revolutions. protestant reformation began as an effort to reform catholic church martin luther spoke...
TRANSCRIPT
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Revolutions
•
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Protestant Reformation
• began as an effort to reform Catholic Church• Martin Luther spoke out against Church practices
– sale of indulgences – pardons that freed their owners from time in purgatory
• Church view– payments were a sign of repentance
• Luther view– salivation/forgiveness only through faith alone– posted 95 Theses on the door of Wittenberg castle
• Started the Protestant Reformation
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• Results– Church makes
reforms– other churches
started– Europe is
divided
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Scientific Revolution
• new methods of research
• Renaissance scholars develop Scientific Method– step by step approach that emphasized
experimentation and observation
• relied on math
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Great people
• Galileo Galilei– used telescope to look at the
sky
• Nicolaus Copernicus– used math to prove Earth
revolved around the sun
• Isaac Newton• invented calculus to prove
gravity keeps plants within orbits
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The Enlightenment
• also called Age of Reason
• natural laws govern human behavior
• an “enlightened” person could prefect themselves and society
• ideas become the basis for democratic nations today
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What was advocated• Reason
– truth could be discovered through reason and logical thinking– was the absent intolerance, bigotry or prejudice
• Nature– what was natural was good– natural laws of economics and polities
• Happiness– live by natural laws one could be happy– wanted happiness on earth and thought it was possible
• Progress– society and humankind could be perfected
• Liberty– a free society– speech, religion, trade, personal travel
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People of the Enlightenment
• John Locke– people had three natural rights
• life, liberty, and property
• point of gov is to protect these rights
• Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire)– freedoms (speech and religion)
• Baron de Montesquieu– separation of powers
– his ideas lead to the idea of checks and balances as well
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French Revolution
• unhappy with Absolute Monarchy– divine right of kings
• grew out of the Renaissance
• Enlightenment thinkers supported the idea of popular sovereignty
• John Lock – people had natural rights
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France• serious economic trouble
– gov. bankrupt
• King Louis XVI wanted to raise taxes• called into session Estates-General• voting was not equal in the Estates-
General
first estate
nobles
didn’t pay taxes
had one vote
second estateclergy
didn’t pay taxes
had one vote
third estateeveryone else
paid all the taxes
had one vote
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• people dissolved it and created the National Assembly– wrote a constitution– wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man
• France was a limited monarchy• Revolution turns ugly
– did not make changes fast enough– did not go far enough for some
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The French Republic
• was at war with other nations• Louis XVI was executed• Committee of Public Safety was set up
– headed by Maximilien Robespierre– Reign of Terror
• French people turn to one strong leaders• Napoleon Bonaparte
– absolute power– but did continue the revolution ideas– wanted to create an empire throughout all of Europe and
spread revolution ideas
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Results
• Ideas of liberty and quality spread throughout Europe
• constitution were written up that protected the people
• nationalism grew
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Industrial Revolution
• Change from how goods were made– From cottages to factories
• The Factory System is introduced– Workers and machines are together under one
roof producing a product
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Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
• Cottage Industry– Merchants acted as coordinators
• Would buy cotton/wool• Take it to a rural carders who
combined the fibers so that it could be spun
• Collect it and take it to a rural worker who wove the thread into cloth
• Collect it and pass it on to be dyed• Collect it and sold it to the customer
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Problems with Cottage Industry
Positive Negative
•Work out of home•Time/pace was theirs•Able to avoid starvation•Merchants did not need to buy equipment
•Merchants benefited the most
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New Inventions• Spinning Jenny –
– Spin 16 threads at one time• Water frame
– Yard produced by this was stronger
– Too large to be used in a home– Thus began the factory system
• Power loom– Used steam power at all stages
of the weaving process• Cotton gin
Spinning Jenny
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Rise of the Factory
• New machines were located in factories
• Which were located near power sources– Coal and water
• Workers were forced to leave their homes to go to work
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Effects of Textile Factories
• Output increased / prices decreased
• Majority of villagers forced to leave home to find work
• No need for craftsmen
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More improvement are made to help growth
• Steam is used as a power source
• Coal and iron industries develop
• Improvement in transportation– Roads, bridges and canals
• Improvement in communication– Telegraphy
• Bessemer steel
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Britain takes the lead
• Natural resources– Coal and iron
• entrepreneurs
• Labor force
• Government support
• Improved transportation
• Markets
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Results• Social changes
– New class structure• Urban poor• Middle class
– Women worked outside the home• Urbanization• New jobs were available• Wide variety of good at a
cheaper price• Child labor• New views of government
– socialism