Nationalism

Revolutions of 1848Failure or SuccessWhat is Similar/Different About these Two Paintings?

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 - CAUSESLack of voting rights by middle class, urban workers, rural farmers/peasantsNationalism (especially in German states, Austrian Empire, and Italian states)Liberalism desire to bring about political and social reformWHERE?France Revolution begins here and spreads to other European nations, desire for constitutional governmentHungary Desire for independence from AustriaPrussia Desire for constitutional reform and a unified German nationSardinia/Rome Desire for constitutional reform and a unified Italian nationWhere?

Partner Discussion QuestionBased on the previous map, what areas were not effected by Revolutions in the early 1800s? Why do you think these areas did not have the same problems with uprisings and revolutions? Explain.WHERE NOT?Great Britain Political reform came through legislative means in 1832 (voting rights extended to middle and working classes), ability of Parliament to respond to demands of the peopleRussia Serfdom kept peasants under tight control, Czars secret police intimidated liberals and prevented them from organizingREVOLUTIONS OF 1848 - RESULTSLiberal groups could not agree on goals/demandsLiberal groups were not united in opposition to conservative forcesConservatives much more organized and able to respond quickly to uprisingsConservatives controlled the armies in the nations under revoltNo liberal governments were able to hold onto powerNationalismIn Italy and GermanyItalian unification

ITALIAN STATES - 1850ItalyCount di CavourPrime Minister of SardiniaDecides to unify Italy with Frances help and create a constitutional monarchy modeled on Great Britain

Makes alliances with both France and Great Britain

I am Count Cavour!I think Ill make friends with France and Britain!Group Discussion QuestionWhy did Cavour of Sardinia want/need alliances with Great Britain and France? (Hint: Think about Sardinias goals and what would be needed to achieve them.)ItalyCavour meets with Frances leader, Napoleon IIIGets Napoleon to agree to support Sardinia if Austria attacks Sardinia1859 - Cavour provokes Austria to attackFrance goes to war with Austria

I am Napoleon III! I look like my famous uncle, non?

Go France!!

ItalyCavour supports Guiseppe Garibaldi and his Red ShirtsGaribaldi was a mercenary who fought in Latin American Revolutions and learned guerilla warfare tactics1860 - Garibaldi invades southern ItalyPeople of S. Italy support himGaribaldi unites southern Italy with northern ItalyCavour invades some of the Papal States

Group Discussion QuestionWhy was Garibaldi willing to unite Italy and give up his control over Southern Italy to Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II?

ItalyCavour not satisfied with Frances help (does not give Italy all they wanted after defeat of Austria)

Makes friends with Prussia

1866 - Prussia attacks Austria, so Cavour sides with Prussia

Unification almost complete!!!

ItalyFranco-Prussian War begins in 1870Cavour sides with PrussiaUses this war to invade remaining Papal States and Rome

RomeItalians Unite!German unificationGermanyOtto von BismarckPrime Minister of PrussiaDecides that Prussia must lead the unification of the German statesAustria though stands in the way due to leadership in the German Confederation

I dont like democracy! Things only get done with BLOOD and IRON, not debates and votes!Group Discussion QuestionWhat do you think Bismarck meant when he said, achieving goals through blood and iron? Why is this not surprising coming from a Prussian leader?GermanyBismarck follows three guiding principlesRealpolitikDo everything/anything necessary to gain power. No room for idealism (e.g. democracy)NationalismMilitarismUse of war to achieve national goals

Germany War with Denmark+ War with Austria+ War with France= Unification of Germany

GermanyWar with Denmark - 1864Prussia allies with Austria to regain German territoryAlso to show Prussian armys strength

GermanyWar with Austria - 1866Allies with Italy against AustriaAustria forced out of German Confederation

GermanyWar with France (Franco-Prussian War) 1870Bismarck uses EMS TELEGRAM to provoke France into declaring war on PrussiaAppeals to the nationalism of southern German states to unite with Prussia to defeat FranceUnification is complete!!!!

Vive la France! My country is ze best!

Schweinhund! Germany will win, mein Gott!I will march into Paris in 6 weeks. And I will poke out your eyes with my hat!