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Restraint Systems Damage Analysis (DAM11) Textbook Version: 13.4 © 2011 - 2016 Inter-Industry Conference On Auto Collision Repair DAM11-STMAN1-E

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Page 1: RestraintSystems DamageAnalysis Textbook (DAM11)

Restraint�SystemsDamage�Analysis

(DAM11)

Textbook

Version:�13.4

©�2011�-�2016�Inter-Industry�Conference�On�Auto�Collision�Repair

DAM11-STMAN1-E

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Restraint�Systems�Damage�Analysis�(DAM11)Textbook

Table�of�Contents 3

Contents

Introduction..............................................................................................................................7Obligations�To�The�Customer�And�Liability.......................................................................... 7

Module�1�-�Restraint�Systems�Damage�Analysis..................................................................... 13Restraints�Overview............................................................................................................ 13Impact�And�Safing�Sensors................................................................................................. 17Restraints�Control�Module.................................................................................................. 20Front�Driver�Airbag.............................................................................................................23Front�Passenger�Airbag........................................................................................................27Side�Airbags........................................................................................................................32Seat�Belt�Systems................................................................................................................36Seat�Belt�Pre-Tensioners......................................................................................................41SRS�Wiring..........................................................................................................................44Seats....................................................................................................................................45Pop-Up�Roll�Bars................................................................................................................49Module�Wrap-Up............................................................................................................... 51

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Introduction

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IntroductionTextbook

Restraint�Systems�Damage�Analysis�(DAM11) 7

Obligations�To�The�Customer�And�Liability

The�collision�repair�industry�has�anobligation�to�correctly�repair�thecustomer’s�vehicle.�Collision�repairs�mustbe�performed�using:

• recommended�or�testedprocedures�from�vehicle�makers,I-CAR,�and�other�research�andtesting�organizations.

• quality�replacement�parts�andmaterials.

• repair�processes�and�parts�aswritten�and�agreed�upon�in�therepair�order.�If�items�on�the�repairagreement�are�not�consistentwith�the�repair�order,�it�can�beconsidered�fraud.

Performing�proper�collision�repairsrequires�using�parts�and�procedures�thatkeep�remaining�warranties�intact.

Collision�repairs�must�restore:

• safety.• structural�integrity.• durability.• performance.

• fit.• finish.

Throughout�the�damage�analysis�andrepair�process�the�repairer�and�insurermust:

• communicate�with�each�other.• maintain�constant�communication

with�the�customer.• be�in�agreement�with�each�other

and�the�customer�on�how�repairswill�be�performed.

• inform�the�customer�of�anychanges�in�the�repair�plan�fromthe�original�repair�agreement,�andexplain�the�changes�and�why�theyhave�to�be�made.

To�reduce�liability:

• make�sure�that�all�repairs�areperformed�thoroughly,�correctlyand�as�listed�in�the�damage�report.

• follow�proper�procedures.• have�documentation�of�required

repairs�with�detailed�recordkeeping�available�for�customers.

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Technicians�are�considered�theexperts�and�are�expected�to�beknowledgeable�on�how�to�performa�quality�repair.

Liability�insurance�that�covers�the�repairfacility�may�not�always�cover�all�damages.For�example:

• the�policy�may�not�coverfaulty�repairs,�leaving�liabilityresponsibility�completely�on�thefacility.

• a�shop�owner�may�find�that�repairfacility�liability�coverage�may�notcover�the�full�amount�awarded�ina�lawsuit.�The�shop�owner�wouldhave�to�pay�the�difference.

It�is�difficult�to�reduce�the�risk�of�liabilityexposure.�The�part�that�the�repairer�cancontrol�is�the�chance�of�being�found�atfault.�Chances�can�be�minimized�by:

• using�recommended�or�testedprocedures�from�the�vehiclemakers,�I-CAR,�or�other�researchand�testing�organizations.

• using�quality�replacement�partsand�materials�that�restore�fit,

finish,�durability,�and�perform�atleast�as�well�as�the�original.

• keeping�thorough�records.

Keeping�thorough�records�includes�morethan�recording�the�date,�mileage,�and�pre-existing�damage.�Record�keeping�alsoincludes:

• making�sure�all�notes�are�legible.• verifying�the�repairs�that�were

made�or�not�made.• having�the�customer�sign�a

waiver�for�repairs�that�they�donot�want�performed.�Repairersmust�determine�their�liability�onnot�repairing�safety�systems�suchas�restraint�and�anti-lock�brakesystems.

• keeping�computer�printouts�orworksheets�on�file�showing�wheelalignment�readings�or�vehicledimensions�before�and�afterrepairs.

• keeping�scan�tool�printouts�andrecords�of�computer�codes�forairbag,�anti-lock�brake,�emission,and�powertrain�control�module(PCM)�systems.

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• attaching�the�OEM�or�other�testedprocedure�printout�to�the�vehiclerepair�order.

• keeping�receipts�for�all�subletwork�performed.

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Module�1�-�RestraintSystems�Damage

Analysis

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Restraints�Overview

Learning�objectives�for�this�moduleinclude:

• identifying�the�various�types�ofrestraint�systems.

• identifying�restraint�system�parts.• determining�deployment�of

restraint�systems.• determining�required�replacement

or�inspections�for�restraint�systemparts.

• identifying�additional�damageand�determining�repair�andreplacement�decisions.

• identifying�seat�belt�system�partsand�proper�operation.

• determining�replacementconsiderations�for�damaged�seatbelt�system�parts.

• identifying�seat�damageand�determining�repair�andreplacement�decisions.

Ford�Fiesta

This�2011�Ford�Fiesta�cutaway�shows�several�airbagsfrozen�in�their�deployed�state.

Various�mechanical�and�electronicrestraint�system�parts�are�used�to�protect

the�vehicle�occupants�during�a�collision.These�include:

• impact�sensors.�There�are�oftenmultiple�impact�sensors�on�avehicle.�The�locations�and�namesof�these�sensors�may�vary.

• the�restraints�control�module(RCM).�The�RCM�is�theelectronic�control�module�for�thesupplemental�restraints�system(SRS).

• seat�belts�and�seat�belt�pre-tensioners.

• airbags.• a�collapsible�steering�column.• seats.

Refer�to�"Video:�Inspecting�RestraintSystems"�in�the�presentation.�This�videodiscusses�inspecting�restraint�systems.

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Toyota�Venza

The�right�side�airbags�have�deployed�on�this�ToyotaVenza.

To�ensure�an�accurate�estimate,�it�isimportant�to�identify�what�restraintsystems�the�damaged�vehicle�is�equippedwith.�The�next�step�is�to�determine�whatparts�or�systems�have�deployed.�Toidentify�deployed�restraint�systems�on�thevehicle,�check�the:

• airbags.�Deployed�airbags�arefairly�obvious�to�identify.�It�mayalso�be�good�practice�to�identifythe�number�and�location�ofairbags�equipped�on�the�vehicle.Airbag�locations�may�be�identifiedwith�the�supplemental�restraintsystem�(SRS)�acronym�printed�ona�tag�or�label,�or�embossed�on�aninterior�trim�panel.

• seat�belts�and�seat�belt�pre-tensioners.�A�thorough�inspectionof�the�seat�belt�assemblies,including�retractors,�buckles,anchors�and�height�adjusters,may�be�necessary.�Some�seat�beltpre-tensioners�may�require�theuse�of�a�scan�tool�to�determinedeployment.

• airbag�warning�lamp.�An�airbagwarning�lamp�that�remains�lit

may�indicate�that�restraints�havedeployed.�The�2010�Ford�Escapesounds�five�sets�of�five�chimesafter�the�ignition�is�started�toindicate�an�airbag�fault�if�theairbag�warning�lamp�is�notworking�properly.

As�part�of�a�thorough�inspection,identifying�which�seats�were�occupiedduring�the�collision�will�help�to�determinethe�proper�part�replacement�procedure.

Refer�to�"Video:�Inspection�SafetyPrecautions"�to�see�an�airbag�deploy.

It�is�important�to�take�certain�precautionsbefore�or�during�inspection�of�airbagsand�other�SRS�parts.�These�precautionsinclude:

• disabling�the�restraint�system�toprevent�accidental�deployment.Even�if�an�airbag�looks�fullydeployed,�it�may�be�capable�ofa�second�deployment.�Disablingthe�restraint�systems�is�commonlydone�by�disconnecting�andisolating�the�negative�batterycable.�Time�must�also�beallowed�to�pass�for�the�system

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to�completely�discharge.�Referto�vehicle-specific�serviceinformation�for�the�properprocedure�to�disable�the�restraintsystem.�Disabling�the�SRS�mayalso�need�to�be�done�to�protectparts�during�some�types�of�repairs,such�as�welding.

• wearing�the�proper�personalprotective�equipment.�Thepowdery�residue�present�afterfront�airbag�deployment�maycontain�a�small�amount�of�sodiumhydroxide,�which�may�irritatethe�eyes,�nose,�mouth,�or�throat.Protective�equipment�that�mayreduce�the�chance�of�skin�contactmay�include�nitrile�gloves,�safetyglasses�or�goggles,�and�a�long-sleeved�shirt.

• avoiding�biohazards.�Biohazardssuch�as�blood�and�other�bodyfluids�may�be�potentiallyinfectious.�Bloodborne�pathogentraining�is�required�to�clean�upor�work�around�blood�spills.Always�wear�personal�protectiveequipment�when�working�aroundblood.�This�may�include�rubbergloves,�and�eye�and�respiratoryprotection.�More�information�onthe�dangers�of�working�aroundblood�can�be�found�in�theDecember�30,�2002�issue�of�the�I-CAR�Advantage�Online.

• cleaning�up�broken�glass.�Whenanalyzing�damage,�be�aware�ofbroken�glass�from�door�glass,backglass,�or�the�windshield.�Also,do�not�cause�additional�damageto�upholstery�by�kneeling�on�theglass�and�cutting�the�fabric.

• ensuring�airbags�are�deployedbefore�disposing.�Some�airbagshave�two�igniters.�Depending�onthe�severity�of�the�collision�andthe�vehicle�make,�the�igniters�maybe�designed�to�fire�simultaneously,milliseconds�apart,�or�only�onemay�fire.�This�may�require�manualdeployment�before�disposing�theairbag�module.�Vehicle-specificservice�information�must�bereferenced�for�safe�handling�anddisposal�procedures�for�deployedfront�airbags,�and�recommendedsteps�to�ensure�that�the�secondstage�is�deployed.

A�front�impact�(left)�will�deploy�different�restraintsthan�a�side�impact�(right).

Determining�the�direction�of�impactmay�also�help�determine�deployment�ofrestraint�systems.�For�example,�a:

• front�impact�may�deploy�thefront�airbags�and�seat�belt�pre-tensioners�or�only�the�seat�beltpre-tensioners.

• front�/�side�impact�may�deploy�thefront�and�side�airbags,�or�only�theseat�belt�pre-tensioners.

• side�impact�may�deploy�the�sideairbags,�curtain�airbags,�and�seatbelt�pre-tensioners.

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• rear�impact�may�deploy�activehead�restraints.�The�seat�backhinge�may�also�be�designed�toabsorb�the�collision.

• rear�/�side�impact�may�deploy�sideand�curtain�airbags.

These�are�only�some�examples�to�thinkabout.�It�is�important�to�remember�everyvehicle�is�designed�differently�and�mayor�may�not�deploy�the�restraint�systemsdescribed.

An�example�of�a�source�for�replacement�/�inspectioninformation�includes�the�I-CAR�RepairabilityTechnical�Support�(RTS)�website.

Vehicle-specific�required�replacement�andinspection�items�can�be�obtained�fromvarious�information�sources,�including:

• vehicle-specific�serviceinformation.�Vehicle�makersprovide�service�information�onthe�Internet.�There�are�also�otheroptions,�such�as�ALLDATA,�thatprovide�service�information�formost�vehicle�makes�and�models.

• airbag�parts�replacementrecommendations�charts.�Thisinformation�may�be�providedin�computerized�estimating

systems,�printed�estimating�guides,and�I-CAR.�The�Airbag�PartsReplacement�RecommendationsChart,�which�is�developed�andmaintained�in�cooperation�withAudaExplore,�a�Solera�company,can�be�accessed�from�www.i-car.com.

Deployed�airbags�(left)�and�seat�belt�pre-tensioners(right)�are�common�replacement�items�after�adeployment.

When�inspecting�the�restraint�system,identify�all�required�replacement�itemsassociated�with�the�type�of�impact�ordeployment.�Required�replacement�partsmay�include:

• all�deployed�restraints�suchas�airbags�and�seat�belt�pre-tensioners.

• impact�sensors�and�controlmodules.

• a�collapsed�steering�column.• any�physically�damaged�parts,

such�as�adjacent�trim�panelsand�brackets.�Some�parts�areexpected�to�be�damaged�and�areidentified�by�the�vehicle�maker�tobe�replaced.

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The�connectors�on�this�steering�column�are�beinginspected�for�damage.

When�inspecting�the�restraint�system,identify�all�required�inspection�itemsassociated�with�the�type�of�impact�ordeployment.�Required�inspection�partsmay�include:

• impact�sensors�and�controlmodules.

• mounting�surfaces�and�brackets.• adjacent�trim�panels.• the�steering�column.• wiring�and�connectors.

The�technician�may�have�to�use�a�scan�tool�to�revealelectronic�problems�with�the�restraint�system.

A�scan�tool�is�often�required�to�readthe�diagnostic�trouble�codes�(DTCs)associated�with�the�SRS.�The�SRS�mayrequire�a�scan�tool�to�run�a�diagnosticcheck:

• when�the�airbag�warning�lampremains�lit.�The�airbag�warninglamp�should�turn�off�after�aperiod�of�time�to�indicate�properoperation�of�the�SRS.

• to�validate�and�identifydeployment�of�the�SRS.�The�scantool�is�used�to�read�airbag�codes,which�indicate�deployed�systems.

• before�disconnecting�the�battery.If�possible,�the�fault�codes�shouldbe�printed�out�and�kept�withthe�damage�report�for�properdocumentation.

The�scan�tool�or�software�may�have�to�beOEM-specific.�OEM-specific�equipmentand�software�may�or�may�not�be�availablefor�independent�repair�facilities.

Impact�And�Safing�Sensors

Sensors�positioned�around�the�vehicle�are�used�todetect�a�collision.

Restraint�system�sensors�include:

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• front�impact�sensors,�designed�todetect�front�collisions.

• side�impact�sensors,�designed�todetect�side�impact�collisions.

• safing�or�arming�sensors.�A�safingor�arming�sensor�is�a�secondarysensor�that�must�close�with�thefront�or�side�impact�sensors�toconfirm�that�a�collision�is�takingplace.�This�is�done�to�prevent�anaccidental�deployment�causedby�a�problem�in�the�front�impactsensor�circuits.�Safing�or�armingsensors�may�be�located�insidethe�restraints�control�module(RCM)�or�as�a�separate�sensorin�the�passenger�compartment.Some�systems�use�three�separatesensors�to�determine�airbagdeployment.�The�2011�HondaCivic�has�a�rear�safing�sensorlocated�under�the�rear�seats�andrequires�replacement�followingcurtain�airbag�deployment.

The�2011�Honda�Odyssey�has�a�total�ofnine�impact�sensors.�Two�front�sensors�arelocated�behind�the�bumper,�mounted�onthe�radiator�core�support�brackets.�Six�sidesensors�are�located�on�the�B-pillars,�floor,and�rear�wheelhouses.�A�safing�sensor�islocated�under�the�rear�floor�pan.

Impact�sensors�used�to�be�electromechanical,�wherea�steel�ball�is�pushed�forward�by�collision�forces�tocomplete�a�circuit�(left).�Solid-state�sensors�performthe�same�function,�but�do�it�with�no�moving�parts(right).

Impact�sensors�are�designed�to�detectsudden�deceleration�or�velocity�changeat�or�near�the�point�of�impact.�Impactsensors:

• today�are�typically�solid�state,�withno�moving�parts.�Early�impactsensors�used�mechanical�parts.One�type�used�a�magnet�and�aball�to�close�the�electrical�circuitof�the�sensor.�Although�antiquated,this�type�of�sensor�illustrates�thebasic�function�of�an�impact�sensor.

• send�the�information�to�theRCM.�The�RCM�calculates�theinformation�from�the�impactsensor�and�other�sensors�anddetermines�which,�if�any,�restraintsystems�should�be�deployed.

To�protect�passengers�from�injury�froman�unnecessary�deployment,�restraintsystems�are�programmed�with�specificparameters.�Airbags�and�other�types�ofrestraint�systems�may�not�deploy�if�therequired�parameters�are�not�met.

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Front�impact�sensors�are�located�in�the�front,�buttheir�exact�locations�vary.

Front�impact�sensors�are�located�on�thefront�portion�of�the�vehicle.�Front�impactsensors�may�be�located:

• on�the�front�lower�rails.• on�the�radiator�core�support.• behind�the�headlamps,�such�as�on

the�2009�Jeep�Wrangler.• on�the�front�frame�rail

crossmember,�such�as�on�the�2010Cadillac�Escalade.

Side�impact�sensors�must�react�quickly�due�to�thesmall�space�between�the�door�and�the�occupant,prompting�the�development�of�pressure-type�sensors.

Side�impact�sensors�are�located�on�bothsides�of�the�vehicle.�Side�impact�sensorsmay�be�mounted:

• in�doors.• on�B-�and�C-pillars.• behind�or�under�seats.• on�the�rear�wheelhouse,�such�as

on�the�2010�Ford�Taurus.

Some�vehicles�are�using�a�new�type�ofpressure-based�side�impact�sensor,�locatedin�the�doors.�These�types�of�sensors�aredesigned�to�detect�a�quick�increase�ofpressure�inside�the�door�cavity�during�aside�impact.�These�types�of�side�impactsensors�have�a�30%�faster�response�time,but�require�other�impact�sensors�locatedin�other�areas�in�case�the�door�is�notimpacted�during�a�collision.�Examplesof�vehicles�that�use�pressure-based,�sideimpact�sensors�include:

• several�BMW�and�Mercedes-Benzmodels,�some�since�2007.

• Ford�on�the�2009�F-150,�2010Taurus,�2011�Fiesta,�and�the�2012Focus.

• Jaguar�on�the�2011�XJ.• Volkswagen�on�the�2011�Touareg.

Jaguar�XJ

A�pressure-based,�side�impact�sensor�on�the�door�ofa�2011�Jaguar�XJ�is�being�inspected.

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The�left�or�right�side�impact�sensors�mayrequire�replacement�depending�on�whichside�airbag�deployed.�Refer�to�vehicle-specific�service�information�to�determinereplacement�recommendations�for�impactsensors.�When�inspecting�sensors�fordamage,�check�for:

• cracked�or�deformed�cases.• bent�brackets.• damaged�wires�and�wire

connectors.�Impact�sensor�wires�orconnectors�may�be�cut�or�crushedin�the�area�of�impact.

• internal�electronic�damageindicated�by�a�lit�airbag�warninglamp.�This�may�require�the�use�ofa�vehicle-specific�scan�tool.

• corroded�cases,�brackets�orconnectors.

Restraints�Control�Module

Toyota�Camry

The�restraints�control�module�processes�theinformation�received�from�various�sensors�to�make�adeployment�decision.

The�restraints�control�module�(RCM)�canbe�considered�the�brains�behind�the�SRS.Vehicle�makers�may�use�different�names

for�the�RCM.�For�example,�Volvo�calls�itthe�SRS�module.�The�Chrysler�Group�callsit�the�occupant�restraint�controller�(ORC),and�General�Motors�calls�it�the�sensingand�diagnostic�module�(SDM).�Functionsof�the�RCM�may�include:

• deploying�restraints.�Deploymentof�the�restraints�may�be�basedon�the�perceived�severity�of�thecollision,�deceleration�rate,�seatbelt�use,�occupant�position,�andpassenger�occupant�weight.Following�deployment,�the�RCMmay�also�communicate�with�thebody�control�module�(BCM)�toturn�on�the�interior�lights�andunlock�the�doors.�The�RCM�mayalso�initiate�a�call�to�911�throughsystems�like�On-Star.

• checking�the�system�for�faults.Most�RCMs�perform�a�self-diagnostic�test�when�the�ignitionkey�is�turned�on.�If�the�RCM�is�notworking�properly,�or�if�it�detects�aproblem�with�the�restraint�system,the�airbag�warning�lamp�will�lightand�remain�lit�until�the�problemis�corrected.�An�airbag�warninglamp�that�does�not�light�during�theinitial�bulb-check�sequence�mayalso�indicate�a�problem.

• processing�information.�The�RCMis�designed�to�process�informationfrom�various�input�sources.�Inputsources�may�include�impactsensors,�seat�belt�use�sensors,�thebrake�pedal�switch,�vehicle�speedsensors,�seat�position�sensors,�andinformation�from�other�controlmodules�such�as�the�occupant

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classification�system�(OCS)�for�thefront�passenger�seat.

• using�capacitors�to�store�enoughenergy�to�deploy�restraints�ifbattery�power�is�lost�during�acollision.

• storing�data�from�the�collision,such�as�the�number�ofdeployments�and�for�whichsystems.

The�RCM�may�also�contain�an�impact�or�asafing�sensor.

The�restraints�control�module�is�usually�mounted�inthe�center�area�of�the�vehicle,�out�of�harm’s�way.

RCM�mounting�locations�may�include,�butare�not�limited�to:

• under�the�lower�center�portion�ofthe�instrument�panel.�For�example,the�restraints�control�module�onthe�2010�Chrysler�Town�&�Countryis�located�under�the�instrumentpanel,�forward�of�the�centerconsole.

• under�the�center�console,�betweenthe�front�seats.�An�example�of�thisis�on�the�2011�Ford�Explorer.

• under�a�seat.�An�example�of�this�ison�the�2009�Cadillac�Escalade.�As

of�the�2010�model�year,�the�RCMon�the�Escalade�is�located�underthe�center�console.

• behind�a�kick�panel.�An�exampleof�this�is�on�the�2005–2007�FordEconoline.

It�is�important�to�refer�to�vehicle-specificservice�information�to�properly�locate�andidentify�the�RCM.

It�is�a�common�recommendation�for�the�RCM�to�bereplaced�after�a�deployment�or�a�certain�number�ofdeployments.

Refer�to�vehicle-specific�serviceinformation�for�RCM�replacementguidelines.�Vehicle-specificrecommendations�may�require�the�RCMto�be�replaced:

• after�any�type�of�SRS�deployment,such�as�an�airbag�or�seat�beltpre-tensioner.�Nissan�requiresreplacing�the�RCM�after�any�typeof�SRS�deployment.

• only�if�damaged.�The�RCM�on�the2010�Jeep�Liberty�does�not�requirereplacement�after�a�deployment.

• after�a�certain�number�ofdeployments.�The�RCM�onthe�2010�BMW�550�requires

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replacement�after�threedeployments.

• if�a�certain�code�is�present.�DTCsare�checked�using�a�scan�tool.Problems�when�trying�to�clearcodes�may�indicate�that�the�RCMrequires�replacement.�Internalelectronic�damage�may�light�theairbag�warning�lamp.

• for�other�reasons�called�out�by�thevehicle�maker.�The�2011�VolvoXC90�requires�replacement�of�theRCM�if�codes�will�not�clear,�thereis�damage�to�the�RCM�or�the�floormounting�panel,�or�if�the�vehicle�isequipped�with�On-Call.

A�restraints�control�module�circuit�board�wasexposed�to�flood�water�and�has�corroded.

Some�collisions�do�not�deploy�anyrestraints,�however,�the�RCM�should�beinspected�for�damage�if�located�near�thearea�of�damage,�such�as�damage�to�thefloor�pan.�When�inspecting�the�RCM,check�for:

• cut�or�crushed�wires�orconnectors.

• bent�mounting�brackets.

• flood�damage�or�corrosion.�Asstated�previously,�the�RCM�isusually�mounted�to�the�lowerportion�of�the�vehicle�interior.For�this�reason,�flood�damage�isa�concern.�Restraint�system�partsexposed�to�flood�damage�or�thatshow�signs�of�corrosion�should�bereplaced.

Vehicle�ProtectionAlways�wear�an�electrostatic�dischargestrap�when�handling�an�electronic�controlmodule.

Reprogramming�the�restraints�control�moduletypically�requires�a�vehicle�maker�scan�tool.

A�new�RCM�may�have�to�be�programmed.Programming�a�new�RCM�may�require:

• transferring�data�from�the�originalmodule�to�the�new�one.�This�mayrequire�keeping�the�original�RCMon�hand�until�the�replacementprocedure�is�complete.

• subletting�the�replacementprocedure�to�a�local�dealer.Downloading�the�RCMprogramming�data�may�beprovided�by�the�vehicle�maker

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service�information�website.�Thismay�require�a�subscription�withspecial�dealer�access.�Doing�theprocedure�incorrectly�may�requireobtaining�another�new�RCM.

The�codes�should�not�be�forced�to�reset.�Ifthe�vehicle�maker�requires�replacement�ofthe�RCM�following�a�deployment,�it�needsto�be�replaced�with�a�new�one.�The�safetyof�the�passengers�during�another�collisionis�at�stake.

Front�Driver�Airbag

Refer�to�"Video:�Front�Driver�Airbag"�tosee�a�front�driver�airbag�deploy.

Parts�of�the�front�driver�airbag�systeminclude�the:

• airbag�module,�which�is�locatedin�the�center�of�the�steering�wheel.The�airbag�module�containsthe�airbag,�inflator,�electricalconnectors,�and�trim�cover.

• clock�or�coil�spring�which�ismounted�behind�the�steeringwheel.�This�part�is�designed�toprovide�a�continuous�electricalconnection�for�the�front�driverairbag�module�while�the�steering

wheel�is�being�turned.�Othernames�include�supplementalinflatable�restraints�(SIR)�coil,cable�reel,�spiral�cable,�slidingcontact,�or�slip�ring.

The�wiring�pigtail�on�this�clock�spring�was�scorcheddue�to�heat�from�the�airbag�deployment.

The�clock�spring�may�require�replacementafter�deployment.�If�replacement�is�notrequired,�inspect�the�clock�spring�for:

• heat�damage.�Heat�generated�fromairbag�deployment�can�causescorching�or�melting�of�the�coilhousing,�or�electrical�connectors.Also�inspect�wire�insulation�andthe�connector�that�plugs�into�theback�of�the�airbag�module�for�heatdamage.

• coil�housing�damage.�This�can�becaused�by�installing�the�steeringwheel�puller�bolts�too�deep.

• a�broken�ribbon�wire.�The�ribbonwire�is�the�electrical�connectionto�the�driver�airbag�and�otherelectrical�circuits�to�the�steeringwheel.�Damage�may�be�causedby�turning�the�steering�wheelwith�the�steering�rack�or�gear

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removed,�or�by�not�centering�thecoil�properly�before�installation.�ADTC�may�identify�a�problem�withthe�circuits�to�the�steering�wheel.

• electrical�connector�problems.This�can�be�caused�by�corrosion�orbroken�terminals.

Volvo�XC90

Vehicle�makers�collapse�steering�columns�by�variousmethods,�including�the�use�of�a�pyrotechnic�charge.

An�energy-absorbing,�or�collapsible,steering�column�is�designed�to�collapseduring�a�collision�to�reduce�driver�injury.Steering�columns�may�be�designed�tocollapse:

• in�the�upper�column.�Some�uppercolumns�have�two�shafts�that�aredesigned�to�function�similar�to�atelescope�during�a�collision.�Thistype�of�design�uses�a�solid�shaftthat�compresses�into�a�hollowshaft�to�shorten�the�overall�lengthof�the�steering�column.�The�shaftsmay�be�locked�with�plastic�insertsthat�shear�off�upon�impact.�Uppersteering�columns�may�also�bedesigned�with�a�steel�mesh�or

accordion-like�convolutions�thatcollapse�under�collision�forces.

• in�the�lower�steering�sections.These�sections�may�be�linked�byoffset�universal�joints�to�allowthe�sections�to�fold�during�animpact.�This�keeps�the�lowersteering�column�from�entering�thepassenger�compartment.

• at�the�steering�column�mountingbrackets.�Some�steering�columnsare�designed�to�collapse�at�thebracket�that�holds�the�column�tothe�instrument�panel�frame.�Thismay�also�be�done�with�plasticinserts�that�shear�upon�impact.

• using�a�pyrotechnic�charge.The�2011�Volvo�XC90�uses�apyrotechnic�charge�to�deploy�thecollapsible�steering�column.

Volvo�XC90

The�deformation�of�the�steering�column�bracketindicates�it�is�collapsed.

Collapsed�steering�columns�may�requirereplacement�of�the�complete�steeringcolumn.�Inspecting�steering�columns�forsigns�of�collapse�may�include:

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• checking�for�sheared�plastic�pinsor�inserts.�These�may�be�locatedon�the�steering�column�andmounting�brackets.

• measuring.�Vehicle�makersmay�recommend�measuring�theoverall�length�of�the�column�orbetween�specific�points.�Themeasurements�are�compared�tolisted�specifications.

• checking�for�a�tight�gap�betweenthe�steering�wheel�and�steeringcolumn�cover.�This�may�cause�thesteering�wheel�to�rub�against�thesteering�column�cover.

Some�vehicle�makers�have�mandatoryreplacement�recommendations�forsteering�columns�following�an�airbagdeployment.�For�example,�the�steeringcolumn�on�the�2011�Ford�Taurus�requiresreplacement�following�front�airbagdeployment.�Refer�to�vehicle-specificservice�information�to�determine�if�thesteering�column�requires�replacementfollowing�airbag�deployment.

Do�not�test-drive�or�release�the�vehicleto�the�owner�if�damage�to�the�steeringcolumn�is�suspected.

There�is�a�collapsible�brake�pedalassembly�on�the�2011�Chevrolet�Cruze,which�allows�the�pedals�to�detach�duringa�moderate-to-severe�collision�to�reducethe�risk�of�trapping�the�driver’s�feet,reducing�the�risk�of�leg�or�ankle�injuries.

The�knee�bolster�is�mounted�under�the�instrumentpanel�and�may�provide�extra�protection�to�the�knees.

The�knee�bolster:

• is�designed�into�the�lower�portionof�the�instrument�panel.

• may�provide�an�extra�cushionedarea�to�protect�the�knees.

• prevents�sliding�under�theinstrument�panel�during�acollision.

A�damaged�knee�bolster,�such�as�a�crack�like�this,requires�replacement.

Knee�bolsters�should�be�inspected�for:

• deformation.

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• damaged�brackets�and�braces�thatattach�the�knee�bolsters�to�theinstrument�panel.

• misalignment�to�adjacent�trimpanels.

Damaged�knee�bolsters�should�bereplaced.

Knee�airbags�are�used�on�more�vehicles�today�thanever�before.

Some�vehicles�are�equipped�with�kneeairbags.�Knee�airbags:

• are�designed�to�cushion�theimpact�of�the�knees�on�the�kneebolster�during�a�collision�whilekeeping�the�driver�in�position.

• are�designed�to�deploy�with�thefront�airbags.

• may�only�be�located�on�the�driverside,�or�on�both�the�driver�andpassenger�sides�of�the�vehicle.

• require�replacement�if�deployed.Follow�vehicle�maker’srecommendations�for�replacingknee�airbags.

• may�require�inspecting�adjacentpanels�and�parts�followingdeployment.

Some�manufacturers�require�completeinstrument�panel�replacement�followinga�knee�airbag�deployment.�An�exampleof�this�is�on�the�2006�–�2010�Chrysler�PTCruiser.

Refer�to�"Video:�Front�Driver�AirbagConsiderations"�in�the�presentation.The�video�shows�a�front�driver�airbagdeployment.�Answer�the�question�at�theend�of�the�video�before�continuing�to�thenext�screen.

Refer�to�"Video:�Front�Driver�AirbagConsiderations�(cont'd)"�in�thepresentation.�This�video�discussesconsiderations�for�front�driver�airbagdeployment�and�answers�the�questionfrom�the�previous�video.

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Front�Passenger�Airbag

Refer�to�"Video:�Front�Passenger�Airbag"�tosee�a�front�passenger�airbag�deploy.

Passenger�airbag�modules�may:

• be�located�on�the�passenger�sideof�the�instrument�panel,�facing�thepassenger�seat.

• be�mounted�on�top�of�theinstrument�panel�and�usethe�windshield�to�deflect�thedeployment�in�the�properdirection�toward�the�passenger.

• not�deploy�by�design.�Somepickup�trucks�are�equipped�witha�disable�switch�that�allowsthe�driver�to�turn�the�passengerairbag�off.�Vehicles�equippedwith�an�occupant�classificationsystem�(OCS)�may�also�disable�thepassenger�airbag�when�the�seatis�not�occupied�or�the�passengerdoes�not�meet�the�specifiedweight.

Personal�SafetyIt�is�good�practice�for�appraisers�andtechnicians�to�assume�that�all�deployedfront�airbags�may�be�capable�of�a

second�deployment.�Refer�to�vehicle-specific�service�information�for�safehandling�and�disposal�procedures�fordeployed�front�airbags,�and�recommendedsteps�to�ensure�that�the�second�stage�isdeployed.

Ford�Taurus

This�cutaway�passenger�seat�from�a�2011�FordTaurus�reveals�the�bladder�sensor�that�is�part�of�theoccupant�classification�system.

An�OCS�may�use�various�types�of�sensorsto�provide�input�to�the�RCM�to�determineif�the�front�passenger�restraints�should�bedeployed.�An�OCS�may�use�a:

• weight�sensor�or�sensors�todetermine�the�size�of�the�occupantor�if�the�seat�is�occupied.�Vehiclemakers�use�various�types�ofweight-sensing�systems�todetermine�if�the�seat�is�occupied.Different�types�of�weight�sensorsmay�be�used�on�different�vehiclesmade�by�the�same�manufacturer.

• seat-belt-use�sensor�to�determine�ifthe�seat�belt�is�in�use.

• seat-position�sensor�to�determinehow�close�the�occupant�is�to�theairbag.

• status�lamp�on�the�instrumentpanel�or�rearview�mirror�to

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communicate�the�status�of�thepassenger�airbag.�Status�lampsare�used�differently�on�differentvehicles.�For�example,�thepassenger�airbag�status�on�GeneralMotors�and�Toyota�vehicles�isindicated�by�illuminating�eitherthe�“Passenger�Airbag�ON”�or“Passenger�Airbag�OFF”�lamp.Ford�vehicles�have�a�single“Passenger�Airbag�OFF”�lamp,which�turns�on�when�a�lightweight�is�detected�in�the�passengerseat,�or�if�the�passenger�seat�beltis�buckled�and�no�weight�or�lightweight�is�detected.

Most�front�passenger�seats�in�vehiclesbuilt�after�the�2006�model�year�areequipped�with�an�OCS.

Two�types�of�OCS�weight�sensors�are�shown,including�strain�gauges�(left)�and�a�sensor�mat�withinthe�seat�cushion�(right).

Various�methods�used�to�determine�frontpassenger�occupant�weight�for�the�OCSinclude,�but�are�not�limited�to:

• a�silicone-filled�pressure�bladder,for�example�on�the�2010�FordEscape.

• a�sensor�mat�integrated�with�theseat�cushion,�for�example�on�the2009�Cadillac�DTS�and�ChevroletImpala.

• strain�gauges.�Four�strain�gaugesattached�to�the�front�passengerseat�on�the�2010�Toyota�Venzaare�used�to�determine�occupantweight.�Two�strain�gauges�are�usedto�determine�occupant�weighton�the�2010�Ford�Explorer�frontpassenger�seat.

New�designs�and�methods�for�occupantdetection�are�continually�beingdeveloped.�Refer�to�vehicle-specificservice�information�to�determine�properreplacement�of�parts�and�if�calibrationprocedures�are�required.

Chevrolet�Camaro

The�OCS�has�its�own�control�module,�which�on�thisvehicle�is�directly�under�the�passenger�seat.

An�OCS�will�typically�include�a�separatecontrol�module,�which:

• communicates�with�the�RCM.• may�be�located�under�the�front

passenger�seat�or�under�the�centerconsole.

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Chevrolet�HHR

The�passenger�airbag�status�indicator�lamp�indicatesthat�this�passenger�airbag�is�off,�but�the�passengerseat�is�occupied,�indicating�a�possible�systemproblem.

A�DTC�may�indicate�that�the�OCS�requiresreplacement�or�recalibration.�Properoperation�of�the�OCS�may�be�determinedby�verifying�that�the�passenger�airbagstatus�indicator�lamp�is�functioningproperly.�This�may�be�done�by�turningon�the�vehicle�and�sitting�in�the�frontpassenger�seat.�However,�the�OCS�maydisable�the�passenger�airbag�if�the�personconducting�the�test�weighs�less�than�theweight�specified�for�that�system.�On�a2010�Toyota�Camry,�the�OCS�disables�thepassenger�airbag�if�it�detects�a�weight�lessthan�36�kg�(79�lb).

 Inspection�of�the�seat�and�seat�frame�mayindicate�physical�damage�to�parts�of�theOCS.�Similar�to�the�RCM,�the�OCS�controlmodule�may�be�mounted�directly�to�thefloor�pan�and�require�inspection�if�there�isdamage�to�the�floor.

The�vehicle�maker�may�require�all�or�part�of�the�OCSbe�replaced,�including�the�sensor�bladder�(left)�andthe�control�module�(right).

Depending�on�vehicle�makerrecommendations,�OCS�parts�that�must�bereplaced�after�a�collision�may�include:

• the�entire�calibrated�assembly,including�the�sensor�pad,�seatcushion�foam,�and�controlmodule.�Do�not�repair�parts�ofan�OCS�assembly.�Also,�do�notremove�and�replace�individualparts�from�a�new�OCS�assembly.The�OCS�will�not�work�properly�ifparts�are�replaced�separately.

• only�the�damaged�parts.�Twoexamples�of�this�recommendationapply�to�the�2010�ChevroletCamaro�and�Buick�LaCrosse.�Onthese�vehicles,�the�sensor�pad�andcontrol�module�can�be�replacedseparately.

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Some�vehicle�makers,�such�as�Toyota,�requirespecific�weights�be�used�when�recalibrating�theOCS.

Vehicle�makers�have�variousrecommendations�regarding�recalibrationof�the�OCS.�OCS�recalibration:

• may�be�required�following�acollision.

• may�be�required�if�the�seat�isremoved�or�replaced.

• is�typically�done�using�a�vehiclemaker-specific�scan�tool.

• may�require�weights.�Recalibrationof�the�OCS�may�require�a�specificset�of�weights�provided�by�thevehicle�maker,�in�addition�to�ascan�tool.�For�example,�Toyotavehicles�require�20�kg�(44�lb)and�30�kg�(66.14�lb)�solid�metalweights�and�a�scan�tool�forcalibrating�bladder-type�systems.Only�a�30�kg�(66.14�lb)�solidmetal�weight�and�scan�tool�isrequired�to�calibrate�seats�witha�weight�sensor-type�system�onToyota�vehicles.�Any�other�type�ofweight,�including�a�liquid�weight,should�not�be�used�to�preventinaccurate�results.

General�Motors�vehicles�require�a�scantool�when�calibrating�the�passengerpresence�system�to�zero.�No�weight�isadded�to�the�seat.

Ford�vehicles�require�a�scan�tool�whencalibrating�the�occupant�classificationsensor.�No�weight�is�added�to�the�seat.

An�instrument�panel�frame�adds�to�the�vehiclestructure�and�should�be�inspected�for�damage.

Instrument�panel�frames:

• are�attached�from�A-pillarto�A-pillar�and�may�have�anattached�steering�column�andpassenger�airbag�in�addition�to�theinstrument�panel.

• are�called�different�names.For�example,�Ford�calls�it�theinstrument�panel�reinforcement.General�Motors�calls�it�the�cross-car�beam.�Other�vehicle�makersmay�call�it�a�type�of�crossmember.

• should�be�inspected�for�damage.Inspect�the�instrument�panelframe�for�visible�damage�such�ascracks�or�deformation.�Also�checkthe�gaps�between�the�dash�andtrim�panels.�Gaps�that�exceedvehicle�maker�specifications�may

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indicate�a�damaged�instrumentpanel�frame.�Damage�to�the�lowerinstrument�panel,�knee�bolster,�orbrackets�may�also�indicate�damageto�the�instrument�panel�frame.Damaged�instrument�panel�framesshould�be�replaced.�Some�vehiclemakers�may�require�inspectionof�the�instrument�panel�framefollowing�front�passenger�airbagdeployment.

Refer�to�"Video:�Front�Passenger�AirbagConsiderations�(Pt.�1)"�in�the�presentation.This�video�shows�a�front�passenger�airbagdeployment.�Answer�the�question�asked�atthe�end�of�the�video�before�continuing�tothe�next�screen.

Refer�to�"Video:�Front�Passenger�AirbagConsiderations�(Pt.�2)"�in�the�presentation.This�video�discusses�considerations�forfront�passenger�airbag�deployment�andanswers�the�question�from�the�previousvideo.�Answer�the�question�asked�at�theend�of�the�video�before�continuing�to�thenext�screen.

Refer�to�"Video:�Front�Passenger�AirbagConsiderations�(Pt.�3)"�in�the�presentation.This�video�discusses�considerations�for�theoccupant�classification�system�followingairbag�deployment�and�answers�thequestion�from�the�previous�video.

This�instrument�panel�was�torn�during�the�passengerairbag�deployment.

Replacement�considerations�for�a�frontpassenger�airbag�deployment�mayinclude:

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• replacing�the�entire�instrumentpanel�assembly.�Some�top-mounted�passenger�airbags�maycause�damage�to�the�instrumentpanel.�Instrument�panels�damagedby�a�passenger�airbag�deploymentshould�not�be�repaired.

• only�replacing�the�airbag�module.Some�front�passenger�airbagmodules�have�a�built-in�coverand�may�not�require�replacingthe�instrument�panel�followingdeployment.�Damaged�airbagcovers�should�not�be�repaired.The�passenger�airbag�cover�on�the2010�Dodge�Caravan�is�servicedas�a�separate�replacement�part.

• windshield�damage.�Top-mountedfront�passenger�airbags�designedto�deflect�off�the�windshieldduring�deployment�may�damagethe�windshield,�which�will�requirereplacing�the�windshield.�Thewindshield�is�considered�astructural�part�of�the�vehicle�andrequires�specific�repair�proceduresfor�proper�replacement.�Theseprocedures�must�be�followed�toensure�the�windshield�remainsintact�in�the�event�of�anothercollision.�More�information�onproper�replacement�of�stationaryglass�can�be�found�in�the�I-CARlive�“Stationary�Glass�(GLA02)”training�course.

• replacing�melted�wiring�harnessesor�connectors.�Some�vehiclemakers�have�SRS�wiring�repairsolutions�built�into�the�vehicledesign.�For�example,�the�passengerairbag�system�wiring�on�the�2011Nissan�Altima�includes�a�built-in

secondary�wiring�harness�securedbehind�the�main�harness.�Afterpassenger�airbag�deployment,�theoriginal�passenger�airbag�wiresmust�be�cut�and�taped�off�andreplaced�with�the�secondary�built-in�harness�and�connector.

Side�Airbags

Suzuki�Kizashi

This�Suzuki�Kazashi�display�shows�side�airbagsfrozen�in�their�deployment�state.

Many�vehicles�have�side�airbags�to�offerextra�protection�in�side�impact�collisions.A�side�airbag�may�be�located:

• in�the�seat�backs.• along�the�roof�rails�from�the�A-

pillar�to�the�rear�pillar.�Airbagslocated�in�these�areas�are�typicallyreferred�to�as�curtain�airbags.

• in�the�door�trim�panels.�The�sideairbags�on�the�2010�BMW�M5are�located�behind�the�door�trimpanels.�The�door�trim�panel�willrequire�replacement,�and�the�doorwater�barrier�and�insulation�mustbe�inspected�following�side�airbagdeployment.

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Refer�to�"Video:�Seat�Side�Airbags"�to�seeseat�side�airbags�deploy.

Side�airbags�may�be�located�on�theexterior-facing�side�of�the�seat�back.They�may�be�equipped�in�the�front�seatsonly�or�both�front�and�rear�seats.�Afterdeployment,�the�vehicle�maker�may:

• require�replacement�of�the�seatframe�or�complete�seat�backassembly.�The�seat�back�assemblymust�be�replaced�on�the�2011Nissan�Maxima�following�seat�sideairbag�deployment.

• require�replacement�of�damagedseat�covers.�Damaged�seat�coversshould�not�be�repaired.�Seatcovers�that�split�during�airbagdeployment�should�not�be�re-sewn.�This�is�because�they�usea�special�thread�that�allows�theseam�to�split�and�the�airbag�toproperly�deploy.

• require�replacement�of�the�foampadding.

• only�require�replacement�of�theairbag�module�if�the�module�has�abuilt-in�cover.�The�seat�side�airbag

on�the�2011�Ford�Fusion�has�abuilt-in�cover.

Refer�to�"Video:�Side�Curtain�Airbags"�tosee�a�side�curtain�airbag�deploy.

Side�curtain�airbags�are�located�alongthe�roof�rails.�They�typically�extend�fromthe�A-pillar�to�the�C-�or�D-pillar.�Somelarger�vehicles�may�have�multiple�curtainson�both�sides�to�provide�protection�forboth�the�front�and�rear�occupants.�Afterdeployment�of�a�side�curtain�airbag,�thevehicle�maker�may�require:

• inspecting�for�damaged�interiortrim�panels�and�replacement�ofcertain�trim�panels.

• removal�or�replacement�of�theheadliner.

• replacing�clips,�fasteners,�andtethers.�Some�interior�trim�panelsthat�cover�curtain�airbag�modulesuse�tethers�to�prevent�them�frombecoming�projectiles�duringdeployment.�These�need�to�bereplaced�to�protect�the�occupantsduring�another�collision.

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Refer�to�vehicle�maker�service�informationor�an�airbag�chart�to�determinerequired�replacement�and�inspectionrecommendations�for�deployed�sidecurtain�airbags.�Service�information�forthe�2009�Jeep�Grand�Cherokee�specifiesthat�the�A-,�B-,�C-,�and�D-pillar�trim�(onthe�side�of�deployment)�and�the�headlinermust�be�replaced�following�curtain�airbagdeployment.�The�service�information�alsostates�that�the�sunroof�drain�tubes�andhoses�must�be�inspected�for�damage.

The�2011�Volvo�S80�may�receivewindshield�damage�during�curtain�airbagdeployment.

The�airbag�label�on�this�door�panel�indicates�anairbag�within.

Side�airbag�modules�may�be�locatedbehind�the�door�trim�panel.�The�airbagmodule�may�have�a�built-in�cover.�Doorpanel�side�airbags�that�do�not�have�abuilt-in�cover�will�require�door�trim�panelreplacement.

Damaged�moisture�barriers�must�also�bereplaced.

The�side�airbag�sensor�on�this�B-pillar�(left)�andthe�restraints�control�module�(right)�may�requirereplacement�after�a�side�airbag�deployment.

Side�airbag�deployments�may�requirereplacement�of:

• any�deployed�airbag�modules.• side�impact�sensors.�Some�vehicle

makers�only�require�replacing�sideimpact�sensors�on�the�side�of�thecollision.

• the�RCM.• damaged�wiring.• damaged�interior�trim�panels.

Interior�trim�panels,�includingthe�moisture�barrier,�may�requiremandatory�replacement�ifspecified�by�the�vehicle�maker,even�if�they�appear�undamaged.

Refer�to�vehicle-specific�informationsources�to�determine�what�is�requiredfollowing�a�side�airbag�deployment.

More�information�on�front�and�side�airbagreplacement�can�be�found�in�the�I-CARlive�“Advanced�Restraint�Systems�(RES02)”training�course.

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This�sunroof�is�dislodged�due�to�the�pressure�ofairbags�deploying�in�the�passenger�compartment.

After�an�airbag�deployment,�also�inspectfor:

• impact�damage,�cracks,�corrosion,or�deformation.

• heat�damage.• misalignment�to�adjacent�parts

and�panels.• damaged�wiring�harnesses.

Depending�on�vehicle�makerrecommendations,�SRS�wiringrepair�may�be�allowed.

• damage�caused�by�excessiveinterior�air�pressure�from�airbagdeployment.�Areas�on�the�vehiclethat�are�not�associated�with�theairbag�system�may�be�damaged�bythe�pressure,�or�force,�of�an�airbagdeployment.�These�may�includesunroofs,�plastic�door�panels,�theroof,�or�movable�and�stationaryglass.

Two�novel�types�of�airbags�include�the�rear�windowcurtain�airbag�on�the�2011�Scion�iQ�and�the�Fordrear�inflatable�seat�belt.

Vehicle�makers�are�constantly�inventingnew�ways�to�use�airbags�to�protect�theoccupants�in�the�event�of�a�collision.A�few�examples�of�new�types�of�airbagsystems�recently�introduced�on�newvehicles�include:

• a�rear�curtain�airbag�on�the�2011Scion�iQ.�The�rear�curtain�airbagdeploys�downward�in�front�ofthe�backglass�in�a�rear�collision.The�rear�seat�occupant’s�head�isvery�close�to�the�backglass�on�thisvehicle.

• rear�inflatable�seat�belts�onthe�2011�Ford�Explorer.�Eachinflatable�seat�belt�uses�two�seatbelt�retractors,�a�retractor�forthe�shoulder�belt�and�for�the�lapbelt.�The�lap�belt�may�be�usedfor�installing�a�child�safety�seat.The�shoulder�strap,�which�hasthe�potential�to�inflate�during�acollision,�is�not�used�to�securethe�child�safety�seat.�Ford�plansto�eventually�equip�all�Fordand�Lincoln�vehicles�with�rearinflatable�seat�belts.

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Refer�to�"Video:�Curtain�AirbagConsiderations"�in�the�presentation.�Thisvideo�shows�a�curtain�airbag�deployment.Answer�the�question�asked�at�the�end�ofthe�video�before�continuing�to�the�nextscreen.

Refer�to�"Video:�Curtain�AirbagConsiderations�(cont'd)"�in�thepresentation.�This�video�discussesconsiderations�for�a�curtain�airbagdeployment�and�answers�the�questionfrom�the�previous�video.

Seat�Belt�Systems

This�illustration�shows�the�tremendous�force�on�aseat�belt�in�a�low-speed�collision.

A�damaged�seat�belt�system�could�lead�tooccupant�injury�in�the�event�of�a�collision.The�technician,�damage�appraiser,collision�repair�facility,�or�insurer�may�beheld�liable�if�seat�belts�are�not�servicedproperly.�When�inspecting�or�replacingseat�belts:

• follow�vehicle�makerrecommendations.�Many�vehiclemakers�require�replacement�ofall�seat�belts�that�were�in�useduring�an�airbag�deployment�ora�collision�of�specific�severity.General�Motors�requiresreplacement�of�any�seat�belts�thatwere�in�use�during�a�collision.

• ask�the�driver�the�approximatespeed�the�vehicle�was�travelingat�the�time�of�the�collision�andwhich�seat�belts�were�being�used.Also�ask�if�a�child�safety�seat�wasin�use.�Information�about�thecollision�may�help�to�determinewhich�seat�belts�will�requirereplacement.

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• replace�all�mounting�fasteners�thatare�damaged�or�are�required�bythe�vehicle�maker.

• do�not�install�recycled�seat�beltparts.

• it�may�be�necessary�to�determinewhether�the�damage�is�collision-related�or�pre-existing.

To�understand�the�importance�of�properlyreplacing�seat�belt�assemblies,�considerthe�amount�of�force�that�is�exerted�on�theseat�belt�during�a�low-speed�collision.This�can�be�explained�with�a�basiccollision�scenario�using�a�non-load-limiting�seat�belt,�vehicle�speed,�occupantweight,�and�stopping�distance�for�criteria.For�example,�a�vehicle�carrying�a�72.5�kg(160�lb)�occupant�crashes�into�a�tree�at15�mph.�The�front�of�the�vehicle�crushesinward�about�30�cm�(12")�to�absorb�someof�the�impact�force.�Even�with�the�crushzone�reducing�some�of�the�force,�it�willstill�take�about�544�kg�(1,200�lb)�of�forceto�stop�the�momentum�of�the�occupant.This�means�that�544�kg�(1,200�lb)�of�forcewill�be�exerted�on�the�seat�belt.

Among�the�checks�when�inspecting�a�seat�belt�islistening�for�an�audible�click�when�the�tongue�isinserted.

Check�seat�belt�buckles�for:

• an�audible�click�when�the�tongueis�inserted.�Ensure�that�it�remainsbuckled.

• cracks.• a�loose�release�button.• excessive�pressure�required�to

release�the�tongue.• indications�of�stress�such�as

deformation�or�flaking�chrome.

When�inspecting�seat�belt�buckles,verify�that�the�seat�belt�warning�lamp�isoperating�properly.�A�seat�belt�buckle�thatis�not�functioning�properly�may�cause�theseat�belt�warning�lamp�to�remain�lit.�Theseat�belt�warning�lamp�should�turn�offwhen�the�driver�seat�belt�is�buckled.�Somevehicles�that�have�an�OCS�also�requireverifying�that�the�seat�belt�warning�lampturns�off�when�the�passenger�seat�belt�isbuckled.�The�seat�belt�warning�lamp�maybe�designed�to�light�when�the�passengerseat�belt�is�unbuckled�while�the�passengerseat�is�occupied.

Check�seat�belt�webbing�for�any�signs�of�stretchingor�damage.

The�entire�seat�belt�webbing�and�retractorassembly�may�require�replacement�ifdamaged�or�worn.�Seat�belt�webbingshould�be�extended�and�inspected�for:

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• tears,�cuts,�or�broken�threads.• signs�of�stretching�or�bowing.• visible�seat�belt�replacement

warning�or�indicator�labels.• stains.�Stains�on�seat�belt�webbing

should�not�be�cleaned�usingsolvents.

• cigarette�burns�or�other�types�ofburn�damage.

• deterioration.

Seat�belt�webbing�inspection�may�requiredetermining�whether�or�not�damage�isrelated�to�the�collision.

Seat�belts�must�be�anchored�properly�to�operate,�socheck�the�top�and�bottom�anchoring�locations.

Common�locations�for�seat�belt�anchorsinclude�the�pillars,�outside�seat�frame�rail,and�floor�pan�areas.�Inspect�anchors�andanchoring�locations�for:

• cracks�and�distortion�of�mountinglocations.�This�includes�mountinglocations�for�retractors,�D-rings,and�the�height�adjuster.�Fordservice�information�specifiesthat�the�seat�belt�mountinglocations�should�be�inspectedand�straightened,�if�necessary,

before�installing�a�new�seat�beltassembly.�Always�refer�to�vehicle-specific�service�information�todetermine�required�inspection�orreplacement�recommendationsfor�seat�belt�assembly�mountingbolts�and�mounting�locations.�Alsoinspect�the�panel�flange�areas�ofmounting�locations�for�damagedspot�welds.�Damaged�spot�weldslocated�near�the�anchoring�pointmay�create�a�weak�link�and�mayaffect�the�function�of�the�seat�beltsystem.

• cracks,�distortion,�or�loosenessof�anchoring�bolts.�Seat�beltassembly�mounting�bolts�shouldbe�replaced�with�the�seat�beltassembly.

• dirt�and�corrosion.�Althoughdirt�may�be�cleaned,�corrodedparts�should�be�replaced.�Inspectanchoring�areas�for�damaged�spotwelds.

Never�replace�individual�parts�thatshould�be�replaced�as�an�assembly.Dismantling�and�only�using�parts�of�aseat�belt�assembly�may�compromisethe�safety�of�the�vehicle�occupants�inanother�collision.�Refer�to�vehicle-specificservice�information�for�proper�torquespecifications,�which�can�also�be�printedand�provided�with�the�repair�order.

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The�retractor�is�designed�to�both�store�the�seat�beltwebbing�and�lock�the�belt�in�place�when�extractedquickly.

Besides�winding�the�seat�belt�into�theassembly�and�allowing�it�to�be�pulledout,�seat�belt�retractors�may�have�otherfunctions,�such�as:

• emergency�locking.�Mostretractors�have�this�feature�andare�commonly�referred�to�asemergency�locking�retractors(ELR).�Many�retractors�have�apendulum�that�causes�the�webbingto�lock�when�the�webbing�isextracted�from�the�retractorquickly.�The�webbing�may�alsolock�when�the�speed�of�the�vehiclechanges�abruptly�or�when�thevehicle�is�on�a�steep�upgrade�ordowngrade,�cornering�hard,�orduring�a�rollover.

• automatic�locking.�Retractors�thathave�this�feature�are�commonlyreferred�to�as�automatic�lockingretractors�(ALR).�These�typesof�retractors�allow�child�safetyseats�to�be�held�tightly�in�place.Some�vehicle�makers�refer�tothese�as�child�hold-out�or�cinchmechanisms.

Most�retractors�are�designed�to�be�used�ononly�one�side�of�the�vehicle�and�are�notinterchangeable.

Inspection�of�a�retractor�should�include�pulling�on�itquickly�to�determine�if�it�locks�like�it�should.

Check�for�proper�extension�and�retractionof�the�webbing.�If�the�action�is�not�smoothand�easy,�inspect�for:

• twisted�webbing.• dirt�or�other�contamination�on

the�webbing�or�in�the�retractorhousing.

• proper�movement�on�the�anchorbolts.

The�operation�of�the�ELR�should�also�beinspected.�The�retractor�should�lock�theseat�belt�when�it�is�pulled�out�quickly�orwhen�the�retractor�is�tilted.�Follow�vehiclemaker�recommendations�for�testing�theproper�operation�of�the�ELR.

An�improper�ELR�function�may�requirereplacement�of�the�seat�belt�and�retractorassembly.

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On�seat�belts�that�are�designed�to�hold�a�child�safetyseat,�check�the�belt�for�proper�operation.

The�ALR�function�of�the�seat�belt,�which�isused�to�secure�a�child�safety�seat,�shouldbe�tested�for�proper�operation.�To�test�theoperation�of�an�ALR:

1. Pull�the�seat�belt�all�the�way�out�ofthe�retractor.

2. Allow�the�seat�belt�to�retract�intothe�retractor�slowly.�This�typicallycauses�an�audible�clicking�sound.

3. At�regular�intervals,�pull�on�theseat�belt�with�normal�force�withthe�intention�of�extracting�it�fromthe�retractor.�The�belt�should�lockup.

4. If�the�seat�belt�does�not�lock�up�atany�point,�replace�the�retractor.

The�ALR�function�is�a�common�featureand�may�be�found�on�all�seats�onequipped�vehicles�with�the�exception�ofthe�driver�seat.�The�operation�of�an�ALR�issimilar�for�most�vehicles.

The�illustration�shows�how�a�load-limiting�seat�beltabsorbs�some�of�the�energy�as�the�occupant�isforced�forward�during�a�collision.

Some�seat�belts�have�load-limitingcapabilities.�These�are�designed�to�releasethe�seat�belt�at�a�determined�rate�whenit�becomes�locked�during�a�collision�orsudden�stop.�Load-limiting�seat�belts:

• are�designed�to�reduce�the�forceexerted�on�the�occupant�by�theseat�belt�webbing,�absorbingsome�of�the�force�created�fromthe�forward�momentum�of�theoccupant.

• may�use�a�deformable�torsion�barlocated�in�the�retractor�assembly.

• should�be�inspected�for�signsof�strain�or�activation.�Checkthe�seat�belt�webbing�for�signsof�strain�and�proper�retractoroperation,�such�as�lockingup.�Refer�to�vehicle-specificservice�information�for�seat�beltreplacement�requirements.�Asstated�earlier,�seat�belts�mayrequire�replacement�if�wornduring�airbag�or�pre-tensionerdeployment.

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Seat�Belt�Pre-Tensioners

A�deploying�seat�belt�pre-tensioner�tightens�the�seatbelt�during�a�collision�to�better�hold�the�occupant.

Seat�belt�pre-tensioners:

• remove�seat�belt�slack.• hold�the�driver�and�passengers�in

proper�position�during�a�collision.These,�along�with�the�airbags,increase�occupant�protection.

• may�use�an�expanding�gas�tomove�mechanical�parts�duringoperation.

• generally�use�the�restraint�systemsensors�and�the�RCM.�They�mayalso�work�with�information�fromthe�OCS�to�determine�if�the�frontpassenger�seat�belt�pre-tensionershould�deploy.

Seat�belt�pre-tensioners�may�deploywith�or�without�airbag�deployments.�Forexample,�the�RCM�may�determine�thatthe�force�of�the�collision�warrants�only�theseat�belt�pre-tensioner�to�deploy.

Buick�Verano

This�type�of�seat�belt�pre-tensioner�shortens�theanchoring�point�when�it�deploys.

Seat�belt�pre-tensioners�may�work�by:

• winding�the�seat�belt�retractor.• shortening�the�seat�belt�buckle

assembly�with�a�piston�and�cablesystem.�Rather�than�winding�theretractor�when�the�cable�is�pulled,the�seat�belt�buckle�assembly�isshortened.

• shortening�at�the�seat�beltanchoring�point.

• deploying�the�seat-belt�pre-tensioners�at�the�retractor�pointand�buckle�assembly�or�anchoringpoint�simultaneously.�For�example,the�2010�Buick�LaCrosse�deploysboth�pre-tensioners�in�the�retractorassembly�and�at�the�seat�beltanchor�point�for�the�front�seats.

There�are�other�less�common�deploymentmethods.�The�2010�Acura�RL,�forexample,�has�a�precollision�detectionsystem�option�called�the�collisionmitigation�braking�system�(CMBS).�TheCMBS�uses�motorized�seat�belt�pre-tensioners.�When�the�system�detectsthat�a�collision�is�imminent,�the�driver�is

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warned,�the�seat�belt�pre-tensioners�areengaged,�and�the�brakes�are�automaticallyapplied.�The�motorized�seat�belt�pre-tensioners�allow�disengagement�if�theCMBS�detects�that�the�collision�is�nolonger�imminent.

Refer�to�"Video:�Seat�Belt�Pre-Tensioners"in�the�presentation�to�see�a�video�onseat�belt�pre-tensioner�deployments�andexplains�how�to�determine�deploymentduring�damage�analysis.

This�type�of�seat�belt�pre-tensioner�shows�evidenceof�deployment�with�a�shortened�buckle�assembly.

Inspect�seat�belt�pre-tensioners�todetermine�if�they�have�been�deployed.The�conditions�under�which�seat�belt�pre-tensioners�deploy�vary�depending�on�thesystem.�Deployment�may�occur�when�theairbags�deploy�or�during�minor�collisions

with�no�airbag�deployment.�Inspectingseat�belt�pretensioners�may�require:

• checking�the�instrument�panelfor�a�lit�airbag�warning�lamp.Deployment�may�cause�the�seatbelt�or�airbag�warning�lamps�tolight.

• extracting�the�seat�belt�from�theretractor.�The�seat�belt�may�lockup�following�deployment�of�theseat�belt�pre-tensioner.�Roughoperation�or�grinding�noises�mayor�may�not�indicate�a�deployedpre-tensioner.

• checking�the�seat�belt�buckleassembly.�A�shortened�buckleassembly�may�indicate�a�deployedpre-tensioner.�For�this�type�ofsystem,�it�may�also�be�helpful�tocompare�a�suspected�deployedseat�belt�pre-tensioner�with�onethat�is�known�to�be�undeployed.A�front�passenger�seat�belt�pre-tensioner�may�not�deploy�if�theseat�belt�was�not�in�use�during�thecollision.

• a�scan�tool.�Some�retractors,�suchas�on�Hyundai�vehicles,�may�notlock�up�after�deployment�and�ascan�tool�is�required�to�determinedeployment.

To�ensure�the�safety�of�the�occupants�inanother�collision,�it�is�vital�to�replaceany�deployed�seat�belt�pre-tensioners,even�if�the�seat�belt�retractor�seems�to�beoperating�properly.�Seat�belt�retractors�thatlock�up�when�deployed�may�unlock�whenremoved�from�the�vehicle.�This�does�notmean�that�it�can�be�reinstalled.

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Volvo�XC90

Any�signs�of�damage�on�a�seat�belt�pre-tensionerrequires�replacement�of�the�unit.

When�inspecting�seat�belt�pre-tensioners:

• check�for�signs�of�visible�damage.Damaged�seat�belt�pre-tensionerswill�require�replacement.

• refer�to�vehicle-specific�serviceinformation�for�instructions�onhow�to�properly�inspect�seat�beltpre-tensioners.�Vehicle-specificservice�information�should�alsoprovide�replacement�and�disposalrecommendations.

The�2011�Volvo�XC90�may�require�all�rearseat�belt�assemblies�to�be�replaced�afterany�airbag�deployment.�This�is�becauseall�rear�seat�belts,�including�optional�thirdrow�seating,�are�equipped�with�built-inseat�belt�pre-tensioners.�Because�the�rearseat�belt�assemblies�are�not�equipped�withseat�belt�use�sensors,�the�SRS�module�maydeploy�all�rear�seat�belt�pre-tensionerswith�an�airbag�deployment.�The�onlyexception�to�this�is�when�a�front�airbagdeploys�during�a�minor�collision�becausea�front�seat�belt�is�not�in�use.�In�this�case,

the�rear�seat�belt�pre-tensioners�are�notdeployed.

A�deployed�seat�belt�pre-tensioner�may�requireremoval�of�the�seat.

Other�considerations�for�deployed�seatbelt�pretensioners�include:

• damage�to�adjacent�parts.�Seat�beltpre-tensioners�may�damage�trimpanels�during�deployment.�Forexample,�seat�belt�pre-tensionerdeployment�may�damage�theinterior�B-pillar�trim�panel�on�a2010�Hyundai�Azera�sedan.

• that�the�seat�assembly�mayrequire�replacement,�overhaul,�orremoval,�which�will�likely�requirecalibrating�the�OCS.

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SRS�Wiring

SRS�wiring�connectors�are�often�yellow�in�color�foreasy�visibility.

Repairs�to�SRS�wiring�harnesses,terminals,�and�connectors�may�or�maynot�be�allowed�by�the�vehicle�maker.Most�vehicle�makers�do�not�recommendrepairing�damaged�pigtail�wires�andconnectors.�Pigtail�wires�are�short�wiringharnesses�that�are�hard-wired�to�electronicparts,�such�as�impact�sensors,�airbagmodules,�and�clock�springs.�SRS�partswith�damaged�pigtail�wires�shouldgenerally�be�replaced.�In�some�cases,however,�pigtail�wire�replacement�kitsmay�be�available.�These�may�includeconnectors�that�allow�the�replacementpigtail�wires�to�attach�directly�to�the�SRSpart.

SRS�wiring�repairs�may�require�wire�splice�sleeves(left)�and�a�special�repair�kit�(right).

SRS�wiring�repairs�may�require:

• using�a�special�kit�for�splicingwires�together.�Examples�ofvehicle�makers�that�require�theuse�of�a�specific�wiring�repair�kitfor�splicing�SRS�wiring�includeGeneral�Motors�and�Chrysler.

• crimping�or�soldering�the�wirestogether.

• the�use�of�heat�shrink�tubes�thatprevent�moisture�from�entering�thesplice�seal.�The�wire�ends�may�bepositioned�in�the�heat�shrink�tubesthen�heated�to�seal�the�splice.Heat�shrink�tubes�may�be�color-coded�according�to�wire�gauge.

• offsetting�splice�locations.

Depending�on�the�situation,�it�may�bemore�practical�to�replace�short�wiringharnesses,�rather�than�repairing�them.

Vehicle�maker�that�allow�repairs�todamaged�SRS�wiring�include:

• General�Motors• Chrysler• BMW�(limited)• Ford• Mitsubishi�(damaged�connectors

require�replacing�entire�harness)• Volvo

Vehicle�makers�that�do�NOT�allow�repairsto�damaged�SRS�wiring�include:

• Toyota�/�Lexus

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• Honda�/�Acura• Hyundai• Kia• Mazda• Nissan• Subaru

There�are�two�I-CAR�Advantage�articlesthat�discuss�passive�restraint�wiringrepairs.�These�can�be�accessed�byvisiting www.i-car.com�and�navigatingto�Technical�Information�and�AdvantageOnline.�You�can�search�for�thearticles�by�typing�“Wiring�Repairs”in�the�Topic�/�Keyword�text�field.�Thearticle�that�discusses�General�Motors’recommendations�is�titled�“RestraintSystem�Wiring�Repairs.”�The�other�articlediscusses�Chrysler�recommendations�andis�titled�“Restraint�System�Wiring�RepairsFor�Chrysler�Group�Vehicles.”

Seats

Seats�are�designed�with�safety�features�for�occupantprotection.

Seat�assemblies�work�to�protect�thevehicle�occupants�during�a�collision.�In�acollision,�the�seat�backs�may:

• help�restrain�the�occupants�andprevent�them�from�being�ejectedthrough�the�backglass.

• include�headrests�to�help�protectthe�occupants�from�whiplashinjury.

• include�advanced�energymanagement�systems.�Activeheadrests�are�automaticallypositioned�closer�to�the�occupant’shead�to�help�reduce�whiplashinjury�during�a�rear�collision.

Both�front�seats�on�Volvo�vehicles�builtsince�2000�may�be�equipped�with�anenergy-absorbing�function�called�thewhiplash�head�impact�protection�system(WHIPS).�The�front�seats�on�both�the�2011Volvo�C70�and�S80�are�equipped�withWHIPS.

An�example�of�a�safety�feature�built�into�seatsincludes�a�whiplash�protection�system�built�into�thehinge.

When�inspecting�seat�assemblies,check:

• headrests�for�damage�and�properoperation.�Some�vehicles�areequipped�with�active�headrests,

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which�are�designed�to�moveforward�during�a�rear�collision�toreduce�the�chance�of�whiplashinjury.�Some�active�headrestsare�mechanical�and�mayautomatically�reset�or�are�resetmanually.�The�active�headrestsystem�used�on�a�2010�ToyotaVenza�uses�a�pressure�plate�in�theseat�back�to�move�the�headrestforward.�A�spring�automaticallyreturns�the�headrests�to�theoriginal�position�following�therear�impact.�Pressurized�gas�mayalso�be�used�for�activating�anactive�headrest�system.�Thesetypes�of�systems�may�be�resetby�replacing�a�pressurized�gascartridge,�such�as�on�the�2010BMW�7�Series.�The�cartridge�canbe�replaced�up�to�five�times,�whilethe�active�headrest�system�onthe�BMW�3�Series�requires�thecomplete�headrest�be�replaced.Always�refer�to�vehiclespecificservice�information�to�determinethe�proper�repair�/�replacementprocedures.

• seat�backs�for�damage�andproper�operation.�This�includesdetermining�if�the�seat�is�designedfor�energy�absorption.�Wheninspecting�the�WHIPS�on�a�VolvoC70,�the�seat�back�is�adjustedand�the�hinge�mechanisms�onboth�sides�of�the�seat�are�checkedfor�a�gap�between�the�rivet�andfitting.�If�there�is�a�visible�gap,the�mechanism�must�be�replaced.Inspection�procedures�for�WHIPSmay�vary�depending�on�the�yearand�model�of�the�Volvo�vehicle.Always�refer�to�vehicle-specific

service�information�for�inspectingthese�types�of�systems.

Side�impact�damage�caused�damage�to�the�bottomof�this�seat,�perhaps�even�damage�to�the�seat�frame.

Seat�assemblies�should�also�be�inspectedfor:

• loose�or�bent�seat-to-floormounting�brackets�and�fasteners.

• damaged�or�non-functioning�hingelocks�or�reclining�mechanisms.The�brackets�connecting�the�seatback�to�the�seat�bottom�shouldbe�inspected�for�distortion�andcracking.�These�brackets�andmechanisms�may�be�servicedseparately�or�as�part�of�anassembly.

• bent�seat�frames.

A�seat�that�does�not�move�smoothlyon�the�seat�tracks,�or�is�loose,�may�bedamaged.�Also�check�seat�back�frames�fordeformation�and�corrosion.�Most�vehiclemakers�do�not�recommend�straighteningdamaged�seat�frames.�This�is�becausestraightening�may�not�restore�the�originalintegrity�designed�into�the�seat�and�may

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compromise�the�safety�of�the�vehicleoccupants.�A�seat�frame�may�becomedistorted�or�twisted�due�to�the�deploymentof�a�side�seat�mounted�airbag.�Somemanufacturers�recommend�replacing�theseat�back�frame�following�seat�side�airbagdeployment.�Removal�or�replacement�ofthe�front�passenger�seat�assembly�mayrequire�recalibrating�the�OCS.

The�child�safety�booster�seat�is�part�of�the�seat�onsome�Volvo�models.

Some�vehicles�include�child�safety�seatsthat�are�integrated�into�the�rear�seat.Integrated�child�safety�seats:

• may�be�designed�to�be�folded�intothe�seat.�This�allows�the�seat�to�beused�by�an�adult�if�the�safety�seatis�not�being�used.

• may�be�designed�as�a�booster�seat.Booster�seats�are�intended�forolder�children�that�are�too�shortfor�the�vehicle�seat�belts.�Volvovehicles�built�after�1991�may�beequipped�with�an�integrated�childbooster�seat.

• should�be�inspected�for�damage.Parts�of�an�integrated�child�safetyseat�that�should�be�inspected�mayinclude�webbing,�buckles,�bolts�orfasteners,�hinges,�and�upholstery.

Check�these�parts�for�gouges,scratches,�cracks,�tears,�distortion,or�damaged�webbing.

• must�be�replaced�if�damaged�orin�use�during�a�collision.�Thismay�include�replacement�of�theentire�seat�assembly�or�it�may�beavailable�as�a�separate�module.Refer�to�vehicle-specific�serviceinformation�for�replacing�damageintegrated�child�seats.

2010�Dodge�Caravan�minivans�may�beequipped�with�an�integrated�child�seat�orchild�booster�seat.

Removable�child�safety�seats�must�be�closelyinspected�for�damage.�Some�may�requirereplacement�after�a�collision�even�if�not�damaged.

Removable�child�safety�seats�shouldalso�be�inspected�for�damage.�Wheninspecting�removable�child�safety�seats:

• determine�and�document�ifthe�seat�was�in�use�during�thecollision.�This�may�require�aconsultation�with�the�vehicleowner.

• replace�the�seat�and�notify�theowner�if�it�shows�any�signsof�damage.�Signs�of�damage

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may�include�cracks,�tears,�ordeformation�on�any�part�of�thechild�safety�seat.

• check�with�the�seat�maker�orlocal�regulations�to�determineif�the�child�safety�seat�requiresmandatory�replacement�even�if�nodamage�is�found.

The�child�safety�seat�may�require�removalduring�the�repair�process.�If�so,�ensurethat�it�is�reinstalled�by�a�qualified�person.Local�law�enforcement�personnel,�firedepartments,�or�hospitals�may�offer�thisservice�free�of�charge.�Another�optionwould�be�an�employee�who�is�trained�toproperly�inspect�and�install�child�safetyseats.�To�locate�training�offered�in�yourarea,�contact�the�National�Highway�TrafficSafety�Administration�(NHTSA)�or�visitwww.nhtsa.dot.gov.

The�Insurance�Institute�for�HighwaySafety�is�another�resource�for�informationregarding�child�safety�seats.

Child�seats�that�are�damaged�ordetermined�to�be�unusable�should�bedismantled�or�destroyed�before�disposing.This�will�help�prevent�anyone�retrieving�itfrom�the�trash�for�reuse.

Check�the�child�safety�seat�tether�locations�fordamage.

Lower�anchors�and�tethers�for�children(LATCH)�systems�are�designed�to�allowchild�safety�seats�to�be�installed�withoutthe�use�of�the�vehicle�seat�belts.�LATCHsystems:

• were�mandated�by�the�Federalgovernment�to�be�installed�in�therear�seats�of�all�vehicles�built�afterSeptember�2002.

• have�lower�anchors�attached�tothe�seat�frame.�Lower�anchorsprovide�an�anchoring�point�forthe�straps�that�secure�the�base�of�achild�safety�seat.�These�are�locatedbetween�the�seat�back�and�seatbottom�cushions.

• have�top�tether�anchors�that�maybe�attached�to�the�seat�back�frame,rear�shelf�panel,�or�floor�pan.�Toptethers�provide�an�anchoring�pointfor�the�straps�that�secure�the�top�ofthe�child�safety�seat.

• should�be�inspected�for�damageafter�a�collision.�Cracked,�torn,�ordistorted�anchors�should�alwaysbe�replaced�following�vehiclemaker�recommendations.�Anchorsthat�are�attached�with�weldsmay�require�replacing�the�entire

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part.�For�example,�the�top�tetheranchors�on�the�2005�ChevroletTahoe�are�welded�to�the�seat�backframe�and�cannot�be�replacedseparately.

This�anchorage�system�may�be�calledISOFIX�in�Canada,�Australia,�and�NewZealand.�ISO�is�in�reference�to�theInternational�Standards�Organization.

Among�items�to�inspect�on�a�seat�are�the�variouselectronic�adjustment�controls.

Seats�should�also�be�inspected�fordamaged:

• upholstery�or�missing�trim.• binding�track�assemblies.• non-functioning�adjustment

controls.• lumbar�supports.• side�bolsters.• arm�rests.• improperly�functioning�electronic

accessories,�such�as�heatingelements�and�cooling�fans,�DVDplayers,�and�speakers�built�into�theseat.�A�seat�may�also�be�equippedwith�a�massage�option.�Somevehicles�have�flat�screen�displays

mounted�on�the�backside�ofheadrests�for�rear�occupants.

Pop-Up�Roll�Bars

Pop-up�roll�bars�may�be�two�pieces�(left)�or�onepiece�(right).

Pop-up�roll�bars�are�common�onEuropean�vehicles.�Pop-up�roll�barsmay:

• be�one�bar�that�extends�the�widthof�the�vehicle.�There�may�be�twoindividual�pop-up�roll�bars�on�theleft�and�right�sides.

• be�made�of�steel�or�aluminum.• have�either�hydraulic�cylinders�or

compressed�springs.

Pop-up�roll�bars�are�designed�to�deploy�if�the�vehicletips�a�certain�degree.

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Pop-up�roll�bar�activation:

• may�occur�when�a�vehicle�leanson�its�side�at�a�specific�angle.

• may�occur�when�the�vehiclewheels�leave�the�ground.�Thistype�of�system�may�use�a�sensorthat�monitors�suspension-to-chassis�position�change.�Thereare�multiple�requirements�thatmust�occur�at�the�same�time�forroll�bar�activation�to�occur.�Rollbars�will�not�activate�unless�allnecessary�criteria�is�met�such�asvehicle�speed,�deceleration,�androll�angle.

• is�determined�by�various�typesof�sensors�that�detect�when�arollover�is�imminent.�These�mayinclude�yaw�rate�sensors�or�lateralaccelerometers,�which�may�beintegrated�with�the�RCM.

Pop-up�roll�bars�may�be�serviced�as�separate�cassetteassemblies.

Pop-up�roll�bars�with�physical�damagemust�be�replaced.�Roll�bar�parts�that�aredamaged�require�replacement.�However,surface�imperfections,�such�as�scratchesor�blemishes,�may�be�refinished�as�long�as

there�is�no�damage�affecting�the�integrityand�operation�of�the�part.

Inspect�convertible�tops�for�damage�ordeformation.

Some�pop-up�roll�bars�may�be�reset�ifthere�is�no�damage.�Resetting�pop-uproll�bars�may�require�a�special�tool�ormay�be�as�simple�as�pushing�them�backdown�into�place.�Some�hydraulic�roll�barsare�lowered�by�pressing�a�switch�on�thevehicle�instrument�panel.

A�malfunction�indicator�lamp�(MIL)�mayindicate�a�malfunction�with�the�pop-uproll�bar�system.

When�removing�a�pop-up�roll�bar,�do�notattempt�to�remove�the�roll�bar�while�it�isin�the�armed�position.�Some�roll�bars�canbe�activated�using�a�screwdriver.

Left�and�right�pop-up�roll�bars�may�beserviced�as�separate�cassette�assemblies.

Examples�of�pop-up�roll�bar�replacementparts: 

• 2009�Audi�S4�Cabrio�has�roll�barcassette�replacement�parts�(rightand�left�parts�are�the�same)

• 2009�BMW�3�Series�Convertibleroll�bars�are�replaced�as�anassembly

• 2009�Jaguar�XK�has�roll�barcassette�replacement�parts�(rightand�left�sides�are�the�same)

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• 2009�Mercedes-Benz�SL�has�aone-piece�pop-up�roll�bar

Mazda�MX-5�Miata

Roll�bars�may�not�be�pop-up�at�all�but�be�part�of�thevehicle�profile.

Some�vehicles�use�stationary�roll�barsdesigned�to�limit�occupant�injury�duringa�vehicle�rollover.�Inspection�of�stationaryroll�bars�should�include:

• evaluating�the�structure�of�thevehicle�where�the�roll�bar�isattached.

• replacing�damaged�mountinghardware�and�fasteners.

• inspecting�the�roll�bar�andmounting�areas�for�damage.�Donot�repair�damaged�stationaryroll�bars,�although�some�vehiclemakers�may�allow�refinishing.

Examples�of�convertible�vehiclesequipped�with�a�stationary�roll�barinclude�the�2009�Nissan�350Z�Roadsterand�the�2009�Mazda�MX-5�Miata.

Module�Wrap-Up

Topics�discussed�in�this�moduleincluded:

• types�of�restraint�systems.• restraint�system�parts.• deployment�of�restraints.• required�replacement�and

inspections.• repair�and�replacement�decisions.• seat�belt�system�parts�and

operation.• considerations�for�damaged�seat

belt�system�parts.• considerations�for�seat�damage.

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