Review for Final

•To review all objectives from chapter 7-13 and 16-17•To review all the vocabulary words from chapter 7-13 and 16-17

Define Population

• A group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific area and interbreed

Define Species

• A group of organisms that are closely related and naturally mate to produce fertile offspring

Define Evolution

• A change over time; a change of the characteristics of a population over many generations

Define Homologous

– Similar, but not identical• Homologous chromosomes

– chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis

Define Homologous Structure

• Anatomical structures that have a common ancestry

Define Analogous

• Similarities that arise through convergent evolution b/c the organisms live in similar habitats.– Sharks (fish) and whales (mammals)

Define Vestigial Structure• A structure in an organism that is reduced in size

and function. This may have been complete and functional in the organisms ancestors.

Define Heredity

• The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring

Define Dominant Gene

• The gene that is going to expressed (shown) in the offspring

• Normally the allele with the capital letter

Yellow is dominant over green

Expressed as “Aa or AA”

Define Recessive Gene

• The gene that is not seen if a dominant gene is present but can be passed on in genes (masked)

• Normally in lower case letters

Green is recessive to yellow

Expressed as “Aa or aa”

10.Who was considered the “Father of Genetics”?

• The father of genetics was Gregor Mendel.

• Austrian monk born in 1822• Used true-breeding pea

plants which always pass on the same characteristics to the next generation.

• Carefully planned experiments to test blending hypothesis of heredity

11. Differentiate between phenotype and genotype

• Phenotype: is the physical appearance of the organism in genetics

– EX. FF freckles

• Genotype: is the genetic make up of the organisms typically represented with letters

12. Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotype

• Homozygous: “homo” means the same in Latin: individuals that have identical alleles for a trait– Ex. EE (homozygous dominant)

ee (homozygous recessive)• Heterozygous: “hetero” means different in Latin;

individuals that have different alleles for a trait – Ex. Ee (heterzygous)

13. State and describe the Law of Independent Assortment

• The law that states that genes on different chromosomes separate independently of one another in meiosis

14. Complete the following

• F = Freckles present

FF Ff

Ff ff_F_

_f_

_f__F_Genotype Ratio:

1 FF : 2 Ff : 1 ff

Phenotype Ratio:

3 Freckles: 1 No Freckles

15. What do the letters on the outside of the punnett square represent?

• The parents’ gametes

Dad’s sperm

Mom’s eggs

16. What do the letters on the inside of the punnett square represent?

• The probability of what the genetic make up of the baby will be

17. How many of the offspring would have freckles?

• 3 out of the 4 • The child has a ¾, 75% or 3 out 4 chance of

having freckles

18. What is a sex-linked trait?

• A trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as “X” or “Y”.

• XX female Ex: hemophilia (X) colorblindness (X)

hairy ears (Y)

• XY male

19. What are 3 ways we can predict the occurrence of a genetic disorder?

• 1. Karyotyping• Prenatal testing

• 2. Pedigree• 3. Genetic Counseling

20.What is a pedigree?

• A family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

male female

Shaded has disease and unshaded is normal

21. List 2 traits that are caused by multiple alleles

• 1. Blood Typing– IAIA IAi IBIB IBi IAIB ii

• 2. Skin Color 3. Rabbit fur color

22. What are the 4 different blood types?

• Blood Typing– IAIA Iai A type Blood– IBIB Ibi B type Blood– IAIB AB type Blood– ii O type

Blood

23. How do mutations in DNA occur and why are they important? (Positive and Negative)

• Types of mutations: – Point mutations : deletion, insertion, & substitution– Gene mutations: deletion, insertion,duplication,

inversion and translocation• Positive: they give rise to diversity in the population of a

species (THINK: Sneaker Male Iguana)• Negative: they can give the population a deadly gene

(THINK: Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Mental Retardation)

24. Where did Darwin conduct much of his research?

• Galapagos Islands

25. Describe the idea of natural selection as witnessed by Darwin?

Darwin observed that each island had a population of finches.

The finches looked different from one another,but had many similarities.

The beaks were the biggest difference.If the birds were on a island with small seeds (wet season) their

beaks were small.If the birds were on a island with large seeds (dry season) their

beaks were smallThe birds with the appropriate beak size for the island’s

food supply survived.

26. How does natural selection help to drive a species to change over a long period of time?

• With natural selection if the environment changes sometimes a trait that was favorable will now be unfavorable.

• Example: Darwin’s Finches– Beak size and food availability

27. List the different types of fossils

Trace fossil or Imprinting: the outline in a rock of an organism or a trace left

by an organism

Body Fossil: preserved or mineralized remains of an organism

28.How do vestigial structure help to support the theory of evolution?

• You an compare the structures that are shared between species that may not seemed related.

• The fact that they have the same basic structure solidifies the facts that they had a common ancestor

29. How are the amino acids and DNA sequences used to support the idea behind evolution?

• You can compare the DNA/amino acid sequence between species that may not seemed related

• The fact that they have a similar DNA/Amino Acids sequence solidifies the fact that they had a recent common ancestor

• The greater the differences, the more distantly related.

30. How does competition help to drive evolution?

• Competition arises b/c of limited resources such as food, shelter, suitable mates.

• Those w/ adaptations that make them more fit will survive, reproduce more successfully and pass on their genes in the process.

Protein Synthesis = Transcription (Nucleus) and Translation (Ribosome)

DNA CODE: CGT ATG GCC TAT ACA ATA GCG mRNA CODE: ___GCA___UAC____CGG___AUA____UGU___UAU___CGC_ tRNA CODE: ___CGU AUG GCC UAU ACA AUA GCG__

AMINO ACID __alanine__tyrosine_arginine_isoleucine_ cysteine_ tyrosine arginine SEQUENCE Produce the complementary strand of DNA for the strand of DNA below: DNA CODE: CGT ATG GCC TAT ACA ATA GCG

_GCA__ _TAC___CGG____ATA__ _TGT__ TAT_ _CGC

31. Define Haploid 32.Define Diploid

• Haploid – A cell that has only one set of chromosomes. Example – gamete (egg or sperm)

• Diploid – A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes.

• Example – somatic cells • zygote (fertilized egg)

33. Define Transcription

• The genetic information for making a protein is rewritten as a molecule of messenger RNA.

34. Define Translation

• The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes . Codons from mRNA molecules specify the sequence of amino acids.

35. Define Bacteriophage

• A virus that infects bacteria• Remember what Hershey

and Chase did

36. Define Population• A group of organisms of the same species that live

in a specific area and interbreed

37. Define community.

• A group of species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other.

38. Define habitat.

• The place where an organism usually lives. • Whose habitat is this?

39. Define niche.• The position (way of life) of a species in an

ecosystem in terms of the physical characteristics (such as size, location, temperature, and pH) of the area where the species lives and the function of the species in the biological community.

40. Define ecosystem.• A community of organisms and their abiotic

environment.

41. Define biome.• A large region characterized by a specific type of

climate and certain types of plant and animal communities.

42. Define abiotic factors.• An environmental factor that is not associated with

the activities of living organisms.

• Rocks

•Soil

•Water

•Sunlight

•Air

43. Define biotic factors.• An environmental factor that is associated with

or results from the activities of living organisms.

44. Define succession.• The replacement of one type of community by

another at a single location over a period of time.

45. Define producer.• An organism that can make organic molecules

from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic autotroph that serves as the basic food source in an ecosystem.

46. Define consumer.

• An organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources.

47. Define herbivore.

• An organism that eats only plants.

48. Define carnivore.

• An animal that eats other animals.

49. Define omnivore.

• An organism that eats both plants and animals.

50. Define detritivore.

• A consumer that feeds on dead plants and animals.

51. Define decomposer.

• An organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms; examples include bacteria and fungi.

52. What is crossing over and why is it important?

• The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes results in genetic recombination which is essential to evolution.

• This is important because this is how we get genetic variation

between siblings

53. What are the 3 different ways asexual reproduction occurs?

• In asexual reproduction, a single parent passes exact copies of all of its DNA to its offspring.

• Fission

• Fragmentation

• Budding

54. Describe the process of transformation?

• Transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.

55. Describe the structure of DNA (Parts, shape, components)1. Made up of many nucleotides A, T, C, G

3. Double helix in shape (Twisted Ladder)

2. A Nucleotide is made up of a sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate

56. Complete the following diagrams of the processes of cell division in humans, also label each process

Prophase II

Prophase IMetaphase I

Anaphase I Telophase I

Cytokinese IMetaphase II

Telophase IIAnaphase IICytokinese II

Cytokinese I

Prophase IMetaphase IAnaphase I

Telophase I

57. List the difference between DNA and RNA

• DNA• Double stranded• Deoxyribose• Found In Nucleus

• 1 type• Master copy• Thymine present

• RNA• Single stranded• Ribose• Found in nucleus &

cytoplasm• 3 types• Blue print• Uracil present

58. What is replication and when and where does it occur?

• DNA is copied• Occurs in the nucleus• Takes place during the

synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

• Enzymes separate the two strands

• New strands are synthesized by base-pairing with the original strand

59. List the different forms of RNA also explain the function.

• Messenger RNA - carries instructions for making a protein from a gene on the DNA in the nucleus and delivers it to the site of translation. (mailman)

• Ribosomal RNA – responsible for ribosome function. (factory)

• Transfer RNA - single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid. (delivery man)

60. What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?

• Codon - The RNA instructions are written as a series of three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA called codons.

• Anticodon - a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

61. List where the following processes occur

• DNA Replication - Nucleus• Transcription - Nucleus• Translation - cytoplasm

62. Who was Chargaff and what rule did he propose?

• American Biochemist• Studied the nucleotide composition

of many samples of DNA.• Amounts of nucleotides varied with

each sample of DNA.• Thymine equals Adenine • and Guanine = Cytosine.

63. What are the differences and similarities between a food chain and a food web?

•A food chain the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms. •A food web a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. •They both show energy transfer from one organism to the next.

63. Food chain Food web

64. What is an energy pyramid? What types of organisms are found at each trophic level?

•An energy pyramid is a triangular diagram that shows an ecosystem’s loss of energy, which results as energy passes through the ecosystem’s food chain•Each row in the pyramid represents a trophic (feeding) level in an ecosystem.•The area of a row represents the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms.

65. What % of the energy at a trophic level ends up in the next trophic level above it? 10%

66. Primary Secondary succession succession

• Primary succession is succession that begins in an area that previously did not support life

• Secondary succession is the process by which one community replaces another community that has been partially or totally destroyed

67. Define symbiosis

• Symbiosis a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

68. Distinguish between parasitism, commensalism and mutualism

• Parasitism is a relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite, benefits

• from the other species, the host, and usually harms the host.

• Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

• Mutualism is a relationship between two species in which both species benefit.