the protestant reformation. causes abuses by church officials –sale of indulgences –corruption...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Protestant Reformation
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Causes
• Abuses by Church Officials–sale of indulgences
–corruption
–uneducated clergy
–clergy does not follow church rules
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Causes• Secularism and humanism
challenge church authority
• Kings challenge power of Pope
• Printing Press spreads new ideas rapidly
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Events• Church Reformers in the 15th
century (Jan Hus, John Wycliffe, Savonarola)
• Martin Luther´s “95 Theses” 1517 in Wittenberg–critizes sale of indulgences
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• Jan Hus (1369-1415)
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• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
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Events• Luther asks for full reform of
Catholic Church
• Pope Leo X bans Luther’s works
• Luther declared outlaw by German Emperor Charles V.
• Luther goes into hiding and translates the Bible into German
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• Charles V. (1500-1558)
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Luther’s Main Ideas
• Salvation achieved only through Grace of God
• Truth only in Bible - People have to read Bible themselves
• Church can’t forgive sins based on money contributions
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Effects
• End of religious unity
• New protestant churches
• Kings increase power over church
• Religious wars and persecution
• Education becomes more important
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The Holy Roman Empire
• German Peasants revolt to end serfdom
• German Princes split between Lutheran and Catholic doctrines
• Charles V. fights war against Protestant princes
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The Holy Roman Empire
• Peace of Augsburg in 1555 gives Germany an uneasy 60 year peace
• Subjects have to follow the religion of their ruler
• Conflicts between Protestant and Catholics lead to 30-Years-War (1618-1648)
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Holy Roman Empire
• Peace of Westphalia (1648):
- Protestant Princes are fully accepted, have hegemony over their territory
- Power of Holy Roman Emperor effectively weakened, no common foreign policy
- France, England become more influential than Holy Roman Empire
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England
• Pope refuses to annul Henry VIII. marriage with Catherine of Aragon
• Henry VIII breaks away from Catholicism and founds Anglican Church
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England
Henry confiscates lands of the church
King of England Head of Church
Power of Kings increases in England
Wars of Religion in England
Protestantism becomes dominant under Elizabeth I.
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France
• Protestant Minority: Hugeonots
• Civil War between Hugenots and Catholics
• Hugenot leader converts to Catholicism („Paris is worth a mass“.), grants protestanst limited religious freedom (Edict of Nantes)
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Massacre of St. Bartholemew´s Day
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Other Reformers
• John Calvin
• John Knox: Presbyterian Church
• Huguenots: in France
• Anabaptists: Radical Community that believes in equal property for everybody
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Reaction of the Church
Luther excommunicated
Counterreformation
Council of Trent
Inquisition
Jesuit Order: Establishes Catholic schools all over the World
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