ringkasan colon cancer

8/20/2019 Ringkasan Colon Cancer

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COLON CANCER

Colorectal cancer; Cancer - colon; rectal cancer; Cancer - rectum; Adenocarcinoma -

colon; Colon - adenocarcinoma

Colon, or colorectal, cancer is cancer that starts in the large intestine (colon) or

the rectum (end of the colon). Other tyes of cancer can affect the colon, such as

lymhoma, carcinoid tumors, melanoma, and sarcomas. !hese are rare. "n this article, use

of the term #colon cancer# refers to colon carcinoma only.

Causes, incidence, and ris$ factors

According to the American Cancer %ociety, colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes

of cancer-related deaths in the &nited %tates. 'oeer, early diagnosis can often lead to a

comlete cure.

Almost all colon cancer starts in glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. *hen

doctors tal$ a+out colorectal cancer, this is usually hat they are tal$ing a+out.

!here is no single cause of colon cancer. Nearly all colon cancers +egin as noncancerous

(+enign) olys, hich sloly deelo into cancer.

ou hae a higher ris$ for colon cancer if you

•

Are older than /

• Are African American of eastern Euroean descent

• Eat a diet high in red or rocessed meats

• 'ae cancer elsehere in the +ody

• 'ae colorectal olys

• 'ae inflammatory +oel disease (Crohn0s disease or ulceratie colitis)

•'ae a family history of colon cancer

• 'ae a ersonal history of +reast cancer

Certain genetic syndromes also increase the ris$ of deeloing colon cancer. !o of the

most common are

• 1amilial adenomatous olyosis (1A2)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000580/












• 'ereditary nonolyosis colorectal cancer ('N2CC), also $non as Lynch syndrome

*hat you eat may lay a role in your ris$ of colon cancer. Colon cancer may +e

associated ith a high-fat, lo-fi+er diet and red meat. 'oeer, some studies hae

found that the ris$ does not dro if you sitch to a high-fi+er diet, so this lin$ is not yet

clear.

%mo$ing cigarettes and drin$ing alcohol are other ris$ factors for colorectal cancer.

%ymtoms

3any cases of colon cancer hae no symtoms. !he folloing symtoms, hoeer, may

indicate colon cancer

• A+dominal ain and tenderness in the loer a+domen

• 4lood in the stool

• 5iarrhea, constiation, or other change in +oel ha+its

• Narro stools

• *eight loss ith no $non reason

%igns and tests

*ith roer screening, colon cancer can +e detected +efore symtoms deelo, hen it is

most cura+le.

our doctor ill erform a hysical e6am and ress on your +elly area. !he hysical

e6am rarely shos any ro+lems, although the doctor may feel a lum (mass) in the

a+domen. A rectal e6am may reeal a mass in atients ith rectal cancer, +ut not colon

cancer.

A fecal occult +lood test (1O4!) may detect small amounts of +lood in the stool, hich

could suggest colon cancer. 'oeer, this test is often negatie in atients ith colon

cancer. 1or this reason, a 1O4! must +e done along ith colonoscoy or sigmoidoscoy.

"t is also imortant to note that a ositie 1O4! doesn0t necessarily mean you haecancer.

"maging tests to screen for and otentially diagnose colorectal cancer include

• Colonoscoy

• %igmoidoscoy




















Note Only colonoscoy can see the entire colon, and this is the +est screening test for

colon cancer.

4lood tests that may +e done include

• Comlete +lood count (C4C) to chec$ for anemia

• Lier function tests

"f your doctor learns that you do hae colorectal cancer, more tests ill +e done to see if

the cancer has sread. !his is called staging. C! or 3R" scans of the a+domen, elic

area, chest, or +rain may +e used to stage the cancer. %ometimes, 2E! scans are also used.

%tages of colon cancer are

• %tage / 7ery early cancer on the innermost layer of the intestine

• %tage " Cancer is in the inner layers of the colon

• %tage "" Cancer has sread through the muscle all of the colon

• %tage """ Cancer has sread to the lymh nodes

• %tage "7 Cancer has sread to other organs

4lood tests to detect tumor mar$ers, including carcinoem+ryonic antigen (CEA) and CA

89-9, may hel your hysician follo you during and after treatment.

!reatment

!reatment deends on many things, including the stage of the cancer. "n general,

treatments may include

• %urgery (most often a colectomy) to remoe cancer cells

• Chemotheray to $ill cancer cells

• Radiation theray to destroy cancerous tissue

%&R:ER

%tage / colon cancer may +e treated +y remoing the cancer cells, often during a

colonoscoy. 1or stages ", "", and """ cancer, more e6tensie surgery is needed to remoe

the art of the colon that is cancerous. (%ee Colon resection)

C'E3O!'ERA2















Almost all atients ith stage """ colon cancer should receie chemotheray after surgery

for aro6imately - months. !his is called ad<uant chemotheray. !he chemotheray

drug =-fluorouracil has +een shon to increase the chance of a cure in certain atients.

Chemotheray is also used to imroe symtoms and rolong surial in atients ith

stage "7 colon cancer.

• "rinotecan, o6alilatin, caecita+ine, and =-fluorouracil are the three most commonly

used drugs.

• 3onoclonal anti+odies, including cetu6ima+ (Er+itu6), anitumuma+ (7ecti+i6),

+eaci>uma+ (Aastin), and other drugs hae +een used alone or in com+ination

ith chemotheray.

ou may receie <ust one tye, or a com+ination of these drugs. !here is some de+ate as

to hether atients ith stage "" colon cancer should receie chemotheray after surgery.ou should discuss this ith your oncologist.

RA5"A!"ON

Although radiation theray is occasionally used in atients ith colon cancer, it is usually

used in com+ination ith chemotheray for atients ith stage """ rectal cancer.

1or atients ith stage "7 disease that has sread to the lier, arious treatments directed

secifically at the lier can +e used. !his may include

• 4urning the cancer (a+lation)

• 5eliering chemotheray or radiation directly into the lier

• 1ree>ing the cancer (cryotheray)

• %urgery

%uort :rous

1or additional resources and information, see Colon cancer suort grous.

E6ectations (rognosis)

Colon cancer is, in many cases, a treata+le disease if it is caught early.

'o ell you do deends on many things, esecially the stage of the cancer. "n general,

hen treated at an early stage, many atients surie at least = years after their diagnosis.

(!his is called the =-year surial rate.)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000755/











"f the colon cancer does not come +ac$ (recur) ithin = years, it is considered cured.

%tage ", "", and """ cancers are considered otentially cura+le. "n most cases, stage "7

cancer is not considered cura+le, although there are e6cetions.

Comlications

• 4loc$age of the colon

• Cancer returning in the colon

• Cancer sreading to other organs or tissues (metastasis)

• 5eeloment of a second rimary colorectal cancer

Calling your health care roider

Call your health care roider if you hae

• 4lac$, tar-li$e stools

• 4lood during a +oel moement

• Change in +oel ha+its

• &ne6lained eight loss

2reention

!he death rate for colon cancer has droed in the last 8= years. !his may +e due toincreased aareness and screening +y colonoscoy.

Colon cancer can almost alays +e caught +y colonoscoy in its earliest and most cura+le

stages. Almost all men and omen age =/ and older should hae a colon cancer

screening. 2atients at ris$ may need earlier screening.

Colon cancer screening can often find olys +efore they +ecome cancerous. Remoing

these olys may reent colon cancer.

1or information, see

• Colon cancer screening

• Colonoscoy

Changing your diet and lifestyle is imortant. %ome eidence suggests that lo-fat and

high-fi+er diets may reduce your ris$ of colon cancer.









%ome studies hae reorted that N%A"5s (asirin, i+urofen, naro6en, celeco6i+) may

hel reduce the ris$ of colorectal cancer. 'oeer, these medicines can increase your ris$

for +leeding and heart ro+lems. 3ost e6ert organi>ations do not recommend that most

eole ta$e these medicines to reent colon cancer. !al$ to your health care roider

a+out this issue.

References

8. 4urt R*, 4arthel ?%, 5unn @4, et al. NCCN clinical ractice guidelines in oncology.

Colorectal cancer screening. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. /8/;-8.

. Cunningham 5, At$in *, Len> '?, Lynch '!, 3ins$y 4, Nordlinger 4, et al.

Colorectal cancer. Lancet . /8/;B=8/B/-8/D.

B. %mith RA, Co$$inides 7, 4roo$s 5, %aslo 5, 4raley O*. Cancer screening in the

&nited %tates, /8/ a reie of current American Cancer %ociety guidelines and

issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin. /8/;/99-889.











ringkasan colon cancer

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