Resumão Curso - Escrita de artigo

Material do Clóvis

SegundaPágina emdiante

Elementos de um Artigo

Processo de Escrita

Estimated Length for each Section

Abstract– 4 sentences – 150 words Section 1: Introduction – 1p (p= A4

page) Section 2: Research Problem – 1p Section 3: Solution – 2/5p Section 4: Results – 2/5p Section 5: Discussion – 1/2p Section 6: Conclusion – 0.5p

1 - Título

Título: Formato

[primeira parte][: Segunda parte]

Obrigatória Opcional

• How long should a title be?

• Two answers:

– The length should be just right

– +- 10 to 12 words

• Occam’s Razor!

Be concise

Cut the clutter

• “a study of”

• “investigation of”

• “development of”

• “observations on”

• “validation”

• “new”

• “improved”

• “novel”

• “validated”

• “state of the art”

1. Answer the questions:

– What is my paper about?

– What techniques/ designs were used? – Who/what is studied?

– What were the results?

Step 1

• My paper studies whether X therapy improves the cognitive function of patients suffering from dementia

• It was a randomized trial• I studied 40 cases from six cities in Japan• There was an improvement in the

cognitive function of patients

Step 1

2. Use your answers (and indexing services or ontologies) and list key words

Step 2

• X therapy

• Randomized trial

• Dementia

• 6 Japanese cities• 40 cases• Improved cognitive function

3. Build a sentence with these key wordsThis study is a randomized trial that

investigates whether X therapy improved cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it reports improved cognitive function. (28 words)

Step 3

4. Delete all waste words (e.g., study of, investigates) and repetitive words; link the remaining.

This study is a randomized trial that investigates whether X therapy improved cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it reports improved cognitive function

Step 4: Cut the clutter

Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan (18 words)

Delete non-essential information and reword

Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan

OR (reworded with subtitle and a focus on the results)

• “X therapy improves cognitive function in 40 dementia patients: A randomized trial”(12 words)

Step 5

2 - Abstract

Tip: Four Sentences Scheme1. Write the problem2. Explain why the problem is a

problem3. Write a catchy and startling phrase,

which captures the essence of your solution/contribution

4. As a result of the previous sentence, write the main conclusion, implication, and recommendation

1[The rejection rate for OOPSLA papers in near 90%.] 2[Most papers are rejected not because of a lack of good ideas, but because they are poorly structured.] 3[Following four simple steps in writing a paper will dramatically increase your chances of acceptance.] 4[If everyone followed these steps, the amount of communication in the object community would increase, improving the rate of progress.]

Example: Four Sentences Scheme

Alternative Methods for Writing AbstractsWrite the world before your work: context and objectiveWrite your main results/contributionsWrite the world after your work: conclusions and implications

Informative: 5 Sentences

Context/Background (where they come from)Objective/purpose or rationale of study (why they did it)Methodology/methods (how they did it)Results/findings (what they found)Conclusions/recommendations (what it means)

Another Model

3 - Introdução

Introduction StructureFive Questions Scheme (or Three to Five

Paragraphs)1. What’s known?2. What’s unknown?3. What is your burning

question/hypothesis/aim/problem to solve?

4. What is your experimental approach or research methodology?

5. How to link the Introduction to the text body?

1. What’s known? Introduce the research topic or issue Define the terminology, if need be Relate the topic to the existing research (literature) Why is the topic important? What did we know about it before I did this study? What has so far been done on the topic?

2. What’s unknown?• Limitations and gaps in previous studies

• Represented by phrases beginning with “But”, “However” etc.

• Use an example, if convenient, for exposing limitations and gaps

• Take the reader step by step from what is known to what is unknown. End with your specific question

Known --> Unknown --> Question

3. What is your burning question/hypothesis/aim/problem to solve?

• Explicitly and clearly state your research question/aim/hypothesis:

– “We asked whether …”– “Our hypothesis was …”– “We tested the hypothesis that …”– “Our aim/s was/were …”– “We face this challenge by focusing our

analysis on …”– ...

Do not answer the research question (no results or implications)

--> Controversial: you can mention very briefly the conclusion of the paper!

4. What is your experimental approach or research

methodology? Explain the theoretical framework the study

is based on Why is your experimental approach or

research methodology new and different and important (fills in the gaps)?

What is the contribution of the paper on the problem?

Is the contribution original? Explain why Is the contribution non-trivial? Explain why

5. How to link the Introduction to the text body?

• Ends with a short summary of the rest of the paper:

"The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we …“

http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/etc/intro-style.html

Outline of the rest of the paper: "The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce ..Section 3 describes ... Finally, we describe future work in Section 5." [Note that Section is capitalized. Also, vary your expression between "section" being the subject of the sentence, as in "Section 2 discusses ..." and "In Section, we discuss ...".]

Verb Tenses1. What’s known?2. What’s unknown?3. What is your burning

question/hypothesis/aim/problem to solve?

4. What is your experimental approach or research methodology?

5. How to link the Introduction to the text body?

PresentPast

Past

Present

Past, but why is important: present

4 - Corpo

1. Describe the problem/question to be solved:Why is it a problem/question?Why is it important to solve it?Background/research context

2. Describe your solutionYou are convincing the PC member that your solution

really could solve the problem/questionThis section is sometimes supplemented with a

section describing implementation details3. Evaluation and Results

Experiments/Case Studies: PlanExperiments/Case Studies: Results

4. Related Work and Discussion

Four Sections Scheme

ResultsWhat answer was found to the research question?

What did the study find?Was the tested hypothesis true?

And Discussion What might the answer imply and why

does it matter? How does it fit in with what other

researchers have found? What are the perspectives for future

research?

Results and discussion

Describe what other people have done in the area and compare with your work/results

Convince others that what you have done is novel and relevant

Structure:1. Results Interpretation2. Comparison with related works3. Qualitative evaluation

Estilo: Results/past-present; Discussion/present3rd Person, preferably: related work1st person, plural: the rest Use active voice whenever possible Subsections may improve organization and

comprehension

Related Work and Discussion:

5 - Conclusão

1. Recall the research problem/question stated in the Introduction Repeat it here, but more fully. Do not repeat it word-by-word. Say if it was entirely solved or not

2. State main findings Emphasize your main results

3. Interpretation of the main findings Take a few sentences to restate the interpretation

of the key results

Conclusion StructureSix Paragraph Scheme

4. Implications to the research field: conclusions Describe the implications of your

achievements/findings to the field

5. Limitations of your research (optional) Describe the main limitations or threats of your

research as to research methodology, experiments, and even the findings

6. Future research directions (optional) Be careful: do not present much future work, because

it may suggest that your paper is not complete

Conclusion StructureSix Paragraph Scheme

You shouldn’t refer to any new subject not previously included in the paper body

A Conclusion must be quite understandable to somebody who didn’t read the paper body

Style: Past and Present tense

Third Person, preferably

1st Person, plural form, work done!