Review for exam II

March 12, 2015

Format for exam

• 70 multiple choice

• 3 sets of discussion questions

Bring…/Don’t Bring…

• Bring…– Scantron sheet– Pencil, eraser, calculator

• Don’t Bring…– Paper– PDAs, Pocket PC’s, tablets, – Programmable, high memory storage devices

We Covered:

• Burns Chs 4, 7, 8

• Schwalbe, Chs 3-7

We also covered

• Probabilistic PERT (formulas will be given to you)– Each task (activity) requires three time

estimates – Optimistic, Most likely, Pessimistic

• Crashing

Schwalbe, Chs. 3-8

• Ch 3—PM Process Groups—a Case Study

• Ch 4--integration management

• Ch 5—scope management

• Ch 6—time management

• Ch 7—cost management

For Schwalbe material

• Skim the chapter– Look for definitions

and concepts

• Work the multiple choice at the end

• Read the chapter Summary

The Project Team

• Ideally, the PM should become involved at what point in a project?

• What about the other project team members?

• Which is easier to develop? Skills or competencies?

• What have many organizations done about this?• Create a learning laboratory for wanna be project managers

• Use a hierarchy of job classifications for aspiring project managers

Parkinson’s Law

• What is it??

Processes

PMBOK Guide 4th Edition Project Integration Management

- Develop Project Charter - Develop Project Management Plan - Direct and Manage Project Execution - Monitor and Control Project Work - Perform Integrated Change Control - Close Project or Phase

Project Scope Management - Collect Requirements - Define Scope - Create WBS - Verify Scope - Control Scope

Project Time Management - Define Activities - Sequence Activities - Estimate Activity Resources - Estimate Activity Durations - Develop Schedule - Control Schedule

More Processes

Project Cost Management - Estimate Costs - Determine Budget - Control Costs

Project Quality Management - Plan Quality - Perform Quality Assurance - Perform Quality Control

Project Human Resource Management - Develop Human Resource Plan - Acquire Project Team - Develop Project Team - Manage Project Team

What are the processes that make up the cost management

knowledge area?

• Estimate Costs

• Determine Budget

• Control Costs

What are the processes that make up the quality management

knowledge area?• Plan Quality

• Perform Quality Assurance

• Perform Quality Control

Human Resources Management

• Develop HR plan

• Acquire team

• Develop team

• Manage team

Team Development and Effectiveness

• Name the five states of team development according to B.W. Tuckman

• Effective project teams have what characteristics?– Next slide

• Barriers to team effectiveness include what?– Next slide

Characteristics of effective project teams

• A clear understanding of the project objective

• Clear expectations of each person’s role and responsibilities

• A results Orientation

• A High Degree of Cooperation and Collaboration

• A High Level of Trust

Barriers to team effectiveness are…

• Unclear goals• Unclear definition of

Roles and Responsibilities

• Lack of project structure

• Lack of Commitment

• Poor Communication• Poor Leadership• Turnover of project

team members• Dysfunctional

behavior

The Core Team

• The project team is comprised of two categories of team members--core and contracted

• Core team members are with the project from cradle to grave, albeit only part time

• Selection criteria: Commitment, shared responsibility, flexible, task oriented, team oriented, open-minded, work across departments,

The Contracted Team

• Contracted team members are with the project for only a short time, during which they produce a specific deliverable and then leave

• What problems, do contracted team members present to the PM?– Window of availability, project orientation,

commitment to the project

Level Project Resources

• What is meant by resource leveling?

• Why do we need to level resources?

• What is meant by splitting activities? Stretching activities?

• Can you split or stretch activities that are on the critical path?

• Why or why not?

Schedule and Document Work Packages

– How many tasks in a work package?– How many cost accounts in a work package?

• What chart is recommended for scheduling a work package?– Organized by due date, and again by activity

manager

POSSIBLE MC Questions

• What is contingency?

• Which of the following is used to calculate probabilities? CPM, PERT, Gantt, or Crashing

• A key tool used to track cost and schedule is…

• Costs or benefits that are easily measured in dollars are called--TANGIBLE

Scope Management

Schwalbe Ch. 6: Time Management

• Define Activities

• Sequence Activities

• Estimate Resources

• Estimate Activity Durations

• Develop Schedule

• Control Schedule

Schwalbe Ch. 7: Cost Management

• Estimate Costs

• Determine Budget

• Control Costs

Cost Management – Estimate Costs• Cost estimation – our weakest link

• Three types of cost estimates– Rough cut (35-72 months out), budgetary (24

months out)and definitive (1 month out)– Could us MS project to do definitive cost estimation

• There are many spreadsheet templates to assist with cost estimation—more popular than MS Project

Cost Management – Control Costs

• Use EVA/EVM

• EVA – Earned Value Analysis

• EVM – Earned Value Management

• Won’t cover these on this exam…

Life Cycle Costing

• Does it make sense to spend more time on development so that life cycle costs will be less?

Types of Costs• Direct costs

– Direct labor costs –hourly rate * hours

• Indirect costs– Overhead (administration, pension, health care costs

• Sunk costs– Money that has already been spent; consider it gone

Cost Estimation Tools

• Analogous estimates– Also called top-down estimates– Bottom-up estimates– Parametric modeling – COCOMO

– It helps when you have a past project…

Schwalbe Chapter 8: Quality Management

• Plan Quality– The longer a defect remains, the _____it is to fix

• Perform Quality Assurance– How can we test designs?– Test all affected logic paths

• Perform Quality Control– Use an off-side independent tester—beta testing

Planning Quality

• What functionality?—based on requirements

• What outputs?—also based on requirements

• What performance?—also…

• What reliability?—also…

• What maintainability?--also…

Tools for Quality Control

• Cause and effect diagrams (fishbone diag)

• Statistical process control charts

• Run charts

• Scatter diagrams

• Histograms

• Pareto charts

Types of testing as part of Quality Assurance

• Design Walkthroughs

• Module (unit) testing

• Integration testing– Regression testing

• System testing

• Beta testing

Quality and Cost• They are related• Consumer’s perspective: higher cost means

better quality• Producer’s perspective: better quality means

lower cost– Less rework – less debugging– Less scrap– Less liability claims– Greater market share

Quality Costs

• Costs of conformance (good quality)– Prevention (4% of revenues)

• Process innovation and improvement

– Appraisal• Walkthroughs and testing

• Costs of nonconformance (bad quality)– Internal External (up to 40% of revenues)

Close out the Project

• STEPS– Ensure all deliverables are installed/delivered– Get client acceptance of deliverables– Ensure documentation is in place– Get client sign-off on final– Conduct post-implementation– Celebrate success

Obtain Client Acceptance

• The client decides when the project is done• PM must demonstrate that deliverables meet client

specifications• Ceremonial Acceptance

– formal acceptance not required, such as plan and conduct a conference

• Formal acceptance– a written acceptance procedure that requires the project

team to demonstrate compliance

Miscellaneous

• Be able to crash a network as we did in class

• You must know by now that adding resources to a project that is behind might only make it finish later, because of the training and communication overhead

• You must know by now that most IT projects need to be finished quicker

Miscellaneous

• You must know by now why frozen requirements are usually desirable, but not possible

• Frozen requirements, like the proverbial snowman, are a myth—both will melt when enough heat is applied

• SOOO00oooo????

THAT’S ALL FOLKS