Revolutions in Europe and Latin America

(1790-1848)Chapter 20

Aim

Students will be able to define and explain the different ideologies of Conservative and Liberal.

Congress of Vienna

At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to uproot the “revolutionary seed”

Clash of people with opposing ideologies

Ideologies- systems of thought and belief

Conservative vs. Liberal

Conservatives Prefer the Old Order

Congress of Vienna was a victory for conservative forces

Conservatives agreed to work together in an agreement to call the Concert of Europe- to support the political and social order that had existed before Napoleon and the French Revolution

Conservative ideas appealed to peasants

Want to return to the way things were before 1789

Conservatives Prefer the Old Order

Wanted to restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept across Europe

Supported a social hierarchy where lower classes respected and obeyed their social superiors

Backed an established church: Catholic in Austria and southern Europe; Protestant in northern Europe; and Eastern Orthodox in eastern Europe

Conservatives Prefer the Old Order

If change had to occur, it must come slowly

Defended peace and stability

Liberals and Nationalists Seek

Change Inspired by the Enlightenment and the French

Revolution

Liberalism and nationalism ignited a number of revolts against established rule

Liberals spoke mostly for the middle class and bourgeoisie

Liberals included business owners, bankers, and lawyers, as well as politicians, newspaper editors, writers, and others.

Liberals Promise Freedom

Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers

Spoke out against divine-right monarchy, the old aristocracy, and the establishment of churches

Defended the natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality, and property

Favored a republican form of government over a monarchy

Liberals Promise Freedom

Saw the role of government as limited to protecting basic rights such a freedom of thought, speech, and religion

Believed only male property owners

Later: universal manhood suffrage- giving all adult men the right to vote

Strongly supported laissez-faire economics

Nationalists Strive for Unity

By 1815- Europe had several empires that included many nationalities

Examples: Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empire had diverse people.

Nationalism in Europe

In the 1800s, there were groups who shared a common heritage and they wanted their own states.

Austria- example- had several diverse groups- each wanting their own homeland.

Nationalism gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity and the ultimate goal was creating their own homeland

Revolutionaries against Old Order

Rebellions erupted in the Balkan Peninsula

Balkans- filled with various religions and ethnic groups

Serbia Seeks Independence

1804-1813 leader named Karageorge

Guerilla war against Ottomans

1815- Milos Obrenovic- led Serbians to a successful rebellion

Serbia won autonomy (self-rule)

Greece Against Ottoman Rule

1821- Greeks wanted to get out of Ottoman Rule

Greeks were divided but all wanted to end Ottoman rule

Had support by Lord Byron- fought for Greek independence

By 1830- Greece was independent

Other European Lands

Revolts occur in Europe- Spain, Portugal, and Italian states

All want a constitutional government

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

Congress of Vienna

In France, Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Louis XVIII issued a constitution and created a two-house legislature

Allowed limited freedom of the press

Successor to Louis XVIII

When Louis XVIII died, Charles X inherited the throne

He suspended the legislature

Limited the right to vote

Restricted the press

Liberals and radicals were upset with the change

The “Citizen King”

Charles X abdicated

Louis Philippe was chosen by moderate liberals- also cousin to Charles X

Louis Philippe got along with bourgeoisie

Went around meeting people and interacting with citizens

Extended suffrage to wealthier class

Belgium Wins Independence

Congress of Vienna wanted to create a strong barrier to prevent France from expanding in the future

Belgium combined Dutch and Belgians

Belgians were catholic and their economy was based on manufacturing

Dutch were protestant and their economy was based on trade

By 1831- Belgium was independent

Poland

Late 1700s- Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided Poland

Wanted to be reunited

French Revolt Again

Discontent

Recession

Poor harvest

February Days- Government tried to silence critics, demonstrators were killed.

June Days- shut down of national workshops, rioting of peasant workers. Middle class both feared and distrusted the socialists while the working class harbored hatred for bourgeoisie

Napoleon III

Presented himself as a man who cared about social issues like poverty

Had 90% of the votes

Rebellion in Germany

Potato famine brought peasants and workers into a struggle

Forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a constitution

Prussia offered the crown of a united Germany

Section 3: Revolts in Latin

America

Discontent

By 1700s- revolutionary fever swept Western Europe and impacted Latin America

Peninsulares- Spanish born. Could only hold top jobs in gov’t and church

Creoles- European-descended Latina Americans owned haciendas

Mestizos- Native American and European descent

Mulattoes- African and European descent

Enlightenment Inspires Latin America 1700s- educated creoles read the works of

Enlightenment thinkers

Saw how well the Enlightenment worked and its impact on the French Revolution

Simon Bolivar- creole- liked the ideas of “liberty, equality, and fraternity.”

Causes of Latin AmericanRevolutions

1. Enlightenment Ideas writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.

2. Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.

3. Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.

4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

Napoleon and Spain

Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 so he could put his brother on the throne

Latin American leaders saw Spain’s weakness as an opportunity to reject foreign domination

Haiti

French-ruled colony of Hispaniola

Known for sugar plantations

Sugar plantations were employed by Africans

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Slaves were revolting

Needed a skillful leader- Toussaint L’Ouverture

He was a self-educated former slave

Slave revolutions goal: abolish slavery!

This revolution took more lies than any other revolution in the Americas.

Haiti and Independence

1802- Napoleon sent army to take over the former French colony

Toussaint fought against Napoleon for the independence of Haiti

The French captured Toussaint

1803- Yellow Fever destroyed the French army

By 1820- Haiti became a republic

Mexico and Central America Revolt

1810- Creole priest of Mexico, Father Miguel Hidalgo, fought for freedom

Famous speech- “el Grito de Dolores” – the cry of Dolores- called for Mexicans to fight for independence.

One year after the “Grito” Hidalgo was captured and executed

Jose Morelos continued the Mexican fight for

freedom Father Jose Morelos was a mestizo who called

for wide-ranging social and political reform

He wanted to improve conditions for the majority of Mexicans, abolish slavery, and give the vote to all men

Mexico Wins Independence

1820- Agustin de Iturbide- brought Mexico to independence

He was basked by creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans

He then took the title Emperor Agustin I

Set up the Republic of Mexico

Simon Bolivar and Latin America

Bolivar admired the French and American Revolutions

Dreamed of winning their own independence from Spain

Bolivar was from Venezuela

He dealt with civil war in Venezuela

Bolivar was exiled twice from Venezuela to Haiti

Simon Bolivar and Latin America

Bolivar takes his army against Spain

Surprised the Spanish in an attack in 1819

1821- Bolivar succeeded in freeing Venezuela

Bolivar is now known as the “Liberator”

Took over Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

Jose de San Martin

Creole

Born in Argentina but went to Europe for military training

1816- was the General that was to help Argentina achieve freedom from Spain

Army went from Argentina and Chile

Defeated Spanish in Chile and Peru

Freedom in Latin America

Wars of independence ended in 1824

Bolivar wanted to unite his land into one nation- Gram Colombia

Gran Colombia- Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador

Brazil and Independence

When Napoleon conquered Portugal, the Portuguese family fled to Brazil

When the king returned to Portugal, he left his son, Dom Pedro to rule Brazil

Dom Pedro accepted a constitution that provided freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature