resurgence the resurgence bedbugs of bed bugs, their basic biology and control suggestions harold j....
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the ResurgenceResurgence
of BedBed BugsBugs, their Basic Biology
and Control Suggestions
Harold J. Harlan 621 Maple Hill Lane Crownsville, MD 21032
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Adult Male - C. lectularius (L.)
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Taxonomic Hierarchy Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta ( = Hexapoda )
Order: Hemiptera ( Sub-Order: Heteroptera )
Family: Cimicidae
Genus: Cimex
Species: lectularius
Scientific Name: Cimex lectularius L.
Common Name: the Common Bed Bug
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Evidence of ResurgenceSnetsinger: “. Bed bugs may actually cause slums .
. . (Busvine 1951); today (1997) specimens are
unavailable for classes & few young entomologists
have seen an infestation . .” [ Mallis 8th ed.; p.399 ]
Kreuger’s: “Don’t get Bitten by the resurgence of Bed Bugs,” Pest Contr. 68 (3): 58-64 ( Mar. 2000 ).
NPMA: 29 infestations confirmed; 18 states & DC
[ Library Update, Sept. 2001 ]
NPMA: 29 infestations confirmed; 29 states, DC ,
3 Provinces CAN, & 2 states MEX ( Dec. 2003 )
Orkin has treated bed bugs in 34 states (Jan. 2004 )
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Adult Female
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Adult Male - Engorged
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Description
Small – 3/16 inch long, oval, flat, reddish brown insects
True bugs - w/ 3-seg. beak, 4-seg. antennae
Vestigial wings & a thin coat of fine golden hairs
Give off a distinctive “musty, sweetish” odor
Undigested blood in feces causes “rusty” spots
Males – pointed abdomen
Females – rounded abdomen
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Dorsal View - Front Half
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Ventral View - Head
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Adult Female – Lateral View
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Identify the Bugs
- 4th Antennal Segment
< 3rd Segment
- “Fringe Hairs” on
Pronotum < Width of
Compound Eye
- Pronotum Front Margin
Deeply Indented
(vs. Only Slightly)
= C. lectularius L.
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Bed Bug vs. Bat Bug
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Swallow Bug
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BiologyFeed only on Blood – Mammals or Birds
Attach small (1 mm) whitish eggs to surfaces in harborages where they hide in loose clusters
5 Nymphal instars ( Need >1 blood meal each instar )
Life Cycle takes 4-5 weeks (egg-to-egg) in ‘good’ conditions [ 75-80% RH; 83-90 degrees F ]
Female may lay 200-500 eggs in her lifetime
Adults can survive >1 yr. w/o feeding [ Nymphs 3-4 mo.]
Mating – “Traumatic” Insemination
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Feeding - Several Instars
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Engorged Nymphs-1 & 2
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Engorging Adults & N - 2
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Eggs and Droppings
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“Rusty Spots” on Bedding
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Male Aedeagus
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Female ‘Spermilage’
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Adult Bed Bugs
Mating
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Medical Importance- Found naturally infected w/ >20 human pathogens
- Never proven to transmit any human disease
- Several species feed on humans
(including: Common & Tropical Bed Bugs,
Bat Bugs, & Poultry Bugs - Salivary proteins cause “sensitivity” to repeated
bites by large numbers of bed bugs - - 5 stages: no reaction; delayed reaction; both immediate
& delayed; immediate reaction only; & finally, no reaction
- - True hypersensitivity can develop (but it is reversible)
- Serious social stigma to “having” an infestation
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Feeding a “Rearing Jar”
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Immediate Bite Reactions
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Delayed Reactions (> 24 hrs.)
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Habits ( Behavior ) - Nocturnal, harbor in clusters, but NOT ‘social’
- Hide in daytime in cracks, crevices, behind
baseboards, bed frames, mattress seams, etc.
- Take a blood meal to repletion in 3-10 min.
- “Prefer” humans but feed on other hosts, too
- Travel 5-20 ft. (each way) nightly to feed
- Feed every few days if hosts available
- Often void part of previous meal while feeding
- Can remain fully active at 45o F
[ if acclimated for 24 hrs at < 60o F ]
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Bugs Have Thin Flat Bodies
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Survey Sites: Bed Frames
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Mattress (especially Seams)
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Upholstered Chairs
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Window Curtains & Frames
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Control Strategies
- Thorough survey & accurate ID
- Educate customers ( may take > 1 visit )
- Sanitation will NOT eliminate them
- Initial vacuuming (mattresses, beds, harborages )
- Treat harborages w/ properly labeled residual
- - try to not use highly repellent materials
- Dust electrical boxes, voids (maybe seal them shut )
- Seal harborages shut (pref. silicone-based sealant )
- Consider physical barriers if appropriate
- Sticky monitors ( may detect continued presence)
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“New” Techniques & Products
1. Gentrol™ labeled for Bed Bugs (late-2003)
2. Heat Treatments ( Whole-House or Room)
3. Steaming – Matresses, or Beds, etc.
4. Phantom™ (Chlorfenapyr) labeled to control
ants / roaches; indoor ‘crack-and-crevice’
5. PCO Pellets™ (Acephate) still labeled for
‘crack-and-crevice’ treatments
6. Encase matress & Pillows in plastic covers
7. Permethrin repellent, over-the-counter (s-h)
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FumigationFumigation1. “Whole structure” fumigation will eliminate
bugs present within treated areas, but . . . . . a. This is seldom economically practical.
b. There is no residual protection.
2. The same things are true for . . . a. “Batch” or “Single-Room” Fumigations,
b. Heat treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room), and
c. Cold treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room).
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Monitors May Help Detect Bed Bugs
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Why Bed Bugs Are Resurging 1. Greater human mobility
2. Less use of any residuals – last 5-6 yrs
3. Significant switch to baits for roaches & ants
4. Many PMPs are not familiar w/ bed bugs
- inadequate survey, wrong ID, incomplete treatment
5. Pyrethroids used in most accounts are repellent - bugs do not get a lethal dose (esp. in deep cracks)
- harborages easy to miss in first survey
- bugs may detect & avoid residual treatments
- bug pop. often “split” or move from such treatments
6. People may call any unknown bite - “bed bugs”
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Questions ?
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