rise of athens and sparta1(1)

8/3/2019 Rise of Athens and Sparta1(1)

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The Rise of Athens

and SpartaDorian Era to the Persian War

1150-480 BC


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Not long after the Trojan War, the Dorians

moved into war-torn Greece.

Far less advanced; no written language.

The economy collapsed, and tradestopped.

The Dorians, 1150 750 BC


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Around 1100 BC, the

Dorians fanned outover much of the

mainland, razing the

city-states and

enslaving the

inhabitants, and later

conquered Crete and

the southwest coastofAsia Minor.


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The Dorian regions

of classical Greece

were in general, but

not always, those

where the Doric

dialect was spoken.


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Homer Greeks began to tell history

through spoken word.

A blind man named Homer.

Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey,

both epics.

Epics: narrative poems

celebrating heroic deeds.


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Myths The Greeks developed a rich set of myths,

or stories, about their Gods.

They tried to explain nature and passion.

They attributed human qualities (love, hate,jealousy, etc.) to the Gods.


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Peter Paul Rubens. The Council of the Gods. 1622-1625.

Greek Pantheon


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Greeks Emerge The Mycenaean and the Dorian cultures

meld and form a new Greek culture.

By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, orpolis,

is the formal government rather than tribal

kingdoms.


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Greek Political Structures City-states have different forms of government.

Monarchy

rule by a king

Aristocracy

rule by nobility

Oligarchy

rule by a small group of powerful merchants and

artisans


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Tyrants Rulers and common people clash in many

city-states.

Nobles and wealthy citizens win support of

common people.

Seize control and rule in the interests of ordinarypeople.


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The GreekPolis

Apolis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50-500 square miles.

Population of a city-state is often less than10,000.

Citizens gather in the agora (marketplace) andacropolis (fortified hilltop).


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Athenian Democracy

About 621 B.C., democracyrule by the peopledevelops in Athens.

Draco, a nobleman, develops legal code based onequality of citizens.

Instead of oral laws known to a special class,arbitrarily applied and interpreted, all laws werewritten, thus made known to all literate citizens.


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Areopagus


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Acropolis


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Draconian Laws!

When asked why he had fixed the

punishment of death for most offences,

answered that he considered these lesser

crimes to deserve it, and he had no greater

punishment for more important ones.


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Solons Reforms, 594 BC Organizes Athenian society into four

classes (by wealth). Only top three could

hold office (archons).

Alleviates conflict between wealthylandowners and poor by abolishing debtslavery.

Any citizen could participate in theAthenian Assembly.


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Reforms of Cleisthenes, 510 BC Only native-born, property-owning males

are citizens.

Establishes political organization based onlocale and not family affiliation (Demes).

All citizens could submit laws.

Rulers chosen by lots.

Ostracism (10 years).


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Athenian Citizens Council of 400.

9 Archons ruled over the civic,military, and religious affairs of

the state.

Franchise extended to all freemen with set of arms and armor.

Part Time Soldiers.


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End of the Bronze Age During the Dorian period, a shortage of tin in the Mediterranean forced

metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze.

With more widespread use of iron, the technology needed to produce

workable steel was developed and the price lowered and iron become the

metal of choice for tools and weapons, and was cheap enough that it could

replace bronze.

Forged iron implements superseded cast bronze tools. Iron, as a stronger

and lighter material, becomes a technological advantage for civilizationsthat use it.

Allowed more men to participate fully as citizens because they could afford

armor!


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Athenian Education Schooling only for sons of wealthy families.

Girls learn from mothers and other female

members of the household.


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Trireme


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Athens

Piraeus


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Rise of Sparta Located in Lacedomonia on the Peloponnesus.

Around 725 BC, Sparta conquers Messene.

Forced to Messenes to farm, called helots(serfs).

Each year Sparta demand half the crops.


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Lacedemonia


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HelotsThey assign to the Helots every shameful task leading to

disgrace. For they ordained that each one of them must wear a

dogskin cap and wrap himself in skins and receive a stipulated

number of beatings every year regardless of any wrongdoing,so that they would never forget they were slaves. Moreover, if

any exceeded the vigor proper to a slave's condition, they made

death the penalty; and they allotted a punishment to those

controlling them if they failed to rebuke those who were growing

fat.

Myron of Priene


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Helot Revolt In 650 B.C. the helots in Messene

instigated a massive revolt against Spartan

rule.

Sparta dedicated themselves to creating a

strong city-state and maintaining controlover the Helots.


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Spartan Society &G

overnment Three social classes:

Citizens

Free non-citizens

Helots

Council of Elders (30 older men) proposed laws.

Five elected officials carried out laws, run the courts and

control the educational system

Two kings control Army.


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Apoge & Syssitia Spartans valued: duty, strength, honor,

discipline over freedom.

Males move into barracks at age 7, train until30, serve until 60 and participate in rigorous

military training (Apoge).

At age twenty, the Spartan citizen began hismembership in one of the Syssitia (dining

messes or clubs), composed of about 15

members.


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Apoge and The Krypteia Men trained in only light tunics, no sandals.

They slept without blankets on hard benches.

They ate porridge and were encouraged to stealfood.

Some young men were enrolled in a crack

squad known as the Krypteia, they would be

sent into the mountains, armed only with a

single dagger each, and ordered to live off the

land.


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Role of Women in Sparta Spartan women were taught reading

and writing.

Expected to be able to protect

themselves.

Equally as brutal as the men's training;

many athletic events such as javelin,

discus, foot races, and staged battles

Women abducted by men for marriageat age 30.

Could own and control property.


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Come back with your shield, oron it!

Lambda forLacedemonia.


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Greek Phalanx


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Darius I 521-486 BC.

Ascended the throne in 521 BC.

Pushed the Persian borders asfar eastward as the Indus River,

built the city of Persepolis and

the Royal Road, had a canal

constructed from theN

ile to theRed Sea, and reorganized the

entire empire into 20 Satraps.


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Persia conquers the Ionian coast in 546 BC and invade Thrace..


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Sardis

Ionians revolt from Persian rule and with help ofAthenians burn Sardis in 499- 494 BC.


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Battle ofMarathon In 492 BC sent 600 ships across the Hellespont.

A sudden storm wrecked half his fleet when it

was rounding rocky Mount Athos on the

Macedonian coast.

IN 490 BC, Darius sends another fleet of 600

triremes and lands inA

ttica.

First battle of the Persian Wars!


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Outnumbered Greeks charge the Persians

The Greek center is forced to retreat.

The Greeks on the wing hold their ground.

The Greek center rallies!

The Persians find themselves surrounded!


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We have WON!


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26.2 milesSo, when Persia was dust, all cried, "To

Acropolis!Run, Pheidippides, one race more! the meed is thy due!

Athens is saved, thank Pan, go shout!" He flung down his shiel

Ran like fire once more: and the space 'twixt the fennel-field

AndAthens was stubble again, a field which a fire runs through

Till in he broke: "Rejoice, we conquer!" Like wine through clay,

Joy in his blood bursting his heart, - the bliss!


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Darius spent 3 years preparing

men and ships when a revolt

broke out in Egypt.

This worsened his failing healthand prevented the possibility of

leading another army himself.

In October 486 BCE, the body of

Darius was embalmed and

entombed in the rock-cut

sepulcher which had beenprepared for him several years

earlier.

Death of Darius


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Themistocles, c. 524459 BC An Athenian politician and a general who

fought at Marathon who rose to

prominence in the early years of the

Athenian democracy.

A populist, having the support of lower

class Athenians, and generally being at

odds with the Athenian nobility.

Elected archon in 493 BC, he wanted to

increase the naval power ofAthens

because he is worried the Persians will

try again.


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Themistocles proposed that the

silver should be used to build a new

fleet.

His rival, Aristides, suggested it

should instead be distributed

amongst the Athenian citizens.

SilverMines of Laurium, 483 BC.


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Xerxes

Not the oldest son, so would

not have succeeded his father,

but was the oldest son of

Darius andA

tossa, daughter ofCyrus the Great.

Crowned King in 486 BCE at

36.

Began his plan to punish the

Greeks!


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Invasion Plan A channel was dug through the isthmus of the peninsula of

Mount Athos.

Provisions were stored in the stations on the road throughThrace.

Two bridges were built across the Hellespont.

In 480 BCE an army of 250,000 marches (Medeans,Assyrians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Egyptians and

Jews)!


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Hear your fate, O dwellers in Sparta

of the wide open plains;

Either your famed, great town must

be sacked by Perseus' sons,

Or, if that be not, the whole land ofLacedaemon

Shall mourn the death of a king of

the house of Heracles,

For not the strength of lions or of

bulls shall hold him,

Strength against strength; for he

has the power of Zeus,And will not be checked till one of

these two he has consumed.

Oracle at Delphi


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Battle of Artemisium, 480 BC


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Thousands of lightly armored Persian

immortals with bows.

300 heavily armored Spartans and a few

thousand Greeks with spears holding a

narrow pass.


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Leonidas at Thermopylae, by Jacques-Louis David (1814)


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The Pass consisted of three 'gates' where the land narrowed in a favorable position for a

smaller army.

The East & West Gates were extremely narrow, however, the Middle Gate while a little

wider than the other gates is where the Greek warriors set up their defensive positions.

The Middle Gate is also where the Greek warriors fortified the Phokian Wall which had

been used as a defense by the citizens of Phokis against invaders from Thessaly.

Pass of Thermopylae


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Day 3: Death of LeonidasAGreek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persians by a mountain track to the

rear of the Greek position.

At that point Leonidas sent away all Greek troops and remained in the pass

with his 300 Spartans, 900 Helots, and 700 Thespians who refused to leave.

The Greeks were attacked from both sides and all were killed except for the

Thebans, who surrendered. Leonidas was killed, but the Spartans retrieved his

body and protected it.


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Decisive Battles - Battle of Thermopylae


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Naval battle fought between an Alliance of

Greek city-states and the Empire of Persia

in the straits between the mainland and

Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near

Athens.

Marked the high-point of the second

Persian invasion of Greece which had

begun in 480 BC.

Greek Triremes: 370 Persian Triremes: 600-800

Battle of Salamis, 480 BC


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Greek Allies (110,000)

69,500 lightly armed troops

35,000 helots

800 Athenian archers1,800 Thespians

Persian army (249,990)

Persian army is routed and slaughtered.

Battle of Plataea, 479 BC


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The Persian Wars New self-confidence in Greece due

to victory.

Athens emerges as leader of DelianLeague.

Stage is set for a dazzling burst ofcreativity in Athens.

Inevitable showdown betweenAthens and Sparta. The Serpent Column dedicated by the

victorious Greeks at Delphi.

rise of athens and sparta1(1)

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