RFID TECHNOLOGY

Kshitij Varma

Sec- A Roll No- 10

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics

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Contents

What is RFID? History Types of Tags Design & Working Applications Scope Conclusion References

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What is RFID?3

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless system that uses radio frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking.

RFID is only one of the numerous technologies grouped under the term Automatic Identification (Auto ID), such as bar code, magnetic inks, optical character recognition, voice recognition, touch memory, smart cards, biometrics etc.

The latest RFID market research from IDTechEx finds that in 2012 the value of the entire RFID market will be $7.67 billion, up from $6.51 billion in 2011.

History4

Radar is invented in 1935 by Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt. Under him the British developed the first active identify friend or foe (IFF) system, during World War II.

In October 1948, Harry Stockman, presented paper on Communication by Means of Reflected Power, Proceedings of the IRE, pp1196-1204.

Mario W. Cardullo received the first U.S. patent for an active RFID tag with rewritable memory on January 23, 1973.

Alfred Koelle, Steven Depp and Robert Freyman of Los Alamos Laboratory, USA presented work on Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification using modulated backscatter in 1975.

In1999, the Uniform Code Council,  EAN International, Procter & Gamble and Gillette put up funding to establish the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Components of a RFID tag5

The IC is a small microprocessor, which has a logic unit that makes decisions and provides memory to store data.  The IC needs power to operate.

The antenna is connected to the tag IC. It receives the signals from the interrogator and, depending on tag type, it either transmits or reflects the received signal back. The geometry of an antenna determines the frequency at which the tag operates.

The substrate holds all other tag components together.  The tag antenna is deposited or printed on the substrate, and the IC is then attached to this antenna.

IC

Antenna

Substrate

Passive Active

Types Of RFID Tags6

Passive

Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. A small electric current is created in the antenna

when an incoming signal reaches it. This current provides enough power to briefly

activate the tag, usually just long enough to relay simple information, such as an ID number or product name.

Because passive RFID tags do not contain a power supply, they can be very small in size, sometimes thinner than a piece of paper.

These tags can be activated from a distance of ten millimetres to over 6 meters away.

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Active

Active RFID tags do contain an internal power source, which allows for a longer read-range and for a bigger memory on the tag itself.

The power source also makes it possible to store information sent by the transceiver.

Active RFID tags are larger than passive tags, usually slightly bigger than a coin.

They can be read from many meters away, and generally have a battery life of about ten years.

Advantages of active tags include accuracy, reliability, and superior performance in adverse environments, such as damp or metallic.

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Type of tag EPC Class

Memory Type

Radio frequency

usedBits

Power Source

Reading Distanc

e (meters

)

RFID Passive 0 ROM138 Khz13.95 Mhz 64

Reader EMF 0.04-3

RFID Active 4 ROM 13.85 Mhz 64 Battery 3-10

RFID Passive Programmable

1 EEPROM 138 Khz13.95 Mhz

96, 128

Reader EMF

0.04-3

RFID Active Programmable

2, 3, 4 EEPROM 138 Khz13.95 Mhz

>128 Battery 3-10

Data Tag 2, 3, 4 CMOS RAM

13.85 Mhz985 Mhz(UHF)

>128 Battery 3-10

Types of RFID tags

Electronic Product Code10

01.0000A89.0016F.000169DC0

Header: identifies the length, type, structure, version and generation of EPC. 0-7 bits

EPC Manager: identifies the company.8-35 bits

Object Class: similar to a stock keeping unit. 36-59 bits

Serial number: specific instance of the Object Class being tagged.60-95 bits

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RFID vs Barcode

Data capacity is more. Several thousand characters.

Line of sight not required. May last several years,

depending upon the type of tag.

Allows unattended identification. Several tags can be read simultaneously.

Some tags can store memory.

Data capacity is very less. Upto 24 characters.

Line of sight required. Paper labels are subject to

wear and damage, hence less durable.

Only a single barcode can be scanned at a time.

No memory storage possible.

RFID BARCODE

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..but RFID are not only for identification scope..But unlike Barcodes, RFID is not merely for identification purposes..

APPLICATIONS

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Supply Chain Management and RFID15

•Information about the contents to be loaded from a factory can be written onto the tag, e.g. quantity, weight, serial number, date, time etc.

•This allows the information to be easily checked after transit, without having access to an on-line database. This can be very useful to check if items have gone "missing" during transit.

•Using the tag on the shipment and RFID readers on each of the loading bays, it is possible to identify the shipment, as it is loaded.

•The advantage is that the reading and verification is done completely automatically, therefore manual labour is considerably reduced.

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Healthcare All patients admitted to the hospital are

given an RFID-based wristband with a passive RFID chip in it.

This chip stores a unique patient ID number and relevant medical information.

The caregiver uses a handheld computer with an RFID interrogator to read the data encoded on the patients ID bracelets.

Over a wireless LAN connection, the hospital staff can access the patient’s medical history as well as treatment record.

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Passports18

• The first RFID passports ("E-passports") were issued by Malaysia in1998. In addition to information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, they record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entries and exits from the country.

• Italian passports have a RFID tag since 26th October 2006.

• Throughout Europe, RFID passes conforming to the Calypso (RFID) international standard are used for public transport systems.

Each tag is augmented with a photo sensor to significantly extend the functionality and support radio frequency identity and geometry (RFIG) discovery

Objects become self discovering

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Livestock and Animal Tracking

A tag is inserted through a Single Use Disposable syringe into the animal. It remains under the skin of the animal.

The number of the RFID tag is unique and cannot be altered.

When an animal is to be scanned, it is either brought near RFID reader or scanner or a hand-held reader is used.

The reader is connected to a remote database which correlates the unique RFID tag number on the animal with other data on the animal.

This helps in easily maintaining electronic records of vaccination and medication, health checkups, etc.

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Other applications…

The Texas Instruments Digital Signature Transponder (DST) is a cryptographically-enabled RFID device used in a variety of wireless authentication applications.

The largest deployments of the DST include the Exxon-Mobil Speedpass payment system (approximately 7 million transponders), as well as a variety of vehicle immobilizer systems used in many late model Ford, Lincoln, Mercury, Toyota, and Nissan vehicles.

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Mobile phones will be integrated with RFID reader powered by mobile phone’s battery.

RFID tags can be read through these mobile phones and information can be sent to the mobile phone service provider for many types of transactions.

This functionality can provide many services like banking, billing, purchasing, electronic payment etc.

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RFID reader integrated mobile phones

Initiatives in India on RFID

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Wipro Technologies: Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC). Setting up a lab to study RFID. Working on pilot projects

Infosys Technologies: RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFID space.

TCS: Tied up with Hyderabad University to produce RFID tagged mark sheets & degrees to deter use of fake degree.

Patni Computer Systems Lab: Implemented Animal Tracking System.

Intellicon: Pilot project for BEL Bangalore, Tags installed on employee buses. Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of gauging employee punctuality.

Mumbai: The busiest Suburban Rail Transport in the world, which transports 3.5 million commuters per day, has implemented the use of RFID ticket cards.

Conclusion24

•The real value of RFID technology stems from the insight that stands to be gained from the identification, location and subsequent control of that item and applying that insight to business.

•RFID is not industry specific—it’s business value specific. RFID is more than a locator beacon.

•RFID is an enabling tool that is not only a source of powerful information, but a source of true business innovation.

References

K Finkenzeller, RFID handbook: fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and identification, 2nd ed., R. Waddington, Ed. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003.

Q. Z. Sheng, X. Li, and S. Zeadally, "Enabling next-generation RFID applications: Solutions and challenges," Computer, vol. 41, pp. 21-28, Sept. 2008.

A. Juels, RFID Security and Privacy: A Research Survey, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal. Publication Date:Feb. 2006 Volume: 24, Issue: 2 On page(s): 381- 394

R. E. Sorace, V. S. Reinhardt, and S. A. Vaughn, “High-speed digital-to-RF converter,” U.S. Patent 5 668 842, Sept. 16, 1997

ISO website. http://www.iso.orgl The EPCglobal website. http://www.epcglobalinc.orgl The RFID Journal website www.rfidjournal.com HowStuffWorks www.howstuffworks.com

 

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THANK YOU