Recombinant DNA Technology and The Recombinant DNA Technology and The Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project

SDJacintoSDJacinto

Institute of BiologyInstitute of Biology

UP DilimanUP Diliman

Bibliographic EntryResult(w/surrounding text)

StandardizedResult

Mitchel, Campbell Reece. Biology Concept and Connections. California, 1997.

"At actual size, a human cell's DNA totals about 3 meters in length."

3.0 m

McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw Hill, 1997.

"If stretched out, would form very thin thread, about 6 feet (2 meters) long."

2.0 m

Matthews, Harry R. DNA Structure Prerequisite Information. 1997."The length is (length of 1 bp)(number of bp per cell) which is

(0.34 nm)(6 × 109)"2.0 m

Leltninger, Albert L. Biochemistry. New York: Worth, 1975. "Chromosome 13 contains a DNA molecule about 3.2 cm long." 1.5 m

"Cell." The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: Field Enterprises, 1996.

"On the average, a single human chromosome consists of DNA molecule that is about 2 inches long."

2.3 m

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/StevenChen.shtml

http://www.molecularlab.it/images/varie/dna_structure.jpeg

The DNA unraveled

Nucleosome

Double helix

Bases

Chromosome

www.cse.ucsc.edu/.../ biology_starter/DNA.html

C

C

T

T

Double helix –two strands running in anti-parallel direction

http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/DNA-RNA.jpg

Central Dogma in Molecular Biology

http://www.geneticengineering.org/chemis

http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/MolecularBiology/AMonksFlourishingGarden/translation.gif

http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.scripps.edu/chem/wong/PIX/ribosome.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.scripps.edu/chem/wong/rna.html&h=324&w=496&sz=41&tbnid=62-ptuoY199-

HM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drna%2Btranslation&hl=en&usg=__6WIPfzDmYA_wGOLVwvqlt43hXfI=&ei=SIxGS_KaKM2OkQXbiq30Ag&sa=X&oi=

image_result&resnum=5&ct=image&ved=0CB4Q9QEwBA

http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ILLUST/Code4.jpg

DNA from one source is cut and combined DNA from one source is cut and combined with DNA from another source. with DNA from another source.

DonatedDonated DNA DNA representing a gene is cut representing a gene is cut with restriction endonucleases (RE)with restriction endonucleases (RE)

RE cuts at very specific sequence of bases. RE cuts at very specific sequence of bases. HostHost DNA DNA is also cut. is also cut. Another enzyme (Another enzyme (ligaseligase) glues the two cut ) glues the two cut

pieces together. pieces together. This engineered DNA is then inserted into a This engineered DNA is then inserted into a

cellcell such as bacteria or yeast. such as bacteria or yeast.

http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/biotech/pics/recombinant.gif

Has applications in improvement of Has applications in improvement of livestock and agricultural produce and livestock and agricultural produce and therapy therapy of certain diseases, of certain diseases, Some plants made Some plants made resistant to pests, diseasesresistant to pests, diseases

andand droughtdrought due to Recombinant DNA due to Recombinant DNA technologytechnology

Human insulinHuman insulin is now expressed from is now expressed from recombinant genes expressed by bacterial recombinant genes expressed by bacterial vector. vector.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)-Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)-applications of recombinant DNA applications of recombinant DNA technologytechnology TransgenicTransgenic organismsorganisms -officially defined as “one -officially defined as “one

whose genome has been modified by externally whose genome has been modified by externally applied new DNA; a term applied to metazoans”applied new DNA; a term applied to metazoans”

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http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/

The case of The case of Herman -the transgenic bullHerman -the transgenic bull containing foreign gene containing foreign gene lactoferrinlactoferrin-- iron iron containing protein. Modified in containing protein. Modified in in a in a laboratory by Gen Pharm International of laboratory by Gen Pharm International of Mountain View, CaliforniaMountain View, California Herman has sired many calves all with lactoferrin Herman has sired many calves all with lactoferrin

genegene Successful breeding of Herman and progeny, a new Successful breeding of Herman and progeny, a new

source of nutritious milk may become available; has source of nutritious milk may become available; has far-reaching effects for children in developing far-reaching effects for children in developing nations. nations.

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GENETIC MODIFICATION HAS NO PLACE IN THE WORLD OF FOOD

www.kids.organics.org/ Organic/5.htm

http://blogs.venturacountystar.com/greenberg/archives/qqxsgGMOArk.jpg

Recombinant DNA technology applied

peer.tamu.edu/.../ module_4/whyitmatters.htm

Gene therapy

Doctors assess DNA samples to detect Doctors assess DNA samples to detect presence of heritable diseasespresence of heritable diseases

With gene therapy they can With gene therapy they can replace defective replace defective or absent genesor absent genes to direct normal functionto direct normal function

The case of The case of defective p53 genes defective p53 genes andand carcinogenesiscarcinogenesis

www.york.ac.uk/depts/ biol/units/cru/gendeliv.htm

Methods of gene introductionMethods of gene introduction

Sonoporation and microbubble or liposomeSonoporation and microbubble or liposome http://www.sonidel.com/articles/http://www.sonidel.com/articles/ http://www.nature.com/cgt/journal/v16/n8/abs/chttp://www.nature.com/cgt/journal/v16/n8/abs/c

gt20081a.htmlgt20081a.html

http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/2622/SK195_5_002i.jpg

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/therapyvector.jpg

Read about Prof. Craig Venter Read about Prof. Craig Venter creating artificial life!!!creating artificial life!!!

http://www.dailytech.com/Scientist+Craig+Venter+Has+Createhttp://www.dailytech.com/Scientist+Craig+Venter+Has+Created+Artificial+Life/article16619.htmd+Artificial+Life/article16619.htm

  started in started in 1990 finished1990 finished inin April 2003April 2003 objective is to know the DNA sequence of the objective is to know the DNA sequence of the

whole human whole human genomegenome ( the totality of DNA in any ( the totality of DNA in any human cell)human cell)

was supported by the was supported by the US Department of Energy US Department of Energy and National Institutes of Healthand National Institutes of Health.. During the early During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others.others...

CeleraCelera -private organization based in Maryland also -private organization based in Maryland also conducted similar project; in effect a competitorconducted similar project; in effect a competitor

    

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

identifyidentify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, human DNA,

determinedetermine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, base pairs that make up human DNA,

storestore this information in databases, this information in databases, improveimprove tools for data analysis, tools for data analysis, transfertransfer related technologies to the private sector, related technologies to the private sector,

and and addressaddress the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI)

that may arise from the project. that may arise from the project.

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

The human genome contains The human genome contains 3.2 3.2 billionbillion chemical nucleotide bases chemical nucleotide bases (A,G,C,T)(A,G,C,T)

Average gene contains Average gene contains 30003000 bases bases but varies greatly; but varies greatly; largest known largest known human gene is dystrophin with 2.4 human gene is dystrophin with 2.4 million basesmillion bases

TentativeTentative assignments for some of the assignments for some of the gene functionsgene functions have been made for have been made for half half of the genesof the genes of the identified human of the identified human DNA sequenceDNA sequence

Functions of the Functions of the other half other half still still unknownunknown; ; the exact functions of the “known” genes the exact functions of the “known” genes not even clearnot even clear

In functional categories, In functional categories, humans have more humans have more genesgenes than all other organisms whose genes than all other organisms whose genes have been sequenced. have been sequenced.

Plants have more metabolic genes! Plants have more metabolic genes! than any than any other animal whose genes have been other animal whose genes have been sequenced.sequenced.

Can be of help in Can be of help in treatment of diseasestreatment of diseases; ;

(for instance one common goal of many (for instance one common goal of many laboratories is to utilize the information from laboratories is to utilize the information from the human genome project to unravel the the human genome project to unravel the molecular mechanism of Down’s syndrome; so molecular mechanism of Down’s syndrome; so far no success far no success ))

Just about everythingJust about everything! The sequence of the ! The sequence of the human genome has been made available for human genome has been made available for everybody’s use and interpretation.everybody’s use and interpretation.

http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/baker_00/2001_p2/baker_dc_ad_p.2/polit.%20cart2..gif

Study of how Study of how variations in the human genome variations in the human genome affect the affect the response to medicationsresponse to medications

Environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of Environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health all can influence a person's response to health all can influence a person's response to medicines, but understanding an individual's medicines, but understanding an individual's genetic makeup is thought to be the key to genetic makeup is thought to be the key to creating personalized drugs with greater efficacy creating personalized drugs with greater efficacy and safetyand safety. .

May permit May permit drugs to be tailor-made drugs to be tailor-made for for individuals and adapted to each person's own individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup. genetic makeup.

http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.freewebs.com/pharmacogenomics/HopeForTheFuture.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freewebs.com/pharmacogenomics/impactonyou.htm&usg=__eUK8ps0yiZfDSDZ8b18nnsD0v5g=&h=432&w=392&sz=138&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=yAmZeWScg1q3tM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpharmacogenomics%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

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BRCA1BRCA1 andand 2-2- tumor suppressors that if tumor suppressors that if mutated can cause breast cancermutated can cause breast cancer

The study of how The study of how different foods may affect different foods may affect specific gene expression specific gene expression to increase the risk of to increase the risk of common chronic diseases such as type 2 common chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart disease, stroke and diabetes, obesity, heart disease, stroke and certain cancers. certain cancers.

The premise underlying nutrigenomics is that The premise underlying nutrigenomics is that the the influence of diet on health depends on an influence of diet on health depends on an individual's genetic makeup.individual's genetic makeup.

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