Review

Independent Variable Being manipulated or intentionally changed

Dependent Variable Being measured (outcome)

Control Group To compare, to ensure there is no outside

influence

1. You want to see if playing music makes plants grow taller.

2. Orchids were studied to determine if the amount of humidity affected the flowering of these plants.

3.  A florist wants to see if Product X will extend the life of cut flowers so that they last longer.

4. A soap manufacturer wants to prove that their detergent works better to remove tough stains.

5. A scientist want to study the diversity of soil bacteria found during different months of the year.

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

The cell is the most basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms.

All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells.

Prokaryotic No nucleus, no

membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic Nucleus &

membrane bound organelles

Plants + Animals

Plants Chloroplast Cell wall Large vacuole

Animals Lacking the

above

Diffusion movement of

particles from high to low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion Assisted using a

protein allows for selected particles

Active Transportation Requires energy (ATP)

Hypertonic Higher

concentration of solutes

Hypotonic Higher

concentration of water

Isotonic Equal

concentrations

Why do plant cells not burst in a hypotonic solution?

Macromolecules SubunitsMonomers,

Functions: Examples:

Carbohydrates Simple sugars - Glucose

Energy Sugar Starch

Lipids Fatty acids + Glycerol

Energy storage + cell membrane

Fats, oils, waxes

Proteins Amino Acids Structure + Support

Muscle, Bones, Enzymes

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Genetic storageProtein synthesis

DNA + RNA

What is the difference between a monomer and polymer (think lego’s)

Proteins that speed up biological reactions by reducing activation energy

Polarity – slightly charged regions Hydrogen bonds – bonds

between polar molecules Cohesion

Attraction of same kind Adhesion

Attraction different kind High specific heat

Requires lots of energy to change temperature

OHH

_

++

Interphase – Most of cells life, growth, DNA replication (S)

Mitosis – Division of nucleus Cytokinesis – Division of cytoplasm into

2 cells

Division of nucleus

For body or somatic cells

Creates identical cells

PMAT

Creates 4 haploid cells

Provides genetic variation (different from parent) Crossing over –

mixing of DNA segments during prophase 1 (increases number of allele combinations)

Occurs in chloroplast Uses solar energy to create chemical energy H2O+CO2Sugar+02

Occurs in mitochondria Provides energy for the cell (ATP) Sugar+02 H2O+CO2

Aerobic – uses O2 Anaerobic – does not use 02

Energy on a cellular level “Battery” that gets used by use of an

enzyme breaking off the 3rd phosphate

Double helix & Nucleotides

Ex. If given ACC TGC write the compliment

Base pairing rules A <-> T C <-> G

Occurs during synthesis of interphase

DNA unzips and uses itself as a template to create an identical copy of DNA