Lecture 25 Review

Lecture 25 Review

What is the purpose of sperm capacitation?Prepares the flagellum to be fully motile before entering the vaginal canal.Prepares the acrosome to be ready for fertilization of the secondary oocyte.Prepares the mitochondria by absorbing required ATP energy for journey through female reproductive tract.Prepares DNA of head by dividing to genetically store in new offspring. Answer: Number 2.

There are three phases of fertilization. Put them in order:Acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration.

Fusion of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes and pronuclei.

Corona radiata penetration. 2.

3.

1. Where does fertilization take place?Answer: The Uterine TubeWhere does it occur most often in the uterine tube?Answer: Ampulla3What is taking place during the cleavage period?The fertilized zygote splits undergoes mitosis and divides into 2 right before implantation.The zygote exits the uterine tube through the fimbriae to implant in the placentaThe cells of the zygote divide as it moves down the uterine tube and prepares to enter the uterus.The embryoblast of inner cell mass divides into the three primary germ layers which go on to become the rest of the body. Answer: Number 3. Approximately how many cells are within the zygote it is officially considered a blastocyst and prepares for implantation?Answer: 100

Implantation occurs approximately __ days after fertilization.57814Answer: 7Bonus: What are the inner and outer layers of the blastocyst called just prior to implantation?Answer: Inner embryoblast or inner cell massOuter trophoblast

Match the pre-embryonic process with the area it generally occurs in:Sperm Capacitation

Fertilization

Cleavage

ImplantationStratum Functionalis of the endometrium.

Down the uterine tube.

Female reproductive tract.

Ampulla of the uterine tube.The trophoblast of the blastocyst is composed of 2 structures. What are they?1.2. CytotrophoblastSyncytiotrophoblast Which of these two structures initiates the burrowing into of the stratum functionalis and produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG?Answer: SyncytiotrophoblastWhat do the cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast go on to become during pregnancy?Answer: Chorion and placentaWhat is the purpose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?To preserve the corpus luteumTo protect the embryoblast from bacterial invasionTo form the fetal half of the placentaAnswer: To preserve the corpus luteum.Why is it clinically significant that hCG enters the bloodstream and is even urinated? Answer: It is the basis of urinary pregnancy tests. True/False. Chorionic villi are immersed in a pool of maternal blood, therefore babys blood is mixed with the mothers during pregnancy.TrueFalseAnswer: Even though the chorionci villi are immersed in a pool of maternal blood, the babys blood will never mix with the mothers.The placenta helps produce what 2 hormones?Answer: Estrogen and Progesterone

Umbilical cord (connects fetus to placenta)Chorionic villusPlacentaTrue/False: The main function of the placenta is the exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, and antibodies between mother and child. TrueFalseAnswer: TrueDuring pregnancy the mother breaths in ____% more air and has ____% more blood than usual. 2050The embryonic period includes weeks 3-8 of pregnancy. Which one of the following is not a process that occurs during the embryonic period. Primitive streak formsGastrulationBody FoldingNeurulationLimb buds formOrganogenesisSexual DifferentiationAnswer: Sexual Differentiation. This occurs between weeks 10-12.To review all of the process of the embryonic period, look at the review slides made for lecture 2 under the teaching assistants page on learning suite.

Primitive streakNeural grooveNeural foldWeek 31.5 mmWeek 44.0 mmHeartUmbilical cordLimb budsWeeks 5830 mmAnswer the following true/false questions:There is absolutely no difference between males and females at week 5 of pregnancy.

What causes testes to develop is whether there is an TDF on the X chromosome.

Embryos initially contain both male and female duct systems.

The name for male ducts is paramesonephric and for female ducts is mesonephric.

Genes and hormones determine which duct system will degenerate. Answer: TrueAnswer: TrueAnswer: TrueAnswer: False, it is determined by whether TDF is on the Y chromosome. If so, testes form. Answer: False. Female = paramesonephric and Male = mesonephric. Match whether each process is contributing to internal male of female development:Internal Female Development

Internal Male DevelopmentThe paramesonephric duct degerates.

The paramesonephric ducts from the uterine tubes.

The fused paramesonephric ducts form the uterus.

The mesonephric duct forms the epididymis and ductus deferens.

The mesonephric duct degenerates.

State whether internal male or female development is taking place based on the pictures below:

1. 2. Internal Male DevelopmentInternal Female DevelopmentConcerning External Development: Match the structures of the sexually indifferent stage with what they become in males of females.Structure while sexually indifferentStructure in developed malesStructure in developed femalesGenital TubercleUrogenital FoldLabioscrotal SwellingGlans of Penis Clitoris Shaft of Penis Labia Minora Scrotum Labia Majora

_________ are organs that share the same embryonic origin. Genetical GenitalsHomozygotesSynomologuesHomologues Answer: HomologuesCan you think of 2 other pairs of reproductive homologues not mentioned on the previous slide? Answer: Ovaries and testes (share the common function of producing gametes and sex hormones)Vestibular and bulbourethral glands (share the common function of secreting mucin for lubrication during intercourse)The fetal period (weeks 9-38 of pregnancy) has one main function: the development of each organ found within the body.TrueFalseAnswer: False. All of the rudimentary organs have developed by week 8. During the fetal period these organs grow and mature. Bonus: Can you name a few of the ways these organs grow and mature?Answers:Bones ossifyReproductive organs developBrain enlargesBody elongatesLimbs growOrgan systems become functionalBaby movement beginsBaby gains weight

True/False questions regarding late pregnancy:Gestation lasts 38 weeks from conception or 40 weeks from the last menstrual cycle.During this period a womans breasts will enlarge and they will develop the ability to produce milk.During this period the uterus generally expands 15 times larger than normal.Hormones harden the cervix and loosen the pubic symphysis in preparation for birth.Mild contractions may occur due to a more active myometrium.Baby drops down and is normally oriented head down with face anterior. Answers:TrueTrueFalse. It usually expands 20 times larger.False: Hormones soften the cervix.TrueFalse. The babys face is posterior (otherwise can cause some serious damage breach birth).Match the stages of labor with their description below:Lasts from full dilation to delivery of the baby.

Eliminates the placenta (generally 15-30 minutes after childbirth).

The longest stage. Begins with first regular contraction and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. Cervical Dilation

Expulsion

PlacentalContractions get less severe and last less time as a woman approaches delivery.TrueFalseAnswer: False. Contractions become more severe with less time in between each. Bonus Questions:

How wide must a cervix be dilated to be considered fully dilated?

During which of the 3 stages of labor must a woman actually push on her own will?

Answer: 7 10 cmAnswer: Expulsion

Which of the following is not a reason for a cesarean section?Previous C-section Narrow pelvis and large fetusExtreme pain (Above 8 on 1-10 scale)Placental abruption (Placenta detaches)Placenta previa (P;acenta covers the cervix)Atypical presentation of baby (Breach)Cord prolapse (umbilical cord exits uterus before baby)Fetal distress

Answer: Number 3.

So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. (Genesis 1:27)

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