PERSONAL ASSIGNMENTEnglish TensesSubject: TOEIC Preparation

Name:Ardi PranataID:140210013Class Code:142-EL081-N1Lecturer:Drs. Pantas Marisih Silitonga, S.Th.

COMPUTER SCIENCETECHNIC FACULTYPUTERA BATAM UNIVERSITY2014/2015

PREWORD

All praise and thank to Almighty God for the mercy and grace which are bestowed upon the author, so the author can finish the task on time. The purpose of writing of this paper is to fulfill the task assigned by the lecturer of TOEIC Preparation and this paper also aims to increase knowledge and insight for the reader.The author realizes that this paper is still far from perfection, therefore the authors expect critics and suggestions from readers for the sake of perfection of this paper in the future. Hopefully this paper will be useful for those who need it.

Batam, May 18th 2015

Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER1PREWORD2TABLE OF CONTENTS3CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION4CHAPTER II DISCUSSION52.1.Present Tense52.1.1.Simple Present Tense52.1.2.Present Continuous Tense102.1.3.Present Perfect Tense112.1.4.Present Perfect Continuous Tense142.2.Past Tense152.2.1.Simple Past Tense152.2.2.Past Continuous Tense182.2.3.Past Perfect Tense192.2.4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense212.3.Future Tense212.3.1.Simple Future Tense212.3.2.Future Continuous Tense262.3.3.Future Perfect Tense272.3.4.Future Perfect Continuous Tense302.4.Future Past Tense322.4.1.Simple Future Past Tense322.4.2.Future Past Continuous Tense352.4.3.Future Past Perfect Tense362.4.4.Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense38CHAPTER III CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION40BIBLIOGRAPHY41

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

English is one of the international language. By learning English, we will be able to communicate with others around the world because most people nowadays use English to communicate with each other especially with those who from abroad. In addition, we will be able to increase wisdom and knowledge for the better sake of our country, because we will be able to read English literature, listening to radio broadcasts abroad, as well as watching movies, etc.. In addition to increase understanding about the international language, learning English will make it easier for us to get a decent job, or for the provision of our knowledge in the future. By understanding and mastering the international language properly, certainly it provides excellent benefits for all of us.In the end, its necessary to understand that there are grammatical in English first. In addition to facilitate the pronunciation, well also understand how to construct words we want to speak, to be a coherent sentences and correct according to its tenses.

CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION

2.1. Present Tense2.1.1. Simple Present TensePresent tense is used to express an activity that occurs at the present time or daily activities.2.1.1.1. Verbal Sentencea. Positive Verbal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + V1He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + V1 + -s/ese.g.: He works hard every day. They go to amusement park every Sunday. I seldom read newspaper.

Add -s suffix in verb.e.g.: work-workssing-singsread -readsspeak -speaks

If verbs end in the letters ch, o, s, sh, x, z, add the suffix -es.e.g.:reach-reachesgo-goespass -passeswish -wishes

If verbs end with -y and are preceded by a consonant, the suffix -y changes to -i with additional -es.e.g.:study-studiescarry-carriescry-cries

Whereas verbs which end with the letter -y and begin with a vowel, just add the suffix -s.e.g.:say-sayslay-laysplay-plays

If the verbs are preceded by the auxiliary verb, it isnt necessary to add -s/es.e.g.:must closecan open

b. Negative Verbal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + do + not + V1

He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + does + not + V1

Explanation: To form a negative verbal sentence, add do/does + not before the verb. Do is used in subject I, You, They, We. Does is used in subject He, She, It. In the form of negative verbal sentence, remove additional -s/es in the verb.

e.g.: He does not work hard every day. They do not visit their uncle every Sunday. I do not read a newspaper every morning.

c. Interrogative Verbal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Do + subject + V1?

He, She, ItSyntax: Does + subject + V1?Explanation: Interrogative verbal sentence is formed by adding do/does in the beginning of the sentence. In the form of negative verbal sentences, remove additional -s/es in the verb.

e.g.: Does he work hard every day? Do they visit their uncle every Sunday? Do you read a newspaper every morning?

Interrogative question is also known as yes/no question because the answer to this question are whether yes or no.

2.1.1.2. Nominal Sentencea. Positive Nominal SentenceSyntax: Subject + to be + non verbExplanation:Non-verb can be a noun, adjective or adverb. To be (is, am, are) is adapted to the subject of the sentence. Is for subject He, She, It. Are for subject You, They, We. Am for subject I.

e.g.: She is a doctor (noun). I am happy (adjective). They are in the class (adverb of place).

But if before to be is preceded by auxiliary verb, the form of to be turns into be for all subjects.e.g.: She can be sick. They must be there.

b. Negative Nominal SentenceSyntax: Subject + to be + not + non verbNegative nominal sentence is formed by adding not after to be.e.g.: She is not a doctor. I am not happy. They are not in the class.

c. Interrogative Nominal SentenceSyntax: To be + subject + non-verb?Explanation:Interrogative nominal sentence is formed by adding to be at the beginning of the sentence.

e.g.: Is she a doctor? Are you happy? Are they in the class?

2.1.2. Present Continuous TensePresent continuous tense is used to express an event which is happening at the moment.a. Positive SentenceSyntax: Subject + to be + verb + inge.g.: I am reading a comic book. She is shopping in the mall. They are doing homework together.

b. Negative SentenceSyntax: Subject + to be + not + verb + inge.g.: I am not reading a comic book. She is not shopping in the mall. They are not doing homework together.

c. Interrogative SentenceSyntax: To be + subject + verb + ing?e.g.: Are you reading a comic book? Is she shopping in the mall? Are they doing homework together?

Exemption:There are some particular verbs in the present continuous tense which indicate the circumstances that occur in the future like go, come, take, start, visit, leaving, etc.e.g.: I am visiting my uncle this afternoon. I am going to office now.

2.1.3. Present Perfect TensePresent perfect tense is used to express an activity that occurs at an indefinite time at the past, and at the time of speaking activities have been completed.2.1.3.1. Verbal Sentencea. Positive Verbal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + have + V3

He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + has + V3e.g.: She has been the headmaster for five years. We have done our homework.

b. Negative Verbal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + have + not + V3

He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + has + not + V3

e.g.: She has not been the headmaster for five years. We have not done our homework.

c. Interrogative Verbal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Have + subject + V3?

He, She, ItSyntax: Has + subject + V3?

e.g.: Has she been the headmaster for ten years? Have we done our homework?

2.1.3.2. Nominal Sentencea. Positive Nominal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + have + been + non-verb

He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + has + been + non-verb

e.g.: We have been in Bali since yesterday. It has been awhile.

b. Negative Nominal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + have + not + been + non-verb

He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + has + not + been + non-verb

e.g.: We have not been in Bali since yesterday. It has not been awhile.

c. Interrogative Nominal SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Have + subject + been + non-verb?

He, She, ItSyntax: Has + subject + been + non-verb?

e.g.: Have we been in Bali since yesterday? Has it been awhile?

2.1.4. Present Perfect Continuous TensePresent perfect continuous tense is used to express the state which begins during the past and continues until now.a. Positive SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + have + been + verb + ing

He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + has + been + verb + inge.g.: She has been living here for 19 years. They have been doing that for living since 1971.

b. Negative SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Subject + have + not +been + verb + ing

He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + has + not + been + verb + ing

e.g.: She has not been living here for 19 years. They have not been doing that for living since 1971.

c. Interrogative SentenceI, You, They, WeSyntax: Have + subject + been + verb + ing?

He, She, ItSyntax: Has + subject + been + verb + ing?

e.g.: Has she been living here for 19 years? Have they been doing that for living since 1971?

2.2. Past Tense2.2.1. Simple Past TensePast tense is used to describe event which occurs in the past.2.2.1.1. Verbal Sentencea. Positive Verbal SentenceSyntax: Subject + V2

e.g.: She studied English last night. They cleaned the classroom last week.

b. Negative Verbal SentenceSyntax: Subject + did + not + V1e.g.: She did not study English last night. They did not clean the classroom last week.

c. Interrogative Verbal SentenceSyntax: Did + subject + V1?e.g.: Did she study English last night? Did they clean the classroom yesterday?

2.2.1.2. Nominal Sentencea. Positive Nominal SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Subject + were + non verb

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + was + non verbe.g.: Tedi was sick last week. They were disappointed about the result.

b. Negative Nominal SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Subject + were + not + non verb

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + was + not + non verb

e.g.: Tedi was not sick last week. They were not disappointed about the result.

c. Interrogative Nominal SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Were + subject + non-verb?

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Was + subject + non-verb?

e.g.: Was Tedi sick last week? Were they disappointed about the result?

2.2.2. Past Continuous TensePast continuous tense is generally used to express the on-going event in the past when other event occurs.a. Positive SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Subject + were + V1 + ing

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + was + V1 + ing

e.g.: Suzie was doing her homework when Thomas came. They were hiding when the security came to check the office.

The form of this tense cant stand alone. Accompaniment in the form of a sentence is generally used as a guide. And sometimes event which follows the sentence is replaced by adverb of time.

e.g.: Ryan was playing basketball yesterday evening. We were studying math together last night.

b. Negative SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Subject + were + not + V1 + ing

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + was + not + V1 + ing

e.g.: Suzie was not doing her homework when Thomas came. They were not hiding when the security came to check the office.

c. Interrogative SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Were + subject + V1 + ing?

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Was + subject + V1 + ing?

e.g.: Was Suzie doing her homework when Thomas came? Were they hiding hen the security came to check the office?

2.2.3. Past Perfect TensePast perfect tense is used to perform an event that has been done in the past or explain the event that had elapsed.2.2.3.1. Verbal Sentencea. Positive Verbal SentenceSyntax: Subject + had + V3e.g.: She had fallen asleep when they came last night. They had learned the lesson before their teacher taught them.b. Negative Verbal SentenceSyntax: Subject + had + not + V3e.g.: She had not fallen asleep when they came last night. They had not learned the lesson before their teacher taught them.

c. Interrogative Verbal SentenceSyntax: Had + subject + V3?e.g.: Had she fallen asleep when they came last night? Had they learned the lesson before their teacher taught them?

2.2.3.2. Nominal Sentencea. Positive Nominal SentenceSyntax: Subject + had + been + non-verbe.g.: They had been there when the incident happened. She had been a nurse when she studied aboard.

b. Negative Nominal SentenceSyntax: Subject + had + not + been + non-verbe.g.: They had not been there when the incident happened. She had not been a nurse when she studied aboard.

c. Interrogative Nominal SentenceSyntax: Had + subject + been + non-verb?e.g.: Had they been there when the incident happened? Had she been a nurse when she studied aboard?

2.2.4. Past Perfect Continuous Tensea. Positive SentenceSyntax: Subject + had + been + V1 + inge.g.: They had been living here for 3 years when I came. He had been feeling down since she left him.

b. Negative SentenceSyntax: Subject + had + not + been + V1 + inge.g.: They had not been living here for 3 years when I came. He had not been feeling down since she left him.

c. Interrogative SentenceSyntax: Had + subject + been + V1 + ing?e.g.: Had they been living here for 3 years when I came? Had he been feeling down since she left him?

2.3. Future Tense2.3.1. Simple Future TenseFuture tense is used to express event that will occur.2.3.1.1. Verbal Sentencea. Positive Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + V1

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + V1

Explanation:Generally will be used for all subject.

e.g.: We shall go to Tokyo tomorrow. He will visit us next week.

b. Negative Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + V1

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + V1

e.g.: We shall not go to Tokyo tomorrow. He will not visit us next week.

c. Interrogative Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Shall + subject + V1?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Will + subject + V1?

e.g.: Shall we go to Tokyo tomorrow? Will he visit us next week?

2.3.1.2. To Be Going Toa. Positive SentenceSyntax: Subject + to be + going to + V1

Explanation: To be going to is generally used in the event which is already certain. Will/shall is used when the event is just a plan.e.g.: He is going to go to Seoul next week. They are going to go travelling this year.

b. Negative SentenceSyntax: Subject + to be + not + going to + V1

Explanation: To be going to is generally used in the event which is already certain. Will/shall is used when the event is just a plan.e.g.: He is not going to go to Seoul next week. We are not going to go travelling this year.

c. Interrogative SentenceSyntax: To be + subject + going to + V1?e.g.: Is he going to Seoul next week? Are we going to go travelling this year?

2.3.1.3. Nominal Sentencea. Positive Nominal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + be + non-verb

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + be + non-verb

e.g.: I shall be at home tonight. She will be very happy to hear that.

b. Negative Nominal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + not + be + non-verb

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + not + be + non-verb

e.g.: I shall not be at home tonight. She will not be very happy to hear that.

c. Interrogative Nominal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Shall + subject + be + non-verb?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Will + subject + be + non-verb?e.g.: Shall I be at home tonight? Will she be happy to hear that?

2.3.2. Future Continuous TenseFuture continuous tense is used to express event which will be taking place, when another event occurs. Like past continuous tense, future continuous tense also use accompaniment sentence in order to describe other event.a. Positive SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + be + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + be + V1 + ing

e.g.: She shall be studying if you text her around 7 tonight. They will be waiting for you at the airport tomorrow.

b. Negative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + not + be + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + not + be + V1 + ing

e.g.: She shall not be studying if you text her around 7 tonight. They will not be waiting for you at the airport tomorrow.

c. Interrogative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Shall + subject + be + V1 + ing?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Will + subject + be + V1 + ing?

e.g.: Shall she be studying if you text her around 7 tonight? Will they be waiting for you at the airport tomorrow?

2.3.3. Future Perfect TenseFuture perfect tense is a form used to express the events that have been done in the future.2.3.3.1. Verbal Sentencea. Positive Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + have + V3

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + have + V3

e.g.: We shall have finished our paperwork tomorrow evening. She will have done her research next week.

b. Negative Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + not + have + V3

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + not + have + V3

e.g.: We shall not have finished our paperwork tomorrow evening. She will not have done her research next week.

c. Interrogative Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Shall + subject + have + V3?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Will + subject + have + V3?

e.g.: Shall we have finished our paperwork tomorrow evening? Will she have done her research next week?

2.3.3.2. Nominal Sentencea. Positive Nominal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + have been + non-verb

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + have been + non-verb

e.g.: I shall have been a teacher this year. They will have been very busy at 8 tomorrow morning.

b. Negative Nominal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + not + have been + non-verb

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + not + have been + non-verb

e.g.: I shall not have been a teacher this year. They will not have been very busy at 8 tomorrow morning.

c. Interrogative Nominal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Shall + subject + have been + non-verb?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Will + subject + have been + non-verb?

e.g.: Shall I have been a teacher this year? Will they have been very busy at 8 tomorrow morning?

2.3.4. Future Perfect Continuous TenseFuture perfect continuous is used to express an event that has been taking place in the future when other event occurs.a. Positive SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + have been + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + have been + V1 + inge.g.: We shall have been studying you come tonight. She will have been living here for a year by next February.

b. Negative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + shall + not + have been + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + will + not + have been + V1 + ing

e.g.: We shall not have been studying you come tonight. She will not have been living here for a year by next February.

c. Interrogative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Shall + subject + have been + V1 + ing?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Will + subject + have been + V1 + ing?

e.g.: Shall we have been studying you come tonight? Will she have been living here for a year by next February?

2.4. Future Past TenseFuture past tense is used to declare an event that will happen in the past. The event has been planned but often not implemented.2.4.1. Simple Future Past Tense2.4.1.1. Verbal Sentencea. Positive Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + V1

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + would + V1

e.g.: We should come here for dinner yesterday. He would take her to the party last night.

b. Negative Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + not + V1

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + would + not + V1

e.g.: We should not come here for dinner yesterday. He would not take her to the party last night.

c. Interrogative Verbal SentenceI, WeSyntax: Should + subject + V1?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Would + subject + V1?

e.g.: Should we come here for dinner yesterday? Would he take her to the party last night?

2.4.1.2. To Be Going To (Past)a. Positive SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Subject + were + going to + V1

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + was + going to + V1

e.g.: He was going to do his homework yesterday. We were going to go to Seoul last month.

b. Negative SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Subject + were + not + going to + V1

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + was + not + going to + V1

e.g.: He was not going to do his homework yesterday. We were not going to go to Seoul last month.

c. Interrogative SentenceYou, They, WeSyntax: Were + subject + going to + V1?

I, He, She, ItSyntax: Were + subject + going to + V1?

e.g.: Was he going to do his homework yesterday? Were we going to go to Seoul last month?

2.4.2. Future Past Continuous TenseFuture past continuous tense is used to express an event that will be taking place in the past, but because of other event that occurred, the event could not be done.a. Positive SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + be + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + should + be + V1 + ing

e.g.: She would be teaching at the class tomorrow morning if she wasnt sick. We should be arriving on time last night if we didnt get stuck in traffic jam.

b. Negative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + not + be + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + should + not + be + V1 + ing

e.g.: She would not be teaching at the class tomorrow morning if she was sick. We should not be arriving on time last night if we did get stuck in traffic jam.

c. Interrogative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Should + subject + be + V1 + ing?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Would + subject + be + V1 + ing?

e.g.: Would she be teaching at the class tomorrow morning if she wasnt sick? Should we be arriving on time last night if we didnt get stuck in traffic jam?

2.4.3. Future Past Perfect TenseFuture past perfect tense is used to express an event that would have been completed in the past.a. Positive SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + have + V3

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + would + have + V3e.g.: We should have graduated if we had studied hard. She would have come if you had invited her.

b. Negative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + not + have + V3

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + would + not + have + V3e.g.: We should not have graduated if we had not studied hard. She would not have come if you had not invited her.

c. Interrogative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Should + subject + have + V3?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Would + subject + have + V3?e.g.: Should we have graduated if we had studied hard? Would she have come if you had invited her?

2.4.4. Future Past Perfect Continuous TenseFuture past perfect continuous tense is used to express an event that should have been ongoing in the past.a. Positive SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + have been + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + would + have been + V1 + inge.g.: We should have been studying English for 3 months by last winter. He would have been teaching for 10 years by last year.

b. Negative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Subject + should + not + have been + V1 + ing

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Subject + would + not + have been + V1 + ing

e.g.: We should not have been studying English for 3 months by last winter. He would not have been teaching for 10 years by last year.

c. Interrogative SentenceI, WeSyntax: Should + subject + have been + V1 + ing?

You, They, He, She, ItSyntax: Should + subject + have been + V1 + ing?e.g.: Should we have been studying English for 3 months by last winter? Would he have been teaching for 10 years by last year?

CHAPTER IIICONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.1.ConclusionEvery tenses has its own function, present tense describes what happens in the meantime, past tense describes what happened, future tense describes plans or activities you want to do and future past tense describes what you wanted to do but for some reason, the plans not implemented. Continuous tense (whether it is in present, past, future or future past) describes an on-going activities.

3.2.RecommendationMany people nowadays dont always use grammatical English, what really matters is that both side understand what each other are trying to say. Most of those people are those who learn English as a foreign language, not as their national language. But there are few countries where they dont really speak grammatical English even though English is one of their national language, for example Singapore and Philippine. Learning grammatical English is a stepping stone if youre currently working in international company, it helps you to write letter formally, speaking politely, making presentation more entertaining, etc. Mastering the grammatical language is actually optional, but if you do, it will be an additional advantage for you especially when youre looking for a job which relates to something formal like tour guide, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/verb-tenses.htmlEntin Sutinah, dkk. Get Along With English for Vocational School Grade X Novice Level. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2010.Entin Sutinah, dkk. Get Along With English for Vocational School Grade XI Elementary Level. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2010.Entin Sutinah, dkk. Get Along With English for Vocational School Grade XII Intermediate Level. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2010.

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