Revelations and the Breaking of the Church

17.2 | The Protestant Reformation

A Much Needed Reform• “Renaissance Popes”• Greedy warlords• Ambitious• Lack of spiritual guidance

So what is salvation?

How do you obtain this?

Indulgences • You could donate to the church and receive an indulgence• Relics

• Could cut your time in purgatory by 1,000 years

• Buy indulgences?• Is this Christian?

Martin LutherCatholic monk who thinks… no

Martin Luther•Monk and professor• Wittenberg (Germany)

• Study of the bible

•Questioned the “certainty” of salvation

•Questioned the infallibility of Popes

• Justification in faith alone

Not a rebel, nor a fanatic• But disgusted by indulgences

• “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”

• Felt that people were hurting their chances at salvation by buying indulgences

The Ninety-Five Theses

1517 A.D. | You can just write 95

1517 the word spreads• The printing press• Johannes Gutenberg • Copying Greek and Roman works• Islam’s contribution to preservation

• The Pope’s response• The Diet of Worms 1521 • HRE Charles V headed the meeting

• Luther refuses to change his views• Charles brands him an outlaw• Luther was “some drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up”

Luther Gains Support• 1521 he is excommunicated• Begins printing his work in German

•He calls on the German princes to break with Catholic Church• The Prince of Wittenberg protects him

•Other principalities follow suit • Luther takes refuge in various cities

• The German Peasant’s War c.1525

Charles V•Holy Roman Emperor• The Holy Roman Empire•Decentralization• Austria• The Hapsburgs

• “Defender of the Faith”•Must end this heresy

The Reformation•Other German states would reform their churches• Protestantism

• Charles V• The Habsburg Dynasty • Fights the states that support Luther

• Issues

Switzerland Embraces the Change•Ulrich Zwingli (f. 1525)• Fought transubstantiation

• Anabaptists (rebaptism) • Radical, primitive Christianity

• John Calvin• Christian Humanist

• Predestination • Saints and sinners • Live like saints, or be a sinner

•Geneva asks Calvin to lead them• Theocracy established 1555

• Catholic/Calvinist wars

The English Reformation• Reform movements splinter Europe• English Reformation• Henry VIII 1491-1547

• Mary Tudor• Anne Boleyn• Elizabeth Tudor

• Act of Supremacy 1534• ”the only supreme head on earth of

the Church of England”• Thomas More – executed for his

beliefs• Catholic churches destroyed

Henry VIII Tudor Dies• Edward VI Tudor becomes king but dies shortly after• Bloody Mary Tudor• Burning of Protestants

• 1558 dies• Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen• 25 yrs old• Protestant, but tolerant

•Would usher in the Elizabethan Era

1555 Peace of AugsburgGerman Principalities vs. HRE Charles V | Result

The Catholic Reformation

A century of religious war

Catholic Reformation• Ignatius of Loyola• The Jesuits• Soldiers of God• Absolute obedience to the Pope

• The Council of Trent 1545• Reaffirmed Catholic belief• Organized Catholic nations• Targeted enemies

Religious Persecution • Catholics and Protestants persecuted radicals and outcasts• Pressure to conform• Jews were expelled or quartered • Ghettos