Retrofitting program for Santiago buses fleet: Pilot project results.

Aliosha Reinoso DuránCoordinator of Planning and Development

Center of Vehicle Certification and Control

State Secretariat of Transport

Government of Chile

9th ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles. August 2005

Chile

Pacific Ocean

South America

CHILE

Santiago

Chile is situated between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean in a narrow and long piece of land that does not exceed 350 kilometers of width. The maximum length of our territories reaches a 4300 kilometers.Our country has a population of more than 15 million people. Santiago, which is the capital of the nation, represents the 32% of the total population (5 million approx.).

CHILE

Santiago

In the north we have the most ardent desert in the world, with big copper mines. In the center and the south of Chile, green and fertile valleys provide fruits, wines and grapes that are well known in the world.Our country has a population of more than 15 million people. Santiago, which is the capital of the nation, represents the 32% of the total population (5 million approx.).Chile’s gross domestic product growth was 6% in 2004 and 5,6% average between 1990 –2004Chile is a country with political and economical stability.

Chile

Santiago

Air Pollution SituationAir Pollution Situation

The Air pollution in Santiago has one geographical origin. The city is surrounded by mountains and hills like walls and there is a thermal inversion phenomenon (the change of atmospheric temperature profile), like a roof. Then air ventilation is poor and the ascending air is stopped by a mass of warm air. Industrial and traffic emissions can saturate the air with particulate matter very quickly, mainly in winter.

In ten years the bus fleet of public transport was reduced from 14.000 to 7.500 buses. The Gas Oil for cars diminished the sulfur content from 5.000 to 50 ppm . Now all gasoline is unleaded. Ten years ago there were only cars without catalytic converter now 80% of cars have emission control.Ten years ago industries used firewood, coal and heavy diesel. Today they use Natural Gas and low sulfur diesel (50 ppm).

Achievements of Decontamination PlanAchievements of Decontamination Plan

Natural gas and Low Sulfur Diesel (50 ppm)

CoalElectric Generation

Natural gas andLow Sulfur Diesel (50 ppm )

Firewood, Coal and heavy Oils.

Industries

20% Non-Catalytic80% Catalytic (currently EURO III or EPA 94 is required for new cars)

100% Non-CatalyticPassenger Cars

All unleadedAll with Lead.Gasoline

50 ppm Sulfur5.000 ppm SulfurGas oil

7.500 Buses5 years average age

14.000 Buses15 years average age

Buses

NOW10 YEARS AGOSOURCE

Santiago Air Quality: Historical Santiago Air Quality: Historical EvolutionEvolution

In 1989 began a decontamination plan. Then the annual concentration average of PM10 was 103,3 [µg/m3]. In 2004 it was 60,9 (40% of reduction). Simultaneously the productive activities increased (the gross domestic product was doubled in this period).The target for 2010 is to comply with the national standard of 50 [µg/m3] for annual concentration average of PM10 and no day with air pollution in excess of 150 [µg/m3] (daily average standard).

Number of days with air pollution in excess (>150 µg/m3, daily average standard for PM10).

83 95 73 84 70 57 68 66 39 35 31 22 31 2711

830

20406080

100

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Days

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Varia

tion%

Annual concentration average of PM10 [µg/m3]

Gross Domestic Product Growth [%]Annual concentration average of PM 2,5 [µg/m3]

60,9

33,834,334,835,136,338,338,542,641,546,752,356,054,8

29,3

68,8

60,9

92,986.9 89,7 82,0 81,9

73,8 70,9 68,9 69,0 67,9

Environmetal Profit

103,3 101,498,9 99,7 98,0

The single most relevant PM source in Santiago is the bus fleet of public transportation with a share of 22%.The new target for public transportation in the Decontamination Plan is a reduction of 75% of PM, and includes a mandatory retrofitting program for old buses (EURO I, EUROII). This target was included in the new public transportation plan for Santiago: Transantiago.

22%

13%

14%9%

15%

5%

22%

Bus Fleet TrucksPassanger Cars Combustión ProcessOther Industrial Process Residential SourcesFarming burning and others

Current Shares of PM10 Current Shares of PM10 InmissionInmission

335 service lines, 230 private operators

15 private operators

(200 to 500 buses by company)

Fleet: 7.156 buses

Fleet:

5.500 buses

1700 new buses EURO III (including 1200 low floor articulated buses)

NowNowTransantiagoTransantiagoAugust 2006August 2006

Transantiago is the public transportation plan of Santiago. The target is to improve it through an integrated, efficient, safe and modern system, which is environmentally and financially sustainable.

TransantiagoTransantiago PlanPlan

Transantiago fleet Transantiago fleet

The bus fleet for Transantiago includes new and old buses.

For new Buses, Transantiago gives incentives (extending time of concession), to operators that use cleaner buses than EURO III (for instance EURO III with filter).

Old buses must be less than 8 years old and accepted standards are EURO III, Euro II or Euro I. Euro I and Euro II buses must reduce PM emissions in at least 70% (in mass) through after-treatment devices. These devices have to be approved by the Center of Vehicle Certification and Control (3CV).

Selection of Pilot Fleet

8 Buses MB OH 1420(Engine OM 366LA)

3 Buses MB LO 914(Engine OM 904)

Represent 87% current EUROII fleet

Fleet Monitoring

After-treatment

Prototypes Design

March May-June July-August

Bus No.

Fuel

consumpt. L/100 km

Lubricant consumpt.

% of FC

Exhaust

Temp °C.

Opacity

1/m

1

41.4

0.06

225-260

1.49

Prototypes evaluation

SeptemberOctober

2004

8 different DPF(CRT, DPX, Additive,DB)

1 DOC

Post treatment pilot program Post treatment pilot program

Filter Efficiency.Data logging of back pressures and temperatures.Noise and opacity tests.

Mass with dilution tunnel and TEOM.Size distribution of solid particulate with SMPS.Solid particulate surface with Nanomet.

Efficiency measurement methodology Efficiency measurement methodology

Efficiency measurements results Efficiency measurements results

Efficiency

48,8

90,777,396,085,697,796,4

9,8

90,489,492,3

45,6

99.299,899,999,697,0

28,7

99,099,399,399,9

-5,2 35,9

-30,0

-5,0

20,0

45,0

70,0

95,0

120,0

OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 LO 914 LO 914 OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 LO 914

TF 5204 RR1547 NR 4362 TT 2191 TE 3776 TJ 9289 SZ 5875 TZ 7737 UZ 2582 UY 5202 UK 8319

DPF 1 DPF 2 DPF 3 DPF 3 DPF 4 DPF 4 DPF 5 DPF 6 DOC DPF 7 DPF 8

VERT CARB < X > OTHER

% R

educ

tion

Mass Surface Number

Opacity results Opacity results

The program continued with only the 6 good efficiency DPF.For opacity we used partial flow opacimeter.

0,86

0,06

0,29

0,040

0,5

1

1,5

2

OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 LO 914 LO 914 OH 1420

TF 5204 RR1547 NR 4362 TT 2191 TE 3776 TJ 9289 SZ 5875 TZ 7737

DPF 1 DPF 2 DPF 3 DPF 3 DPF 4 DPF 4 DPF 5 DPF 6

VERT CARB Average

Opa

city

[1

/m]

Free Acceleration W/O Filter Free Acceleration With Filter

Load Test W/O Filter Load Test With Filter

Noise results Noise results

98 100104 101

114

91

10394

101 9697

859596102

107

9194

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 OH 1420 LO 914 LO 914 OH 1420

TF 5204 RR1547 NR 4362 TT 2191 TE 3776 TJ 9289 SZ 5875 TZ 7737

DPF 1 DPF 2 DPF 3 DPF 3 DPF 4 DPF 4 DPF 5 DPF 6

VERT CARB Average

Noi

se [

dB]

With Muffler With Filter

Noise was measured during free acceleration conform to the Chilean regulation.Important reductions, in general (except for DPF 3 and DPF 4 on a LO 914 bus model).

Backpressure results Backpressure results

• Backpressures was measured immediately before original Muffler and tested DPF with a datalogger.• Values below 200 [mBar] were required for DPF.DPF 1 and DPF 2 with additive couldn’t comply, mainly due to

deficiencies in the electrical system of the buses.

• 9 systems were tested in this pilot program (8 DPF and 1 DOC).

• 6 DPF systems VERT or CARB certified showed high efficiency of PM reduction in mass (90% average) and in solid ultra fines particulates (99% average).

• 4 of them showed low backpressure and good general performance in field test (local fleet under local conditions).

• The other 2 (FBC systems) had regeneration problems with the additive supply system, due to deficiencies in the electrical system of the buses.

• DOC showed poor efficiency in mass and no efficiency in solid ultra fines particulates.

• As a result of the pilot program, Chilean authorities decided to issue a new regulation for after-treatment systems certification (DS 65/2004), including:

a) International certification requirement (VERT or CARB, level 1), b) Efficiency test in mass to be held in Chile,c) Four weeks, on field compatibility test of the system mounted on a local bus.

Summary and ConclusionsSummary and Conclusions

• Using the pilot test results 6 systems have been approved for Transantiago retrofitting program (Engelhard, HJS, HUSS).

• The next steps:• Massive installation in Transantiago EURO I and EURO II fleet (2.000 to 3.000 buses approximately), have to be retrofitted finish until July 2006.• Improvement of regulation for the local certification of the after-treatment systems (DS 65/2004), including an efficiency parameter for solid particulate surface.• A control program for installations.

Summary and ConclusionsSummary and Conclusions

Final NoteFinal Note

Diesel retrofit programs can be implemented in emerging and development countries if they are

accompanied by technical cooperation and know how transfer.

“In Santiago of Chile the sky is so pure…, the atmosphere is so clear, that is possible to see the sixth Orion star”Alexander von Humboldt, 1849.

Nowadays the atmosphere is dirty most of the time and the scientist probably never are going to see the sixth Orion star again from Santiago. But we think this program helps to recover a bit of what we lost.

AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment

• Swiss Part• Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (COSUDE)• TTM Mayer• Matter Engineering.

• Chilean Part• National Petroleum Company (ENAP).• National Environment Agency.