Bus Reactor

Line Reactor Isolator Circuit Breaker (CB)

Wave Trap Lightening Arrestor

Conclusion



ABSTRACT

The 765/400 kV new substation is full automatic Remote Operated substation which is being

operate from 400/220 kV Lucknow substation Control Room. This is the first substation in

NR -1 which started Remote Operation very first in the region.

In this substation total 9 Bays of 765 kV side. 765kV Lucknow-Balia Line-1(Connected bay

nos 701 & 702) is in commercial operation from 1st March 2012. Second is Lucknow-

Bareilly Line which is presently chrged through 400 kV level (Connected bay nos 408 &

409) and in the work completion which will be connect to bay nos 707 & 708. Last is future

line which yet to come.

In 765kV side one is single phase 3x80=240 MVAR line reactor connected to Balia Line,one is single phase 3x80 MVAR bus reactor which is connected to 765 kV Main Bus-II in

bay no 709. There are two ICT of (single phase) 1500 MW each capacity and one is spare

transformer single phase of 500 MVA capacity. In this substation 400 kV side total 12 bays

and provision of max four lines. Two lines are in commercial operation (Lko-Lko line-1 &

Lko-Lko Line -2) and two are future line which yet to come. In this side also a 125 MVAR

bus reactor which is connected to bay no 407.

About 400/220 kV old substation have 27 nos of bays and 14 lines of 400 kV and 2 lines of

220 kV. Also the bays are ready for 4 future lines of 220 kV leve. In this substation two

working Bus Reactors 125 & 80 MVAR, four working line reactors in which 2 are of 50

MVAR each and 2 are of 63 MVAR each. These four are connected to Roza line(50

MVAR), Shahjahapur line(50 MVAR),, Gorakhpur line-3 (63 MVAR), and Gorakhpur line-

4 (63 MVAR), respectively.

There are two ICT of 3- phase, one has rating of 315 MVA (CGL make) and second has

rating of 500 MVA (Alstom make)




―Establishment and operation of Regional and National Power Grids to facilitatetransfer of electric power within and across the regions with Reliability, Security

and Economy, on sound commercial

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (POWERGRID), The Central Transmission Utility

(CTU) of the country under Ministry of Power is one amongst the largest Power Transmission utilities in the

world. POWERGRID is playing a vital role in the growth of Indian power sector by developing a robust

Integrated National Grid and associating in the flagship programme of Govt. of India to provide Power for

all. An innovation in Technical & Managerial fields has resulted in coordinated development of power

transmission network and effective operation and management of Regional and National Grid.

VISION World Class, Integrated, Global Transmission Company with Dominant Leadership in

Emerging Power Markets Ensuring Reliability, Safety and Economy.

MISSION We will become a Global Transmission Company with Dominant Leadership in Emerging

Power Markets with World Class Capabilities by:

World Class: Setting superior standards in capital project management and operations for the

industry and ourselves

Global: Leveraging capabilities to consistently generate maximum value for all stakeholders in India

and in emerging and growing economies.

Inspiring, nurturing and empowering the next generation of professionals.

Achieving continuous improvements through innovation and state of the art technology.

Committing to highest standards in health, safety, security and environment



OBJECTIVES: The Corporation has set following objectives in line with its mission and its status

central Transmission Utility to:

Undertake transmission of electric power through Inter-State Transmission System.

Discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating to Inter-State Transmission System

with-

o State Transmission Utilities

o Central Government

o State Government

o Generating Companies

o Regional Power Committees

o Authority

o Licensees

o Any other person notified by the Central Government in this behalf.

To ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of inter-state transmission

lines for smooth flow of electricity from generating stations to the load centers.

Efficient Operation and Maintenance of Transmission Systems.

Restoring power in quickest possible time in the event of any natural disasters like super-cyclone,

flood etc. through deployment of Emergency Restoration Systems.

Provide consultancy services at national and international levels in transmission sector based on the

in-house expertise developed by the organization.

Participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business ventures.

Ensure principles of Reliability, Security and Economy matched with the rising / desirable

expectation of a cleaner, safer, healthier Environment of people, both affected and benefited by its

activities.



765/400k V REMOTE OPERATED SUB-STATION- LUCKNOW


NORTHERN REGION - I



765 KV/ 400 KV REMOTE 0PERETED SUB-STATION

(SCADA), IN LUCKNOW

765/400kV Lucknow S/S is 23Km away from Lucknow City at Agasand Village, Post OfficeKursi, Tahsil-Fatehpur, Distt.-Barabanki 2Kms interconnecting road Lucknow-Kursi Road. POWERGRID, NR-1 has successfully commissioned the 765kV/400kV Lucknow S/S alongwith 765kV Balia-Lucknow S/C Line from Balia 765/400kV S/S and Extension of

400/220kV Lucknow S/S along with 400kV Lucknow (New)-Lucknow (Old) D/C Line

associated with DVC &Maithon Right Bank Project

This was the first 765kV Line energized on 28.02.2012in the Northern Region

and second line in POWERGRID.

CAPACITY OF LUCKNOW 765/400kV LUCKNOW S/S

TOTAL CAPACITYICT-1 & ICT-2 1500 MVA Each

YEAR OF ADDITION

3000 MVA 2012

TRANSMISSION LINES

ASSOCIATED WITH 765/400kV LUCKNOW SUBSTATION

S.No.

Name of the Transmission LineLine Length

(in Kms)

1 765kV S/C Ballia-Lucknow Line 319

2 400kV D/C Lucknow ( Existing 400kV

S/S) -Lucknow (new 765kV S/S )

03

3. 765kV S/C Lucknow- Bareilly Line

(NowCharged at 400 KV Level)

270



MAJOR EQUIPMENTSAT 765/400 KV LUCKNOW SUB-STATIONAND EXTN. OF 400kV

LUCKNOW S/S

SR.No.

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION MAKE QTY

765KV EQUIPMENT

1 500 MVA, 1-Ph 765/400kV AUTO

TRANSFORMER

M/s Hyosung, Korea 7 No.

2 80 MVAR, 1-Ph BUS REACTOR M/s TBEA, China 3 Nos.

3 80 MVAR, 1-Ph LINE REACTOR M/s TBEA, China 4 Nos.

4 SF-6 CIRCUIT BREAKER (3Ph.) M/s AREVA India France 8 Sets.

5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER M/s AREVA India France21 Nos.

6 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TR M/s AREVA India&USA9 Nos.

7 C & R PANELS M/s AREVA India47 Nos.

8 ISOLATORS M/s AREVA, Italy21 Set

9 SURGE ARRESTORS M/s SIEMENS, GERMANY17 Nos.

10 WAVE TRAPS M/s AREVA India2 Nos.

400 KV EQUIPMENT

11 125 MVAR BUS REACTOR M/s BHEL 2 Nos.12 SF-6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 3Ph. M/s AREVA India 13 Set

13 CURRENT TRANSFORMER M/s AREVA India 18 Nos.

14 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TR M/s AREVA India 24 Nos.

15 ISOLATORS 3Ph M/s GR Power 36 Set

16SURGE ARRESTORS

M/s AREVA India 25 Nos.

17WAVE TRAPS

M/s AREVA India 4 Nos.

COMMON EQUIPMENT

18 S/S AUTOMATION M/s AREVA1 Set

19 PLCC, TELECOM & EPBAX M/s ABB/ MATRIX 9 Nos.

20 500 KVA D.G. SET M/s JACKSON 1 Set

21 LT TRANSFOEMERS M/s TESLA 2 Nos.

22 BATTERY & BATTERY CHARGER M/s HBL NIFE/CHABI 4 Sets

23 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM M/sTECHNICO 1 Set



Supervisery Control and Data Aquisetion) SystemSCADA

/SAS ( Substation Automation System )

The Substation Automation System (SAS) installed to control and monitor all the sub-station equipment

from remote control centre (RCC) as well as from local control centre. The SAS contain the following

main function :-

Bay Control Unit for control and monitoring.

Station Human Machine Interface (HMI) for working and monitoring.

Redundant managed switched Ethernet Local Area Network communication infrastructure with hot

standby.

Gateway for remote control through IEC60870-5-101 protocol.

The communication gateway l facilitates the information flow with remote control centres. The bay

level intelligent electronic devices (IED) for protection and control provide the direct connection to

the switchgear without the need of interposing components and perform control, protection, and

monitoring functions.

The Substation Automation System (SAS) suitable for operation and monitoring of the complete

substation.



At bay level, the BCU provide all bay level functions regarding control, monitoring and protection,

inputs for status indication and outputs for commands.

The IEDs directly connected to the switchgear without any need for additional interposition or

transducers. Each bay control IED independent from each other and its functioning not be affected

by any fault occurring in any of the other bay control units of the station.

The GPS time synchronising signal for the synchronization of the entire system BCUsand IEDs

REMOTE MODE: Control authority in this mode is given to a higher level (Remote Control

Centre) and the operation can be controlled only remotely. Control operation from lower levels shall

not be possible in this operating mode.

BCUFunctions: BCU is capable of acquiring analog input values like, Active power, Reactive Power,

Current, Voltage and frequency, power factor, KWh , kvarh( having output as 4-20 mA, 0-10 mA, 0-+10

mA using analog input modules.Acquiring analogy values from the status inputs of devices from the

substation, processing and transmitting to substation control centre and remote end control centre. Receiving

and processing digital commands from the control centre. The operation of BCU)Bay Control Unit( high-

voltage apparatus within the station is possible from different places:

Remote control centers

Station HMI.

Local Bay controller IED (BCU)

Only one operator at a time can operate the BCU. In EMERGENCY Operation It is be possible to close or

open the selected Circuit Breaker with ON or OFF push buttons even during the outage of bay IED )BCU( .

Bay protection functions The protection functions are independent of bay control function. The

protection is provided by separate protection IEDs numerical relays and other protection devices Relay &

ProtectionIEDs .All IEDs connected to the communication infrastructure for data sharing and meet the real-

time communication requirements for automatic functions. The data presentation and the configuration of

the various IEDs are compatible with the overall system communication and data exchange requirements

The position of each switchgear, e.g. circuit breaker, isolator, earthing switch, transformer tap changer etc.,

ssupervise continuously. Every detected change of position immediately displayed in the single-line diagram

on the station HMI screen, recorded in the event list and Alarms initiated in the case of spontaneous position

changes.

Remote Control Centre)SCADA(



Gatewa PC

SBUS IEDs

SYSTEM IS :A set of devices with specific functions that interact one to/with other with common rules.

System is COMMUNICATION & CONFIGURATION

SBUS Station BUS (system federal network)

TBUS Tele control BUS (Remote Control Point or SCADA)

LBUS Legacy BUS (Field BUS to IED)

In the above digram different IEDs are connected in FO Cable ring. OI Server collect information from IEDs

and provide to OI Client for display/view to operator workstation

PROTECTION RELAYS:

(Numerical Multifunction Protection Relays )

A-Auto Transformer Protection Panel.

1. Differential Protection. 2. REF Protection.

Fast Ethernet IEC 61850Station Bus 100 Mbps

BCU

PACiS OI Client

PACiS OI Server

IEC 60870-5-101

S-BUS

FO Cable Ring



3. HV Directional O/C Protection. 4. LV Directional O/C Protection.

5. HV over Fluxing Protection. 6. LV Over Fluxing Protection.

7. Neutral Over current Protection.

B- BusReactor Protection Panel

1. Differential Protection. 2. TEED Differential Protection.

3. REF Protection.

4. Backup Impedance Protection.

C- Line with Reactor Protection Panel.

1. Main-1 Distance Protection.

• Zone-1, 2, 3 Distance Protection • DEF Protection

• SOTF Protection • STUBBUS Protection

• Over Voltage Protection

2. Main-2 Distance Protection.

• Zone-1, 2, 3 Distance Protection • DEF Protection

• SOTF Protection • STUBBUS Protection

• Over Voltage Protection

3. Differential Protection.

4. REF Protection.5. Backup Impedance Protection.

D-BusBar Protection

1.LBB Protection.

2.Bus bar P protection

NOTE: DEF-Directional Earth Fault, REF-Rectricted Earth Fault, SOTF-Switch On To Fault. LBB-Local Breaker

Backup

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 765KV/400KV



Main SLD of 765/400 kV: Upper portion of SLD is 765 kV side. Total Bays are 9 from 701 to 709.701(Main) & 702(TIE) Bays are of Lucknow-Balia Line, 707(Main) & 708(TIE) Bays are of Lucknow-

Bareilly Line and 704(Main) & 705(TIE) Bays are for future line.Total TIE Bays are 702, 705 & 708

Lower portion of the SLD is of 400 kV side. Total Bays are 12 from 401 to 412. Bay no. 402(TIE) &

403(Main) of Lucknow-Lucknow line-2, Bay no. 405(TIE) & 406(Main) of Lucknow-Lucknow Line-1, Bay

nos 408(TIE), 409(Main) & 411(TIE), 412(Main) are for future lines.Total TIE Bays are 402, 405, 408 &411.



System Architecture of 765/400 kV provide the information of connected relays in the whole substation.Green Relays/BCU indicate healthy position of its. Red indication of its means Relay/BCU is notcommunicating with SCADA. Upper portion of this architecture is of 765kV and divided in three parts/kiosk

and lower portion of its is of 400kV and divided in four parts means four kiosk system. All kiosks are

connected to each other with Fibre Optical (FO) cable ring.

FO Cable start from 765kV Control Room to 765 kiosk -1 to 765kV kiosk -2 to 765kV kiosk -3 to 400kV

kiosk -1 to 400kV kiosk -2 to 400kV kiosk -3 to 400kV kiosk -4 to 765kV Control Room. In the kiosks FOcable is connected with the help of LIU (Line Interface Unit). LIU communicate with EFS (Ethernet Fibre

Switch).



In 765/400kV S/S, 400kV Lucknow-Lucknow Line-2: Bay no 403 is main Bay and 402 is TIE Bay. Bay

no 401 is for future bus reactor.



In 765/400kV S/S, 400kV Lucknow-Lucknow Line-1: Bay nos 406 is main Bay and 405 is TIE Bay. Here

404 is main Bay of ICT-1



400/220 k V SUBTATION- LUCKNOW

400KV CHARGED LINES

S. NO. NAME OF LINES LENGTH (K M) TYPE OF CONDUCTOR

01. 400 KV LUCKNOW -U NN AO-1 73.8 T WIN M OOSE

02. 400 KV LUCKNOW -U NN AO-II 73.8 Twin Moose

03. 400 KV LUCKNOW - GORAKHPUR-I 245.9 Twin Moose

04. 400 KV LUCKNOW - GORAKHPUR-II 245.9 Twin Moose

05. 400 KV LUCKNOW - GORAKHPUR-III 262.26 Twin Moose

06. 400 KV LUCKNOW - GORAKHPUR-IV 262.26 Twin Moose

07. 400 KV LUCKNOW -ROJA 177 Twin Moose

08. 400 KV LUCKNOW -S OHAWAL-I 98.2 Twin Moose

09. 400 KV LUCKNOW -S OHAWAL-II 98.2 Twin Moose

10. 400KV LUCKNOW – S HAHJAHAPUR 169.72 Twin Moose

11. 400KV LUCKNOW -S AROJNINAGAR 63.2 Twin Moose

12. 400KV LUCKNOW – LUCKNOW -1 3 QUAD M OOSE

13. 400KV LUCKNOW – LUCKNOW -2 3 QUAD M OOSE

14. 400KV LUCKNOW -S ULTANOPUR 163.6 T WIN M OOSE



220 KV CHARGED LINES

220 KV FUTURE L INES

S.

NO.

NAME OF LINES LENGTH (K M) TYPE OF

CONDUCTOR

01. 220 KV LUCKNOW - .................. .........................

02. 400 KV LUCKNOW -

..................... ..........................

03. 400 KV LUCKNOW -

.............................................

04. 400 KV LUCKNOW - .................... .........................

S.NO N AME OF L INE L INE L ENGTH (K M )

T YPE OF

C ONDUCTOR

1. 220KV LUCKNOW -C HINHAT 24.5Twin Moose

2. 220KVLUCKNOW -S ITAPUR 82.59

Twin Moose



400kV SLD Part-2



400kV Side SLD Part-1: In this substation 400 kV side total Bays are 27 from 401 to 427. In

the above diagram Bay are drafted from 401 to 418 only. The remaining Bay are in SLD part-2



220Kv Single Line Diagram

220Kv Single Line Diagram: 220kV side total Bays are Ten in which Bay no 204 for Sitapur Line, Bay no

205 for Chinhat Line, Bay nos 207 to 210 for Future Lines



400/220 kV SUB-STATION SWITCH YARD EQUIPMENTS

a) ICTs: There are two ICT of each 3- phase. One ICT is 315 MVA of CGL Make and

another ICT is 500 MVA of Alstom Make.

b) Bus Reactors: Two bus reactors are present in 400kV switchyard

80 MVAR with respective bay nos 425 and 426

125 MVAR.with respective bay nos 420 and 421

c) Line Reactors- Total four line reactors are in service with respective linesgiven

50 MVAR connected to 400KV Lucknow-Roja Line,

50 MVAR Connected to 400kV Lucknow- Shahjahapur Line,

63 MVAR connected to Lucknow-Gorakhpur Line-3

63 MVAR connected to Lucknow-Gorakhpur line-4

d) FSC: The connected FSC with respective Lines are

Lucknow-Gorakhpur Line-1 FSC



Lucknow-Gorakhpur Line

-4 FSC



Power Line Carrier CommunicationPLCC

The power line carrier communication equipment required is to provide primarily efficient, secure and

reliable information link for carrier aided distance protection and direct tripping of remote-end breaker and

also for speech communication between 765/400/220 kV sub-stations. It includes carrier terminals of

multipurpose type for speech and protection. All carrier terminals including those for protection , suitable for

point to point speech communication also.

PLCC use Amplitude Modulation and has single side band transmission mode.

Mode of transmission Amplitude Modulation single side band with suppressed carrier or reduced

carrier frequency 40to 500kHz range.

Nominal carrier frequency 4.0 kHz band in either direction of transmission

Supply voltage48 V DC +15%, -10% Positive pole earthed

SPEECH COMMUNICATIONPLC equipment provide telephone communication between the

stations where the transmission lines are terminating. It is possible for subscriber at any of the

stations to contact the subscriber at all other stations connected in the system by dialing his call

number.

A) High Frequency Cable: High frequency cable connects to the PLC terminal installed indoor to the

coupling device which installed in the switchyard.

B) Line trap/ wave trap

Cconform to latest IEC 60353 fulfilling all the technical requirements.

The rated short time current for 1Second should be 31.5/40/50/63 kA as per requirement.

The mH. Rating should be 0.25/0.5/1.0 mH depending on frequency plan.

The Line Trap should be suitable for outdoor pedestal or suspension mounting andshould be

mechanically strong enough to withstand the stresses due to maximum wind pressure of 260

kg/square meter

For pedestal mounting, each line trap mounted on a tripod structure formed by three insulator

stacks arranged in a triangular form. All the accessories and hardware, mounting stoolincluding bolts for fixing the line trap on insulatorsshould be of non-magnetic material.

C) Lime Matching Unit(LMU)The modular coupling device MCD80, tchyard near it is mounted in swi

CVT together with the coupling capacitor and line trap basically fulfill the following functions:

Insertion and extraction of PLC signals on high voltage overhead lines and cables.

Through connection and distribution of PLC signals in intermediate stations.

Impedance matching between transmission path and PLC equipment.

Potential separation of high voltage equipment and PLC equipment.



In addition to reliable protection of personnel and communication equipment, maximum

emphasis was also placed on low insertion loss for the coupling of the PLC signals on the

transmission line.

The main part of LMU is given below

PLC coupling filter A9BS : The tunable drain coil and the coupling capacitor together with

a tunable series capacitance and shunt inductance form a programmable high pass filter.

Potential separation of the line side from the equipment side is provided by a transformer with

taps. This ensures a proper matching of the line impedance to the equipment impedance and

can be programmed for two values of both line and equipment impedance. The drain coil

diverts the power frequency current flowing through the coupling capacitor to earth. A

lightning arrester connected in parallel with the drain coil limits voltage peaks coming from

the line to a value harmless for the circuit. The coupling can be earthed during servicing by

the earthing switch

PLC coupling filter A9BTThe basic filter units A9BS are supplemented by A9BT to provide a

two phase or inter-system coupling. The Supplementary unit differs from the relevant basic units

only by the built-in hybrid transformer A1AC, which distributes the PLC signal in push-pull

operation to the two phases. This ensures that the additional attenuation is not greater than

approx. 4dB with single-phase faults close to the station. The impedance transformer module

A1AE is one of the optional modules which can be mounted inside of the MCD80 enclosure. The

highpass coupling filter A9BS/A9BT is program



amiable for secondary equipment side impedance of 75mho unbalanced or 125

mhounbalanced. The module A1AE is used for matching to other equipment such as

150mho balanced and is individually manufactured.

ADVANTAGES OF POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Uses existing Power Lines

Very long distances w/o repeaters

Shortest link for Tele-protection

Reliable



Fully under control of the Power Utility

Cost effective from distance point of view

Phase To Phase Coupling



AUXILIARY SUPPLIES

AC SOURCE:

Source-1 (33kv /415v) from Khurram Nagar substation Lucknow

Source -2 (33kv /415v) from ICT-1 as a T-3

Emergency Power Backup (Diesel-Generator Set)

In case of loss of auxiliary supply, the emergency power backup system, which is a diesel-generator set,

starts automatically. This generator can provide power continuously for 5 hours.

At 400/220 kV substation a DG set of 250 KVA(CUMMINS) is installed.

At 765/400 kV substation a DG set of 500 KVA (CUMMINS) is installed.

DC SOURCE:

There are two DC source of the auxiliary supply

220 Volt– Two number of set of 220 Volt

48 Volt – Two number of set of 48 Volt

Each DC Source charged by separate charger by 220V and 48 volt separate charger respectively.

In the Battery room Battery Banks are installed which provide D.C. supply for the sub-stationDC. Equipment operation D.C. Supply is required for the operation of the relay in the control

panel and for the operation of PLCC. There are four battery banks, two for 220 V supply (one

primary and other backup) and for 48 V supply. Each 220 V Lead - Acid battery bank comprises

110 cell of 2.2 V each. Capacity of the battery banks is 600AH. Float or trickle charging is used

for the batteries i.e. batteries are charged under no load at a ratio equal to their self-discharge

rate. Any battery or cell is allowed to discharge to value 80% of the full charge , i.e., the

cell is allowed to discharge only of 20% of its maximum voltage.



Aux Power Supply SLD



CONTROL ROOM (400/220kv)

Different equipment in the control room are listed below:

Metering and control panels

Protection / Relay panels

GPS Receiver &Clock

Remote Top Changer for Transformers (ICTs)

PLCC panel

SCADA Monitors

CCTV Camera Monitor



Current Transformer

CT provide 1 Ampere at secondry with respect to primary of 3000A or 2000A or 1000A

In electrical engineering, a current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current

transformers are also known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly

apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to

the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A

current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the

primary circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical

power industry.

NAME PLATE:CT4 kVSIDE:

Manufacturer: Crompton and Greaves Type: IOSK: 420/630/1425

I.L: 630kV/1425kVp STRENGTH : 40kA for 1 sec.

Idyn: 100kAg Frequency: 50Hz

Rated primary cur rent= 2000A Rated secondary cur rent=2400A

Total weight: 1450kg±10% Oil weight: 375kg±10%

CT 22 kV Side:

Manufacturer: Crompton and Greaves

Type: IOSK: 1/800/1600

STRENGTH: 20kA f or 1sec I dyn: 100kAg

Frequency: 50Hz Total weigh t: 1450kg±10%

Oil weight: 375kg±10%

Usage Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_system_protection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_power_industry


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leistungsschalter-110KV.jpg




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_system_protection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering



Capacitor Voltage Transformer ( CVT )

CVT provide 110 Volt at secondry with respect to primary of 765kV or 400kV or 220kV

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) is

a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low

voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of

three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune

the device to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the

instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the

high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the instrumentation

or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one

hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C 1 is

often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop

across C 1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C 2.

The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for

filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. This forms a carrier communication

network throughout the transmission network



NAME PLATE: CVT4 kVSIDE:

Manufacturer: W.S. Industri es I ndia L td., Bangalore

Intermediate Voltage: 22/√3kV Total Output Simultaneous: 2000VA

Output M aximum: 750VA Operating Voltage: 400/√3kV

Vol tage Factor: 1.5 Test Voltage: 1 min .

Impul se to withstand vol tage: 1.2/20µs Frequency: 50Hz

HF Capacitance: 4400pF

Primary Capacitance: 4000pF

Secondary Capacitance: 60000pF

CVT22 kV SIDE:

Manufacturer: Asia Brown Boveri L td. Vadodra (ABB)

1 phase capacitor vol tage Transformer Highest system voltage= 245kV

Rated f requency= 50Hz HV(Primary) Capacitance= 4840pFI nt.

(Secondary) Capacitance= 48400pF Total Thermal Burden= 1000VA

Class of Insulation=’A’ Single Phase Solidy Earth Connection

Vol tage Divider Ratio: 220000/20000

Vol tage Factor: 1.2 for conti nuous/ 1.5 for 30 seconds

Rated Vol tage= 220kV Weight of oil= 100(kg/ltr.)

Total weight=450kg.



Interconnecting Transformer (I C T)

In 400/220 kV Lucknow substation, two ICT are in service. First is 315 MVA CGL make and second is 500

MVA Alstom make.

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively

coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit creates a changing magnetic field; in

turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit. By adding a load to the secondary

circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.

The secondary induced voltage V S , of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary V P by a factor equal

to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings. By appropriate selection of the

numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up — by making N S more

than N P — or stepped down, by making it less.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_coupling



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Transformer_under_load.svg




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy



NAME PLATE:315 MVA ICT-1

Manufacturer: C G L Type of cooling: ONAN/ONAF/OFAF

Rating HV & LV(M .V.A.): 189/252/315 60%/80%/100%

Rating LV(M VA) kV: 105/105/105 No load Voltage HV (kV): 400

No load Voltage I V(kV): 220 No load Voltage LV (kV): 33

L ine Current HV(A): 454.6

L ine Current IV (A): 826.6

L ine Curr ent LV(A): 1837.0

Temp. Rise oil ( ⁰ C)- 50 over ambient of 50 ⁰ C

Temp. Rise Winding ( ⁰ C) - 55 over ambient of 55 ⁰ C

Core & Winding: 144390kg Weight of oil : 72970kg

Total weight: 307770kg Oil Quantity: 83870 litr es

Phase: 3 Frequency: 50 Hz

Impedance Vol tage at 315 MVA base:HV position 9/LV=60(M IN)%

HV posit ion 9/IV=12.5±10%

IV/LV=45(MIN)%

SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE(SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER



400kV SF6 Circuit Breakers

SF6 has excellent insulating strength because of its affinity for electrons (electro negativity) i.e. whenever a

free electron collides with the neutral gas molecule to form negative ion, the electron is absorbed by the

neutral gas molecule. The attachment of electron with the neutral gas molecule occurs in two ways:

ADVANTAGES OF SF6 BREAKERS:

1.

The current chopping tendency is minimized by using the gas sf6 at low pressure and low



velocity.

2. The closed circuit gas cycle and low velocity operation eliminates the moisture problem and

gives noiseless operation of the breaker.

3. Because of the outstanding arc quenching properties of sf6, the arcing time is small, and,

therefore, contact erosion is less.

4. No carbon particle is formed during arcing and, therefore, there is no reduction in the dielectric

strength of the gas.

5. The circuit breaker performance is not affected by the atmospheric conditions.

6. Electrical clearances are drastically reduced due to high dielectric strength of SF6.

NAME PLATE:

CB400kVSIDE:

Manufacturer: ABB Rated Vol tage: 420kV

Rated Normal Curr ent: 3150A Rated F requency: 50Hz

Breaking Capacity: SYM: 50KA

ASYM: 61KA

M inimum Opening Time: 18.5ms Maximum Total B reak Time: 40ms

Out of phase switchi ng: 10kA rms F ir st Pole to clear factor: 1.3

Operating Duty: 0-0.3sec-CO-3min-CO Making Capacity: 100kVAp

Short Time Current: 40kA rms 100kAp

Rated Pressur e of SF6: 7 bars gauge at 20 ⁰ C

CB220kV SIDE:

Manufacturer: ABB Voltage: 245kV

Normal Curr ent: 1600/2500A

L ightn ing Impulse Withstand Voltage: 1050kv ,

Power F requency Withstand Voltage: 460kV

Short Circuit Breaking Current: 40kA

Short Time Withstand Current and Duration: 40kA and 1 sec

L ine Charging Breaking Current: 125A

Operating Sequence: 0-0.3s-CO-3min .-CO

F ir st pole to clear factor: 1.3 ,



Gas Pressur e= 7.0bar at 20 ⁰ C

Closing and Opening device Supply Vol tage: 220kV d.c.

Auxil iary Cir cuit Supply Voltage: 240V a.c.

Ai r Pressure: 20.5 bar ,

Frequency: 50Hz

Mass(approx.)(for 3 poles): 3800kg

ISOLATOR

An isolator switch is part of an electrical circuit and the switch isolates circuits that are continually

powered or is a key element which enables an electrical engineer to safely work on the protected circuit.

In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing

additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution

systems where both end of the circuit need to be isolated.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)








The major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an off-load device,

whereas a circuit breaker is an on-load device.

NAME PLATE:

ISOLATER220kV:

Manufacturer: Elpro International Ltd.Voltage (kV) : 245 BIL(kVp): 105STC(kA/sec): 40/ISCE

Motor Voltage(A): 415Type of Drive: MOM

Weight of Isolator(kg): 100Frequency(Hz): 50

Current(A): 1600Control Voltage: 220kV

I SOLATER 400kV:

Manufacturer: HI VELM INDUSTRIES, CHENNAI.Type: DBRB

Voltage (kV) Ur. 420BIL(kV): 1425

Frequency(Hz): 50Current (A) Ir: 2000

Switching Impedance(kV)Us:1050/1245Type of Drive: Motor Operated

Motor Voltage(A.C.): 415kVControl Voltage(D.C.):220kV

Weight of Isolator(kg): 900/pole(approx.)Weight of Drive(kg):1000

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker






Lightning Arrestor

Lightning has been a source of wonder to mankind for thousands of years. Some of the accepted facts about

thunder cloud and lightning phenomenon:

1. The height of the cloud base above the surrounding ground level may vary from 500 to 30000 ft. the

charged centers which are responsible for lightning are in the range of 1000 to 5000 ft.

2. The maximum charge on a cloud is of the order of 10 coulombs which is built up exponentially over a

period of perhaps many second or even minutes.

3.

The maximum potential of a cloud lies approximately within the range of 10 MV to 100 MV.4. The energy in the lightning stroke may be of the order of 250 KWHR.

The current in the streamer is of the order of 100 ampere and the sped of the streamer is 0.5ft./microsecond.

This streamer is known as pilot streamer because this leads to the lightning phenomenon. Depending upon

the state of ionization of the air surrounding the streamer, it is branched up to several paths and this is

known as a stepped leader. The leader steps are of the order of 50 m in length and are accomplished in

about a microsecond. The charge is brought from the cloud through the already ionized paths to these

pauses. The air surrounding these pauses is again ionized and the leader in this way reaches the earth.



The action of the l ightning arrester or sur ge diver ter is as under:

(i ) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no current to earth or the

gap is non-conducting

(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc is formed

providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to

the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the line.

WAVE TRAP : It is connected in series with the power (transmission) line. It blocks the

high frequency carrier waves (24 KHz to 500 KHz) and let power waves (50Hz - 60Hz) to

pass through. It is basically an inductor of rating in millihenry.



REACTORS



REACTORS:Two types of reactor installed in Lucknow Substation:

Bus Reactor 125 MVAR, & 80 MVAR

L ine reactor 63 MVAR ( 2 Nos) , & 50 MVAR (2 Nos)

NAME PLATE:

Manufacturer: BHEL . Type: SSLR

Phase: 3 Type of cooli ng: ONAN

Frequency (Hz): 50 Rated Vol tage: 420kV

Rated Current: 110A Type of Reactor: A ir Core with Magnetic Shield

Impedance: - Positi ve Sequence: 2.168 Ώ

Zero Sequence: 2.168 Ώ

Maximum Temp ri se (at 420kV): Oi l: 50 ⁰ C Winding: 55 ⁰ C

Oil : Reactor: 22500li treRadiator uni t: 4000li treWeights:

Shield & Windings: 63000kg.

Tank & F ittings: 19500kg

Radiator uni t: 7500kg

Oil : 24000kg

Total: 114000kg



CONCLUSION

Transmission systems have a force multiplier effect on the electricity sector. Apart from

increasing reliability of the electricity grids, they help in harnessing the diversity available

over the vast interconnection on account of weather, festivals, culture, lifestyle, growth

disparities etc. This diversity helps in economy exchanges of electricity leading to very low

payback periods (less than three years) on investment as well as a high benefit-cost ratio

even without considering its impact on emissions. Strong cross-border international

connections would further help in reaping the benefit of this diversity. Further the

enlargement of the grid also increases the interdependence between regions and calls for

building of institutions, increasing professionalism and exploiting technology at the

international, national and regional level to cope with the increased complexity of grid

operation.

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rishabh training final report for print

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