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Damage Analysis of Advanced Automotive Systems (DAM07e) Textbook 11.3 © 2009 - 2014 Inter-Industry Conference On Auto Collision Repair DAM07-STMAN1-E

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Page 1: DamageAnalysis ofAdvanced Textbook Automotive Systems

Damage�Analysisof�AdvancedAutomotive

Systems(DAM07e)

Textbook

11.3

©�2009�-�2014�Inter-Industry�Conference�On�Auto�Collision�Repair

DAM07-STMAN1-E

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Table�of�Contents 3

Contents

Module�1�-�Driving�Assist�Safety�Systems.................................................................................7Blind�Spot�Detection�Systems...............................................................................................7Cross�Traffic�Alert�Systems..................................................................................................15Parking�Assist...................................................................................................................... 16Lane�Departure�Warning.................................................................................................... 22Attention�Assist................................................................................................................... 26Adaptive�Cruise�Control......................................................................................................28Pre-Collision�Systems..........................................................................................................30Collision�Mitigation�Systems...............................................................................................34Module�Wrap�Up............................................................................................................... 36

Module�2�-�Vision�Assist�And�Advanced�Restraints�Systems................................................... 39Adaptive�Front�Lighting.......................................................................................................39High�Beam�Assist................................................................................................................42Night�View�Assist............................................................................................................... 43Active�Head�Restraints........................................................................................................46Knee�Airbags.......................................................................................................................48Module�Wrap�Up............................................................................................................... 49

Module�3�-�Convenience�Systems.......................................................................................... 53Keyless�Entry�Systems......................................................................................................... 53Theft�Deterence.................................................................................................................. 56Rain�Sensing�Wipers...........................................................................................................58Climate-Controlled�Seats.....................................................................................................59Module�Wrap�Up............................................................................................................... 62

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Damage�Analysis�of�Advanced�Automotive�Systems�(DAM07e) 7

Blind�Spot�Detection�Systems

The�learning�objectives�for�this�moduleinclude�identifying�and�understandingoperations�of:

• blind�spot�detection�systems.• cross�traffic�alert�systems.• parking�assist.• lane�departure�warning.• attention�assist.• adaptive�cruise�control.• pre-collision�systems.• Volvo�City�Safety.

Advancements�in�vehicle�technologies�are�evident�bylooking�at�the�instrument�panels�and�center�consoleson�newer�vehicles,�such�as�on�this�Lexus�LS�460.

Advancements�in�technology�haveimpacted�all�areas�of�our�lives.�Nowhereis�this�more�evident�than�in�the�vehicleswe�drive.�Computer�advancements�haveprovided:

• collision�warning�systems.• better�safety�systems.• more�comfort�and�convenienceoptions.

This�has�increased�the�challenges�ofwriting�an�accurate�estimate.�This�courseis�designed�to�help�an�estimator�identifyvehicle�options,�provide�an�overview�ofhow�the�options�work,�list�the�parts�thatmake�up�the�system,�and�identify�potentialdamage�analysis�issues.

Understanding�the�operation�of�thesesystems�benefits�more�than�just�insuranceappraisers.�In-shop�estimators,�repairtechnicians,�and�managers�can�all�benefitfrom�understanding�advanced�systemsoperation.�Even�if�the�repair�is�not�beingconducted�at�the�repair�facility,�it�isimportant�to�know�how�body�repairs�/structural�repairs�can�affect�advancedvehicle�system�operation.

Scan�tools�are�generally�required�for�performingdiagnostics�on�advanced�vehicle�systems.

Due�to�the�complexity�of�these�systems,the�trouble�code�provides�the�bestdirection�for�repairing�electronicproblems.�Therefore,�notice�thatthroughout�the�course,�many�of�thediagnostic�recommendations�require�ascan�tool�to�retrieve�diagnostic�troublecodes�(DTCs).�Depending�on�how�therepair�facility�is�equipped,�this�mayrequire�subletting�a�specific�repair�to

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a�dealership�or�a�properly�equippedmechanical�repair�facility.

Even�the�most�minor�collisions�cancause�problems,�typically�through�sensormisalignment.�With�more�computerizedsystems,�more�sensors�are�attached�to�thevehicle�to�monitor�driving�conditions.Therefore,�it�is�important�to�know�what�isbehind�each�panel.

Also,�test�drives�are�more�importantnow�than�in�the�past�as�they�are�used�fordiagnosis,�troubleshooting,�and�helpingavoid�issues�when�the�vehicle�is�releasedto�the�customer.

Owner’s�manuals�are�recommended�for�determiningspecific�vehicle�options.

To�determine�if�a�vehicle�is�equipped�witha�specific�feature:

• enter�the�VIN�into�an�estimatingsystem�or�call�a�dealership,�ifpractical.

• reference�the�owner’s�manual.• use�aftermarket�publications.Hunter�makes�a�specific�manualthat�lists�possible�options�on�avehicle.

• look�at�the�vehicle�instrumentpanel,�driver�information�center,switches�on�the�door�trim�andcenter�console,�etc.�Checkinstrument�panel�indicator�lampsby�turning�the�ignition�to�RUNand�seeing�which�dash�lamps�turnon�during�the�bulb�check.�Withthe�exception�of�the�bulb�beingburned�out,�if�a�feature�does�notlight�up�it�is�likely�that�the�vehicleis�not�equipped�with�the�option.Depending�on�the�vehicle,�systemoperation�and�warnings�may�beindicated�as�a�text�message�in�adriver�information�center.

Many�times�options�are�available�inpackages�from�the�vehicle�maker.�Beingfamiliar�with�what�packages�are�availablefor�specific�vehicles�can�provide�a�goodindication�of�what�other�options�areavailable.

Also,�some�systems�have�a�directrelationship�with�others.�For�example,�ifa�vehicle�is�equipped�with�a�blind�spotassist�system,�there�is�a�good�chance�itmight�also�have�the�cross�traffic�alertsystem.

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The�blind�spot�detection�system�on�this�2010Volvo�XC60�uses�door�mirror�cameras�to�detectapproaching�vehicles�(left).�The�blind�spot�detectionsystem�on�the�Ford�Taurus�has�an�indicator�lamp�inthe�door�mirror�(right).

Many�vehicles�are�now�equipped�withsystems�that�detect�vehicles�approachingfrom�behind�in�an�adjacent�lane.�Thesesystems�are�typically�called�blind�spotdetection�systems.�The�blind�spotdetection�system:

• engages�when�the�turn�signal�isactivated�and�signals�the�driverwhen�a�vehicle�is�approaching.

• generally�uses�radar�to�gaugedistance�of�approaching�vehicles.The�Volvo�system�uses�a�camerain�the�door�mirrors�to�watch�forapproaching�vehicles.�However,the�2013�Volvo�S60�/�V60�/�XC60now�use�radar�sensors�to�monitorblind�spots.

• is�designed�to�ignore�stationaryobjects.

Regardless�of�the�name,�the�functionalityis�similar�between�the�systems.

The�radar�sensor�for�most�blind�spotdetection�systems�is�based�on�existingtechnology.�For�example,�Valeo�Raytheon

had�designed�a�system�for�the�militarycalled�advanced�phased�array�radartechnology�that�was�used�to�guidemissiles�to�their�target.�This�system�wasminiaturized�and�equipped�with�reducedpower�requirements.�The�system�isdesigned�to�track�approaching�vehicles�bydetermining�distance�and�closing�rate.

Other�systems�may�be�based�on�Dopplerradar�technology.�This�type�of�radar,�mostcommonly�associated�with�weather�radar,is�designed�to�detect�moving�targets�whileignoring�the�stationary�targets.

Refer�to�"Video:�Blind�Spot�DetectionSystem�Demonstration"�in�thepresentation.�This�video�shows�how�ablind�spot�detection�system�operates.

The�blind�spot�detection�system�on�this�Ford�Fusionhas�a�sensor�located�behind�the�rear�bumper�cover.

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A�blind�spot�detection�system�with�radarsensors�operates�by:

• having�the�sensors�detect�vehiclesapproaching�from�the�rear.

• using�a�mathematical�model�tocalculate�when�an�approachingvehicle�enters�and�leaves�the�blindspot�area.�The�computer�softwarecalculates�when,�in�what�manner,and�in�which�situations�a�warningshould�be�issued.

• applying�voltage�to�the�indicatorlamp�located�in�the�door�mirror,lighting�the�warning�indicator.

The�range�varies�according�to�the�vehiclemaker.�For�example:

• on�Ford�vehicles,�the�range�ofthe�sensors�extend�rearward�fromthe�door�mirrors�to�about�10�feetbeyond�the�rear�bumper.

• on�General�Motors�vehicles,the�range�of�the�sensors�extendsrearward�from�the�door�mirrorsto�about�11�feet�beyond�the�rearbumper.

• on�Volvo�vehicles�that�use�acamera-based�system,�the�camerascan�detect�objects�up�to�31�feetrearward�from�their�location�onthe�door�mirrors.

This�type�of�icon�on�the�door�mirrors�is�an�indicationthat�the�vehicle�is�equipped�with�a�blind�spotdetection�system.

To�determine�if�a�vehicle�is�equipped�withthis�option:

• check�the�door�mirrors.�Themirrors�are�equipped�with�an�LEDthat�lights�when�the�approachingvehicle�comes�into�the�blind�spot.On�some�vehicles,�such�as�theFord�Fusion,�both�of�these�LEDslight�when�the�vehicle�is�started.

• some�vehicles�may�provide�anicon�on�the�driver�informationcenter�or�instrument�cluster.

• some�vehicles�have�a�switch�toturn�the�system�on�or�off.�On�the2014�Toyota�Highlander,�the�blindspot�detection�system�must�beturned�on�by�the�driver.�The�buttonis�located�on�the�left�side�of�thesteering�wheel�and�is�identified�bythe�letters�BSM.

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This�is�a�blind�spot�detection�sensor�on�an�Audi�Q7.

Primary�blind�spot�detection�system�partsinclude:

• sensors,�which�are�generallylocated�behind�the�rear�bumpercover,�one�on�each�side.

• cameras.�Some�Volvo�vehicleshave�cameras�placed�beneaththe�door�mirrors�that�detectapproaching�traffic.

• the�steering�wheel�(on�somesystems).�Depending�on�thevehicle�maker,�some�systemsvibrate�the�steering�wheel�whenvehicles�are�in�the�blind�spot�andthe�blinker�is�activated.

• door�modules�/�control�module.• door�mirrors.

The�indicator�lamp�turns�on�or�flashes�when�avehicle�is�in�the�blind�spot�area.

Blind�spot�detection�systems�that�use�theradar�sensors:

• have�an�indicator�lamp�on�thedoor�mirror�that�alerts�the�driver�tothe�proximity�of�the�approachingvehicle.�For�example,�on�Audimodels,�the�indicator�light�on�thedoor�mirror�glows�continuouslywhen�a�vehicle�is�approaching.When�the�approaching�vehicle�isin�the�critical�area,�the�indicatorlamp�flashes.

• may�have�a�warning�chime�and�amessage�in�the�instrument�panelcluster�to�indicate�an�approachingvehicle.�On�Toyota�vehicles,the�indicator�lamp�flashes�anda�warning�chimes�if�a�vehicle�isdetected�in�the�blind�spot�areawhen�the�turn�signal�for�that�sideof�the�vehicle�is�turned�on.

• may�allow�the�brightness�of�theindicator�lamp�to�be�adjustedto�compensate�for�peripheralperception�deterioration,�acommon�condition�that�occurs�aspeople�age.

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Mud�buildup�on�the�rear�bumper�cover�can�interferewith�a�blind�spot�detection�system.

Problems�that�are�not�related�tomechanical�damage�and�can�be�fixedand�/�or�diagnosed�simply�include:

• dirt�or�debris�over�the�sensorarea.�Dirt,�snow,�mud,�and�othermiscellaneous�debris�can�buildup�over�the�sensor�preventing�anaccurate�reading.

• severe�weather,�such�as�rainor�snow,�which�may�affect�theoperation�and�cause�occasionalmissed�alerts.�The�number�ofmissed�alerts�will�increase�withincreased�rainfall�or�road�spray.

• when�the�vehicle�is�towing�atrailer,�or�has�an�object�such�as�abicycle�rack�attached�to�the�rearof�the�vehicle,�the�system�will�notproperly�operate.

Other�conditions�that�may�cause�thesystem�to�not�operate�properly�include:

• when�several�vehicles�acceleratefrom�a�standing�start�with�avehicle�alongside.

• a�vehicle�moves�from�two�lanesover�to�the�adjacent�lane.

• the�rate�of�speed�of�theapproaching�vehicle�is�too�fast.

On�the�Toyota�system,�the�system�isengaged�only�if�the:

• blind�spot�detection�system�isswitched�on.

• road�speed�is�above�10�mph.

For�Ford�and�Cadillac,�when�the�vehicleis�started,�the�exterior�mirror�LEDsbriefly�light�to�indicate�that�the�systemis�operating�and�there�are�no�faults.�If�afault�is�present,�the�LEDs�remain�lit�anda�message�may�appear�on�the�instrumentcluster�stating�“Blind�Spot�System�Fault,”“Blind�Spot�Not�Available,”�“BlockedSensor,”�etc.

Part�removal�may�be�required�to�determine�if�asensor�has�collision�damage.

When�performing�damage�analysis,�checkfor�a�damaged:

• bumper�bracket�and�/�or�bumperbeam.�Bent�or�collapsed�bumperparts�can�affect�sensor�positioning

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and�alignment.�This�will�causeimproper�readings�by�the�sensors.

• bumper�cover.�Even�in�lightimpacts,�a�sensor�can�bedamaged.

• door�mirror.

With�some�systems,�such�as�those�usedon�General�Motors�vehicles,�the�sensorsare�identical�and�may�be�swapped�fromone�side�of�the�vehicle�to�the�other�whentroubleshooting�potential�problems,however,�sensors�should�not�be�swappedfrom�one�vehicle�to�another.

An�improperly�operating�blind�spot�system�maydisplay�a�message�on�the�vehicle�message�center.

Beyond�physical�damage,�a�scan�tool�willbe�required�to�assess�a�malfunctioningblind�spot�detection�system�for�properdiagnostics�and�trouble�code�retrieval.This�may�require�subletting�the�diagnosticoperation,�or�purchasing�the�requiredequipment.

Vehicle�maker-specific�scan�tools�may�be�required�tocalibrate�the�system�after�repairs.

If�the�blind�spot�detection�system�sensorshave�been�replaced,�calibration�isgenerally�required�using�vehicle-specificdiagnostic�equipment.�Calibration�mayalso�be�required�after�rear�bumper�coverremoval�or�replacement�of�the�controlmodules.�Calibration�of�the�sensors�isparticularly�vital�since�the�measurementstaken�from�these�points�determine�ifa�signal�should�be�sent�indicating�anapproaching�vehicle.�The�calibrationessentially�informs�the�computer�of�thesensor’s�exact�position�so�that�the�propercalculation�can�be�made.�Sensors�may�notbe�identical�on�the�left�and�right�sides�ofthe�vehicle.

On�the�2014�Toyota�Highlander,�the�blindspot�detection�sensor�must�be�calibrated�ifit�is�replaced.�Calibration�requires�the�useof�a�scan�tool.

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2014�Honda�Accord

The�camera�on�the�right�door�mirror�(left)�turns�onwhen�the�right�turn�signal�is�on�or�when�the�button(right)�is�pushed.

Video�captured�from�the�right�side�door�mirror�isshown�on�the�center�display.

An�alternative�to�a�conventional�blind�spotdetection�system�is�Honda’s�LaneWatch.On�this�system,�only�the�blind�spot�on�theright�side�of�the�vehicle�is�monitored.�TheLaneWatch�system:

• uses�a�video�camera�locatedon�the�right�door�mirror.�Thecamera�monitors�the�blind�spoton�the�right�side�of�the�vehicle.This�provides�a�view�of�vehicles,bicycles,�or�pedestrians�thatare�not�normally�visible�in�thepassenger�side�door�mirror.�Theviewing�range�can�extend�to�one

or�two�lanes�on�the�right�side�ofthe�vehicle�and�up�to�50�yardsbehind�the�vehicle.

• automatically�turns�on�with�theright�turn�signal.�It�can�also�beturned�on�by�pressing�the�buttonlocated�on�the�end�of�the�turnsignal�lever.

• displays�video�captured�from�theside�camera�on�the�center�display.

2014�Honda�Accord�Hybrid

The�camera�must�be�aimed�if�it�is�removed�orreplaced.

The�LaneWatch�camera�must�be�aimed�ifthe�camera�is�removed�or�replaced,�thedoor�mirror�is�removed�or�replaced,�thedoor�panel�is�removed�or�replaced,�or�ifbody�repairs�are�made�to�the�door�panel.The�aiming�procedure�requires�specialtools,�which�include�an�aiming�standand�an�aiming�marker.�It�is�important�tofollow�the�target�setup�instructions�in�theservice�information�precisely�to�ensure�thecamera�is�aimed�properly.�After�the�targetis�properly�set�up,�the�aiming�procedureis�initialized�through�a�diagnosis�menu�onthe�vehicle�display.�Steps�for�accessing�thediagnostic�menu�may�vary�depending�onthe�trim�level�of�the�vehicle.

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An�overview�of�the�camera�aimingprocedure�is�available�on�the�Hondaservice�information�website.

Cross�Traffic�Alert�Systems

Cross�traffic�alert�systems�may�use�the�same�indicatorlamps�in�the�door�mirror�as�the�blind�spot�detectionsystem.

Some�vehicles�are�equipped�with�a�featurecalled�a�cross�traffic�alert�system.�Thisparticular�system:

• is�designed�to�assist�a�driver�withoncoming�traffic�when�backing�outof�a�parking�stall.

• warns�of�an�approaching�vehiclewith:• an�audible�alert�from�the

parking�aid�speaker.• a�visual�alert�on�the�right�or

left�door�mirror.• a�message�on�the�instrument

panel�cluster�that�states�either“Vehicle�Coming�From�Right”or�“Vehicle�Coming�FromLeft.”

The�system�may�detect�vehiclesapproaching�from�up�to�45�feet�away.

However,�this�distance�may�varydepending�on�the�system.

The�cross�traffic�alert�system�is�designed�to�detectvehicles�approaching�at�90°�angles.

The�cross�traffic�alert�system:

• uses�many�of�the�same�parts�as�ablind�spot�detection�system,�suchas�sensors�located�behind�the�rearbumper�cover.

• radar�detects�an�approachingvehicle.

• sensors�work�at�a�90°�angle.• works�for�straight�and�angledparking.

• only�operates�in�reverse.

Some�cross�traffic�alert�systems�canbe�turned�on�or�off�with�an�ON�/�OFFfunction�in�the�message�center.

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Refer�to�"Video:�Cross�Traffic�AlertDemonstration"�in�the�presentation.�Thisvideo�shows�how�a�cross�traffic�alertsystem�operates.

2015�Kia�K900

It�is�important�to�check�the�rear�bumper�for�damageas�this�may�be�an�indication�of�potential�sensordamage.

Because�the�system�uses�the�same�parts�asthe�blind�spot�detection�system,�damageto�the�rear�bumper�or�rear�portion�ofthe�quarter�panel�can�cause�damageto�the�system.�Additionally,�the�repairconsiderations�are�similar�to�the�blind�spotdetection�system.�If�a�fault�is�detected�onthe�instrument�panel�cluster,�a�scan�toolis�recommended�for�troubleshooting�theproblem.

Similar�to�the�blind�spot�detection�system,items�that�can�cause�non-detectioninclude:

• mud�or�debris�buildup�on�the�rearbumper�cover.

• the�quarter�panel�beingobstructed.

• collision�damage�to�the�rearbumper�cover�and�quarter�panels.

Parking�Assist

This�monitor�is�providing�instructions�for�using�thehands-free�parking�assist�feature�on�a�Lexus.

There�are�two�types�of�parking�assist.These�include:

• assist�only,�where�the�systemprovides�visual�and�/�or�audiofeedback�to�help�determine�thedistance�to�obstacles.

• hands-free�parallel�parking�assist.

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The�parking�assist�feature�is�designed�to�provideaudible�cues�with�regard�to�distance�betweenobjects�and�bumpers.

The�parking�assist�system�is�designed�to:

• calculate�the�distance�to�anobject�in�the�rear�of�the�vehicleand�provide�audible�and�/�orvisual�signals�to�the�driver�whileparking�and�working�the�vehiclein�reverse.�Some�systems�engagewhen�it�detects�an�object�8�feetbehind�the�vehicle.

• work�at�low�speeds,�typically�lessthan�5�-�11�mph.

• may�calculate�how�close�an�objectis�to�the�front�of�the�vehicle.�TheMercedes-Benz�Parktronic�systemmonitors�the�front�and�rear�ofthe�vehicle�if�the�vehicle�is�inREVERSE,�and�will�only�monitorthe�front�of�the�vehicle�if�thevehicle�is�in�DRIVE.

Some�systems�do�not�detect�objects�belowthe�bumper�as�well�as�people�or�pets.

The�system�can�be�turned�on�or�offmanually�using�a�switch�on�the�instrumentpanel.

2010�Ford�Fusion�(Left),�2014�Nissan�Rogue(Right)

The�parking�assist�camera�may�be�attached�to�therear�closure�panel,�such�as�a�deck�lid�(left)�or�hatch(right).

Some�systems�are�equipped�with�a�camerain�the�rear�or�front�to�get�a�visual�of�thearea�around�the�vehicle.�The�camera:

• mounts�on�the�spoiler,�deck�lid,�orhatch,�etc.

• is�activated�when�the�vehicle�isshifted�into�reverse,�giving�thedriver�a�clear�view�behind�thevehicle.

• provides�a�video�image�thatis�generally�displayed�on�thenavigation�screen.�On�the�2012Ford�F-150,�the�image�is�displayedon�the�rearview�mirror.

The�U.S.�Department�of�Transportation’sNational�Highway�Traffic�SafetyAdministration�(NHTSA)�issued�a�final�rulerequiring�rear�visibility�technology�in�allnew�vehicles�under�10,000�pounds�byMay�2018.�This�new�rule�is�designed�tosignificantly�reduce�the�risk�of�fatalitiesand�serious�injuries�caused�by�backoveraccidents.

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The�2009�-�2014�Lexus�LX�has�a�camerain�the�front�grille�that�is�used�for�parkingand�seeing�around�blind�spots�whenpulling�into�traffic�and�vision�is�blockedby�a�wall�or�vegetation.�There�is�alsoa�camera�in�the�passenger�side�doormirror�that�provides�a�visual�for�curbsideparking.

Refer�to�"Video:�Parking�Assist�Operation"in�the�presentation.�This�video�shows�theparking�assist�system�on�the�2010�FordFusion�Hybrid.

Parking�aid�sensors�may�be�located�on�the�rearbumper�cover.

Parking�aid�sensors�may�be�located�on�the�frontbumper�cover.

Parts�that�make�up�the�parking�assistfeature�include:

• parking�aid�sensors�-�bumpercovers.

• parking�aid�module�-�locationvaries.

• parking�aid�speaker�(if�equipped).• display�(if�video-equipped).

The�arrow�is�pointing�to�the�switch�for�the�parkingassist�system.

Parking�assist�has�progressed�to�the�pointwhere�almost�all�vehicle�makers�offer�thisfeature�as�an�option�or�a�standard�featureon�their�new�models.�To�determine�if�avehicle�is�equipped�with�parking�assist,

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check�for�signature�round�sensors�in�thebumper�cover.�A�button�or�switch�on�theinstrument�panel�may�also�indicate�thatthe�vehicle�is�equipped�with�a�parkingassist�system.

Making�sure�the�sensors�are�clean�is�important�whentroubleshooting�the�parking�assist�feature.

To�determine�if�there�are�problemswith�the�parking�assist�feature,�checkfor�warnings�indicated�on�the�messagecenter.�Quick�troubleshooting�suggestionsinclude�making�sure�the�parking:

• brake�is�released�and�the�sensorsare�clear�of�debris.

• assist�system�is�not�turned�offmanually.

If�the�issue�is�not�related�to�an�obstructedsensor�or�the�switch,�the�system�mayhave�detected�a�malfunction,�which�mayrequire�the�use�of�a�scan�tool�for�furtherdiagnosis.

Parking�assist�sensors�should�be�checked�fordamage,�even�after�a�minor�collision.

When�analyzing�damage�to�the�parkingassist�parts,�note�that�sensors:

• and�control�modules�cannot�beadjusted�or�repaired.

• are�generally�identical�inconstruction,�so�there�is�nospecific�sensor�for�each�position�inthe�bumper.

The�sensors�on�the�rear�and�front�bumpercan�typically�be�refinished.�However,excessive�coats�of�refinish�can�hindersensor�performance.

When�using�the�hands-free�parallel�parking�assistsystem,�the�display�screen�provides�specificinstructions�for�proper�use.

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Some�systems�have�been�designed�toautomatically�parallel�park�the�vehicleinto�an�open�parking�stall.�The�driveronly�needs�to�confirm�the�desired�parkingspace�and�apply�the�brakes�when�requiredto�control�speed.�The�vehicle�handles�theproper�steering.

The�Toyota�/�Lexus�system�is�called�theAdvanced�Parking�Guidance�Systemand�it�assists�the�driver�during�parkingand�parallel�parking�by�displaying�animage�of�the�area�behind�the�vehicle�andcontrolling�the�steering�wheel�when�thevehicle�is�in�reverse.

The�parking�assist�sensors�are�used�by�the�system�tojudge�the�distance�to�other�vehicles.

To�make�calculations�and�estimates,�theparking�assist�electronic�control�unit(ECU)�uses�signals�from�the:

• steering�angle�sensor.• power�steering�ECU.• skid�control�ECU.• engine�control�module�(ECM).• parking�assist�sensors.

These�results�are�used�to�make�variousguidelines,�which�are�combined�together

with�video�from�the�television�camera,and�output�to�the�multi-display.

The�camera�and�sensors�are�integral�parts�of�thehands-free�parallel�parking�assist�system.

Parts�of�the�hands-free�parallel�parkingassist�system�include�a:

• camera,�which�may�be�mountedon�the�deck�lid�or�tailgate�totransmit�the�rearview�of�thevehicle�to�the�parking�assist�ECU.

• parking�assist�ECU,�which�receivesvehicle�condition�signals�fromvarious�ECUs,�and�makes�anelectronic�frame�to�verify�theparking�location�based�oncalculations.�The�system�combinesthe�frame�with�video�from�thetelevision�camera�and�outputsthe�video�with�frame�to�the�multi-display.

• multi-display,�which�receivesvideo�signals�containing�acomposite�of�the�rearview�andthe�frame�signals�from�the�parkingassist�ECU,�and�displays�them�onthe�panel.

• steering�angle�sensor,�whichdetects�the�angle�of�the�steeringwheel�and�sends�the�signal�to�theparking�assist�ECU.

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• skid�control�ECU,�which�sendsstop�switch,�parking�switch,vehicle�speed,�driving�distance,and�other�vehicle�conditionsignals�to�the�parking�assist�ECU.

• park�/�neutral�position�switch.• display�and�navigation,�whichuses�the�yaw�rate�detected�by�thegyro�sensor�that�is�built�into�thenavigation�ECU�to�transmit�themovement�of�the�vehicle�to�theparking�assist�ECU.

• parking�assist�sensors.

A�scan�tool�is�used�to�diagnose�the�parking�assistsystem.

If�the�parking�assist�system�detects�amalfunction:

• a�DTC�will�be�stored.• the�object�alarm�module�may�senda�message�to�the�instrument�panelcluster�to�display�the�SERVICEPARK�ASSIST�message�on�thedriver�information�center.

• a�chime�may�sound.

The�specific�warning�may�vary�dependingon�the�vehicle�maker.

Depending�on�the�size�of�the�equippedtires�(for�example,�the�tire�size�may�affectthe�rotation�of�the�tire�in�relation�to�thesteering�wheel)�and�the�vehicle�angle�(forexample,�the�vehicle�angle�is�too�small),the�parking�position�may�deviate�or�thevehicle�may�not�be�straight.

Test�drives�are�often�used�to�calibrate�specificsensors.

If�a�fuse�or�the�battery�is�disconnected,the�system�may�need�to�be�initialized.For�example,�on�the�Lexus�system,�if�thebattery�is�removed�and�reinstalled,�therearview�monitor�will�be�operational,�butcannot�assist�backup�parking�operationbecause�the�center�position�recognizedby�the�steering�angle�sensor�may�not�beinitialized.

When�replacing�the�parking�assist�ECU,it�is�required�to�initialize�the�televisioncamera�and�calibrate�the�steering�angleand�height�control�sensors.

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Lane�Departure�Warning

Lane�departure�warning�systems�are�designed�towarn�the�driver�if�the�vehicle�starts�to�drift�out�of�thechosen�lane.

The�lane�departure�warning�assistsystem:

• helps�the�driver�keep�the�vehiclein�the�chosen�lane.

• warns�the�driver�that�the�vehicle�isdrifting�out�of�the�lane.�Warningsmay�be�audio,�visual,�or�avibration�of�the�steering�wheel.

• may�only�provide�a�warning.However,�some�systems�alsouse�the�brakes�to�providecountersteering�force�to�help�keepthe�vehicle�in�the�lane.

• operates�at�a�speed�of�35�mph�orabove,�depending�on�the�vehiclemaker,�and�requires�lane�markers.

The�warning�system�is�not�activated�if�theturn�signal�is�engaged�before�changinglanes.�If�the�system�is�activated,�thewarning�ends�when:

• the�driver�steers�back�into�the�lane.• a�lane�change�is�completed.

• the�vehicle�drives�on�the�line�forlonger�than�2.5�seconds.

• the�brake�pedal�is�pressed.

The�lane�departure�warning�system�sensor�is�acamera�attached�to�the�windshield�next�to�therearview�mirror.

The�lane�departure�sensor�is�a�camera,which:

• is�behind�the�windshield�near�theinterior�rearview�mirror.�Both�thecamera�and�computer�are�housedin�the�camera�control�unit�aboveor�within�the�interior�rearviewmirror�unit.

• looks�out�at�the�road�ahead�andmonitors�lane�markings.

On�the�2012�BMW�5�Series,�thewindshield�is�integrated�with�a�heaterfor�the�camera.�The�windshield�must�bereplaced�if�the�heater�is�defective.

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The�lane�departure�warning�system�requires�that�thevehicle�be�on�for�the�system�to�capture�the�imagesrequired�by�the�control�module�for�evaluation.

The�lane�departure�warning�system:

• turns�on�when�the�ignition�isswitched�on.

• submits�the�camera�image,�andother�vehicle�data�to�be�evaluated,to�a�control�module.

• uses�the�control�module�todetermine�the�position�of�thevehicle�in�relation�to�the�lanemarkings�on�the�road.

• has�the�control�module�send�amessage�to�the�instrument�cluster,vibrates�the�steering�wheel�to�warnthe�driver,�or�provides�an�audiosignal.

The�system�operates�in�the�followingmodes:

• Ready�to�assist• Disabled,�where�the�driverswitches�the�system�off

• Not�Ready�To�Assist,�where�thesystem�is�active�but�not�ready�toassist�because:

• vehicle�speed�is�below�acertain�speed,�generally�35�-42�mph

• the�system�cannot�detect�lanemarkings

• the�windshield�in�front�ofthe�camera�has�debris�that�ispreventing�the�camera�fromdetecting�the�lane�markings

On�the�2014�Chevrolet�Malibu,�whenthe�system�is�operating�properly,�a�greenlane�departure�indicator�will�illuminateon�the�instrument�panel�cluster.�Theindicator�will�flash�red�and�three�chimeswill�sound�through�the�radio�when�thevehicle�unintentionally�leaves�the�lane.If�the�system�is�switched�on,�but�notready�to�provide�warnings,�the�Not�ReadyTo�Assist�or�Lane�Departure�WarningUnavailable�message�may�display�on�theinformation�center.�This�could�be�dueto�either�insufficient�speed,�poor�lanemarkings,�or�the�camera�is�blocked�insome�way�(fog,�snow,�dirt).

This�vehicle�has�a�lane�departure�warning�indicatorlamp�on�the�instrument�panel.

To�determine�if�a�vehicle�has�a�lanedeparture�warning�system:

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• check�for�a�camera�contained�inthe�rearview�mirror�area.�Makesure�not�to�confuse�a�rain�sensorfor�a�camera.

• look�for�the�presence�of�an�on�/off�button�on�the�steering�wheel�orinstrument�panel.

• check�for�an�indicator�lamp�onthe�instrument�cluster.�The�BMWsystem�will�also�display�a�lanedeparture�system�icon�in�the�head-up�display.

The�on�/�off�switch�and�camera�are�primary�parts�ofthe�lane�departure�warning�system.

Primary�parts�of�the�lane�departurewarning�system�may�include:

• a�camera.• a�control�module.• a�lane�departure�warning�on�/�offswitch.

• a�vibrator�motor�(if�equipped).• the�instrument�panel�cluster.• the�radio,�for�warning�notification.

Road�construction�(top)�or�poor�road�markings(bottom)�will�prevent�proper�operation�of�the�lanedeparture�warning�system.

The�lane�departure�warning�system�maynot�accurately�detect:

• temporary�markings�alongconstruction�sites�that�wouldconfuse�the�system.

• worn�and�faded�road�markings.• road�markings�covered�by�snow�orice.

• road�markings�on�roads�with�sharpbends.

• road�markings�under�very�poorweather�conditions.

These�are�non-mechanical�issues�that�cancause�the�lane�departure�warning�systemto�seem�not�to�be�operating�properly.

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A�warning�in�the�vehicle�message�center�states�thatthe�system�is�not�functioning�properly.

Damage�to�the�system�may�be�indicatedby:

• a�system�malfunction�message�inthe�driver�information�center.

• cracks�in�the�windshield�thatobstruct�the�camera�lens.

• damage�to�the�roof�panel�near�thewindshield�above�the�camera.

A�scan�tool�will�be�required�to�diagnoseany�electronic�issues�with�the�lanedeparture�warning�system.

Similar�to�other�systems,�improper�vehiclealignment�can�cause�problems�with�thesystem.�For�example,�dog�tracking�maycause�the�camera�to�point�away�from�thecenter�of�the�lane,�resulting�in�improperreading�of�the�lane�markers.

Test�drives�are�often�used�to�calibrate�the�lanedeparture�warning�system�after�repair�or�partreplacement.

When�the�camera�or�windshield�isremoved�/�replaced�/�installed,�the�cameramust�be�aimed�after�installation.�Tocalibrate�the�camera:

• specific�calibration�proceduresmay�be�provided�in�the�vehicleservice�information.

• determine�the�exact�installationposition�of�the�camera�and�itsinstallation�angle.

A�calibration�test�drive�may�be�requiredafter�installation.�The�calibration�takesplace�while�driving.�The�system�scansthe�camera�image�for�all�straight�edgesand�from�the�orientation�determines�theviewing�angle�of�the�camera.�The�testdrive�may�take�a�couple�minutes.�In�poorweather�conditions,�it�may�take�longer.

On�a�2014�Chevrolet�Malibu,�calibrationis�necessary�when�the�camera�moduleis�replaced.�Calibration�is�not�necessarywhen�only�replacing�the�windshieldand�/�or�the�original�camera�is�reinstalledproperly.�To�calibrate�the�camera:

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1. Select�the�Frontview�Camera�Learnin�the�scan�tool.

2. Operate�the�vehicle�in�thefollowing�conditions�until�theamber�indicator�turns�off:• Clean�windshield• Avoid�lane�changes• Maintain�vehicle�speeds

between�35�-�56�mph• Ensure�the�road�contains

visible�references�(well-defined�lane�markings,�curbs,etc.)

2010�Toyota�Prius

Some�option�packages�for�the�2010�Toyota�Priusfeature�Toyota’s�version�of�the�lane�departurewarning�system.

The�Toyota�Lane-Keeping�Assist�feature:

• debuted�on�the�2010�Toyota�Priusand�is�also�an�option�on�otherToyota�/�Lexus�vehicles.

• integrates�multiple�systems.�Forexample,�it�incorporates�partsfrom�the�dynamic�radar�cruisecontrol�system�and�electric�powersteering.

• provides�an�audible�alert�and�alight�countersteering�force�to�help

the�driver�stop�the�vehicle�fromleaving�its�lane.�This�is�a�uniquefeature�since�most�systems�do�notapply�a�countersteering�force.This�system�only�works�when�theadaptive�cruise�control�is�enabled.

Other�vehicle�makers�have�since�includeda�similar�feature�(providing�a�limitedamount�of�countersteering�force)�withtheir�LDW�systems.�Examples�includethe�2015�Cadillac�ATS�and�2014�LincolnMKS.

Attention�Assist

Some�attention�assist�systems�provide�an�audiblewarning�when�it�is�determined�that�driverattentiveness�is�fading.

Similar�to�the�lane�departure�warningsystem�is�the�attention�assist�feature.�Thisfeature:

• monitors�the�driver�attentiveness.• at�the�beginning�of�a�trip,�usessensor�technology�to�createan�overall�driver�profile.�Thisbehavior�pattern�is�continuouslycompared�with�real-time�datafrom�the�sensors�throughout�thejourney.

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• uses�a�camera�to�monitor�themovement�between�lane�markersand�assesses�whether�the�vehicleis�being�driven�in�a�controlledway.

• uses�the�sensor�information�todetermine�the�exact�time�whena�break�should�be�taken�andprovides�an�audible�and�/�or�visualwarning.

• may�be�called�“drowsy�driver”,“attention�assist”,�or�“driver�alertcontrol.”

The�message�displayed�in�the�driver�informationcenter�is�recommending�that�it�is�time�for�the�driverto�take�a�break.

With�the�Mercedes-Benz�system,�anaudible�alert�is�given�to�the�driver�anda�message�on�the�instrument�clusterdisplays�to�recommend�the�driver�stopfor�a�break�when�concentration�has�beendetected�to�drop�below�a�certain�level.The�system�may�also�display�bars�on�theinstrument�cluster�to�indicate�the�driver’sconcentration�level,�with�five�bars�beingthe�highest�level�of�concentration.

The�attention�assist�system�uses�the�same�camera�asthe�lane�departure�warning�system.

Many�of�the�same�parts�used�for�the�lanedeparture�warning�system�are�used�for�theattention�assist�system.�These�include:

• a�forward�sensing�camera.• a�driver�information�controlmodule.

• a�forward�sensing�control�module.• an�infotainment�module�(silencessound�system�to�provide�audiblewarning).

• a�driver�information�center.

Problems�with�the�attention�assist�featureare�similar�to�that�of�the�lane�departurewarning�system,�as�problems�may�occurfrom:

• weather�and�road�conditions.• physical�damage�to�the�windshieldor�camera�housing.�Cracks�inthe�windshield�can�obstruct�thecamera’s�vision.�For�mechanicalissues,�a�scan�tool�will�be�requiredto�diagnose�the�attention�assistsystem.�Similar�to�the�lanedeparture�warning�system,calibration�of�the�attention�assist

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system�is�required�when�some�ofthe�parts�are�replaced,�such�as�thecamera�and�windshield.

Adaptive�Cruise�Control

Adaptive�cruise�control�uses�a�radar�or�laser�systemto�maintain�a�set�distance�from�the�vehicle�ahead.

Adaptive�cruise�control�(ACC)�is:

• an�extension�of�conventionalcruise�control�systems.

• used�to�automatically�maintain�aset�distance�from�a�vehicle�ahead.For�example,�if�the�vehicle�aheadslows,�the�ACC�system�will�slowthe�vehicle�in�order�to�maintainthe�specified�distance.

• not�a�collision�warning�oravoidance�system,�but�parts�of�theACC�system�may�be�integratedinto�collision�avoidance�systems.

• designed�to�assist�the�driver�andis�not�a�fully�independent�drivingsystem.�As�with�conventionalcruise�control�systems,�manualinputs�from�the�driver,�both�tothe�accelerator�and�brake,�takepriority�over�the�ACC�system.

• designed�to�enhance�driverconvenience,�since�accelerating

and�braking�operations�occurwithout�driver�intervention.

The�ACC�sensor�may�be�located�on�or�behind�thegrille�(left).�Controls�for�the�ACC�are�located�on�thesteering�wheel�(right).

ACC�works�with�either�laser-�or�radar-based�sensors.�Both�types�of�ACC�sensorsoperate�by�projecting�a�beam�forward�todetect�a�vehicle�ahead.�The�set�distance(timed�in�seconds)�is�the�desired�distancebetween�the�ACC�vehicle�and�the�forwardvehicle.�When�a�forward�vehicle�isdetected,�automatic�acceleration�andbraking�operations�maintain�the�setdistance.

A�control�unit�compares�the�actual�vehiclespeed�and�the�desired�set�speed.�If�there�isa�difference�between�these�two�values,�asignal�is�sent�to�a�throttle�position�actuatorto�adjust�the�throttle�position�to�bring�thevehicle�to�the�set�speed.

Depending�on�vehicle�make�and�model,throttle�position�is�achieved�usingvacuum-powered�or�electronicallycontrolled�actuators.

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ACC�systems�provide�various�vehicle-to-vehicle�distance�options,�which�allow�asetting�appropriate�to�traffic�conditions,such�as:

• short�distance.• medium�distance.• long�distance.

The�set�speed�is�the�desired�maximumspeed�to�be�regulated�by�the�ACC�systemon�an�open�road.�If�no�forward�vehicle�isdetected,�the�set�speed�is�regulated.

These�parts�are�common�to�the�ACC�system.

Parts�for�the�ACC�system�include:

• a�distance�sensor�(either�a�radaror�laser�sensor�depending�on�thevehicle�maker)�attached�to�thefront�of�the�vehicle�to�detect�thepresence�of�a�vehicle�ahead�andthe�clearance�between�the�ACCvehicle�and�the�forward�vehicle.Some�sensor�locations�includeunder�or�behind�the�front�bumperor�behind�the�grille.

• control�modules.�These�includea�module�specific�to�ACC�in

addition�to�ABS�and�enginecontrol.

• ACC�function�controls.• wheel�speed�sensors.

Dirty�sensors�or�curvy�roads�can�prevent�properoperation�of�an�ACC�system.

Certain�conditions�may�prevent�the�ACCfrom�engaging.�These�conditions�include,but�may�not�be�limited�to:

• a�damaged�or�misaligned�sensor.This�is�the�most�common�problem.

• sensor�obstruction�from�paint,stickers,�a�vehicle�front�protector,excessive�mud,�snow,�etc.

• bad�weather�conditions,�whichmay�limit�the�effectiveness�of�alaser-based�distance�sensor.

• vehicle�speed�too�high�or�too�low.• heavy�cargo�causing�the�front�ofthe�ACC�vehicle�to�rise.

• the�rear�of�the�forward�vehiclebeing�extremely�dirty,�or�having�noreflectors.

• curved�road,�which�preventsthe�system�from�contacting�apreceding�target.

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This�is�an�ACC�sensor�alignment�tool�for�Toyota�/Lexus�vehicles.

During�replacement�of�the�distancesensor,�the:

• ACC�system�must�be�calibratedusing�the�scan�tool.

• new�unit�must�be�properlyaligned.�Horizontal�misalignmentmay�result�in�the�erroneousdetection�of�a�vehicle�in�anadjacent�lane.�It�can�also�set�aDTC.

• a�special�aiming�tool�may�berequired.

Similar�to�other�systems,�improper�vehiclealignment�can�also�cause�problems�withthe�system.�If�the�vehicle�is�unable�to�trackthe�vehicle�ahead�due�to�an�excessivethrust�angle�issue,�the�system�will�notwork�properly.

Pre-Collision�Systems

Pre-collision�systems�are�designed�to�detectsituations�in�which�a�collision�may�be�imminent.

A�pre-collision�system:

• is�designed�to�predict�a�collision.• helps�prevent�the�collision�fromhappening�or�minimize�severity.

• can�be�used�to�detect�front�andrear�collisions.

• uses�forward-object�detectionalong�with�additional�informationsuch�as�vehicle�speed�to�predictan�imminent�collision.

A�properly�operating�system�is�designedto�determine�if�the�distance�betweenvehicles�is�at�a�dangerous�level�and�if�acollision�is�about�to�happen.�The�systemwill�forewarn�the�driver�of�a�possiblecollision�to�prompt�the�driver�to�takepreventive�action.�The�driver�is�alerted�toan�imminent�collision�through�audible,visual,�or�physical�alerts,�or�a�combinationof�these.

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Pre-collision�systems�are�designed�to�tighten�seatbelts�and�pre-load�the�brake�system�when�a�collisionlooks�imminent.

In�addition�to�warning�the�driver,�thevehicle�may�prep�other�areas�of�thevehicle�for�impact�or�aid�in�collisionavoidance.�For�example,�a�pre-collisionsystem�may:

• provide�brake�assist�byautomatically�adjusting�the�brakesto�provide�full�stopping�force�assoon�as�the�driver�steps�on�thepedal.�Depending�on�the�system,this�may�be�done�by�increasing�thebrake�pressure�and�/�or�moving�thebrake�pads�closer�to�the�discs.

• provide�automatic�braking�ifthe�driver�does�not�act�when�acollision�is�considered�imminent.

• adjust�the�driver�and�frontpassenger�seat�belt�tensioners(reduce�slack)�to�reduce�occupantmovement.

Some�systems�are�designed�to�reposition�the�seatback�and�head�restraint.

Other�tasks�that�may�be�performed�by�pre-collision�systems�include:

• adjusting�seats�into�crash�safetyposition�and�/�or�adjusting�the�seatcontour.

• closing�sunroof�and�/�or�sidewindows.

• raising�head�restraints.• adjusting�damping�action�of�shockabsorbers�to�help�keep�the�vehiclelevel.

If�a�collision�does�not�take�place,�somesystems,�such�as�the�seat�belts�and�brakes,return�to�their�normal�state.

Pre-collision�systems�may�use�a�radar�sensor�todetect�vehicles�in�front�or�behind.

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The�pre-collision�system:

• is�dependent�on�system�options.• uses�radar�sensors�to�detectvehicles�in�front�and�behind.

• control�module�calculates�speed,object�position,�and�vehicletracking.

On�a�2008�-�2014�Lexus�LS�600h,detecting�vehicles�and�obstacles�infront�of�the�vehicle�is�determined�frominformation�provided�by�the�frontmillimeter�wave�radar�sensor�and�anobject�recognition�camera.�The�objectrecognition�camera�consists�of�two�side-by-�side�cameras�located�in�the�centerfront�area�of�the�headliner.�The�millimeterwave�radar�sensor�is�also�used�by�theadaptive�cruise�control�system.

On�Volvo�vehicles�equipped�with�theCollision�Warning�with�Auto�Braking,both�a�radar�sensor�and�a�camera�areused�to�detect�forward�vehicles.�Oneadvantage�of�the�camera�is�the�possibilityof�detecting�stationary�vehicles�andwarning�the�driver�while�maintaining�alow�false-alarm�level.

These�parts�are�common�to�the�pre-collision�system.

Pre-collision�system�parts�may�include:

• the�ABS�control�module.• a�forward�object�detection�radarsensor.

• a�forward�object�detectioncamera.

• a�collision�warning�system�controlmodule.

• the�engine�control�module.• the�wheel�speed�sensors.• the�steering�wheel�angle�sensor.• the�yaw�rate�and�decelerationsensor.

The�pre-collision�sensor�on�this�vehicle�is�locatedbehind�the�front�grille,�and�is�susceptible�to�light�ormoderate�collision�damage.

Correct�alignment�of�a�forward�objectdetection�sensor�is�critical�for�propersystem�operation.�Misalignment�mayresult�in�incorrect�object�detection.Situations�that�result�in�an�out-of-alignment�condition�may�includetampering,�damage�to�the�sensor�and�/�ormounting�brackets,�or�normal�wear.

Collision�warning�systems�providemalfunctioning�indicator�lamps�in�the

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event�an�error�is�detected�in�the�system.The�light�or�message�is�displayed�onthe�instrument�panel�or�message�center,sometimes�combined�with�an�audiblewarning.�This�will�engage�from�badweather,�sensor�malfunction,�or�controlmodule�malfunction.

Doing�a�complete�inspection�may�alsorequire�checking�for�diagnostic�troublecodes.

2010�Ford�Taurus

Replacement�of�this�radar�sensor�requires�systeminitialization.

Radar�replacement�requires�specificadjustment�of�the�radar�sensor�beam�axis.Correct�alignment�of�sensors�is�necessaryto�ensure�the�proper�operation�of�thesystem.�Calibration�may�be�requiredfollowing�a�collision�if�there�is�damagein�the�area�of�a�sensor�or�if�a�sensor�isreplaced.�A�scan�tool�may�be�requiredto�erase�DTCs�following�successfulcalibration�of�a�sensor.

The�vehicle�should�be�properly�alignedbefore�calibrating�the�adaptive�cruisecontrol.�If�the�vehicle�is�dog�trackingdown�a�road,�the�sensor�may�not�pick�upthe�vehicle�ahead.

An�example�of�what�is�required�forcalibration�includes:

• a�bright,�well-lighted�area�with�nowind�present.

• a�level�surface�free�of�obstaclesextending�5�feet�or�more�in�frontof�the�vehicle.

• no�reflective�materials�within�10feet�or�more�in�front�of�the�vehicle.

• no�black�and�white�patternedobjects�in�front�of�the�vehicle.

• that�all�fluid-filled�systems�are�atspecified�levels.

• a�full�fuel�tank.• the�spare�tire�in�the�vehicle,�andall�tires,�including�the�spare,adjusted�to�specified�pressure.

• all�standard�tools�in�the�vehicle.• no�person�and�no�extra�loads�inthe�vehicle.

• clean�glass�in�front�of�the�camera,and�if�necessary,�the�objectrecognition�camera�sensor�lens.If�the�lens�is�dirty,�apply�a�smallamount�of�lens�cleaner�to�a�clean,soft�cloth�and�clean�the�lens.

• the�suspension�system�and�wheelalignments�properly�adjusted.

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Collision�Mitigation�Systems

Two�cameras�straddling�the�rearview�mirror�keepan�eye�to�the�front�with�Subaru's�Eyesight�DriverAssistance�system.

Collision�mitigation�systems:

• provide�automatic�braking�ifthe�driver�does�not�act�when�acollision�is�considered�imminent.

• are�offered�by�several�vehiclemakers.�Examples�include�theMercedes-Benz�Distronic�Plussystem,�Subaru�Eyesight�DriverAssistance,�and�Volvo�City�Safety.

• may�use�sensors�or�camerasfrom�other�driver�assistancesystems,�such�as�adaptive�cruisecontrol,�lane�departure�warning,or�parking�assist.�For�example,�theSubaru�Eyesight�Driver�Assistancesystem�combines�adaptive�cruisecontrol,�pre-collision�braking,lane�departure,�and�sway�warninginto�one�system.�The�system�alsouses�two�forward-facing�camerasmounted�to�the�upper�console.

The�City�Safety�system�monitors�the�closing�distancewith�the�preceding�vehicle�and�will�apply�the�brakesto�avoid�a�collision.

City�Safety�is�a�collision�avoidance�systemavailable�from�Volvo�that�can�assist�thedriver�in�avoiding�or�reducing�the�effectsof�low-speed�impacts�that�are�common�incity�traffic.

With�the�Volvo�City�Safety�system,�if�thevehicle�is�about�to�drive�into�the�vehiclein�front�and�the�driver�does�not�respondby�properly�braking,�the�system�calculatesspeed�and�distance�and�automaticallyapplies�the�brakes�to�avoid�a�collision.This�feature�became�standard�on�all�Volvovehicles,�starting�with�the�2010�XC60.

Refer�to�"Video:�Volvo�City�SafetyOperation"�in�the�presentation.�This�video

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shows�how�City�Safety�is�designed�toavoid�low-speed�collisions.

The�City�Safety�system�requires�a�specific�minimumand�maximum�speed�for�operation.

To�operate�the�City�Safety�feature�the:

• system�auto-starts�with�eachignition�cycle.

• vehicle�speed�must�be�no�morethan18�mph.

• vehicle�speed�must�be�no�less�than2�mph.

This�system�can�help�prevent�a�collision�ifthe�difference�in�speed�between�the�Volvovehicle�and�the�vehicle�ahead�is�lessthan�9�mph.�If�the�difference�in�speed�isgreater,�a�collision�cannot�be�avoided,�butthe�speed�at�which�the�collision�occurscan�be�reduced.�The�driver�must�apply�thevehicle�brakes�for�full�braking�effect.

The�system�does�not�override�the�driver.The�feature�will�not�engage�when�thedriver�actively�steers�the�vehicle�or�appliesthe�brakes,�even�if�a�collision�cannot�beavoided.�Volvo�states�that�this�is�done�togive�the�driver’s�action�highest�priority.

The�driver�has�the�option�to�manuallydeactivate�the�system�after�the�vehicle�isstarted,�but�it�will�engage�the�next�timethe�vehicle�is�started.�This�means�that�thesystem�will�not�react�when�approachinganother�vehicle�at�very�low�speedscommonly�associated�with�parking�thevehicle.

The�City�Safety�system�uses�a�laser�sensor�modulethat�is�mounted�next�to�the�rearview�mirror.

City�Safety�system�parts�include�a:

• laser�sensor�module,�mountednext�to�the�rearview�mirror.

• closing�velocity�(control)�module,located�behind�a�panel�by�thepedal�assembly.

The�closing�velocity�module�uses�lasersto�detect�whether�the�vehicle�is�on�acollision�course�with�a�vehicle�ahead.The�closing�velocity�module�can�requestdifferent�functions�based�on�the�situation,such�as:

• preloading�the�brake�system.• automatic�braking.• torque-limiting�the�engine.• brake�assistance.

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The�sensor�in�the�closing�velocity�moduletransmits�the�infrared�laser�light�from�three“lobes”�(left,�right,�and�center).�If�thereis�a�vehicle�ahead,�the�light�is�reflectedand�registered�by�the�three�photo�diodes.The�control�module�measures�the�time�ittakes�for�the�light�to�go�from�the�sensor,reflect�off�the�vehicle�ahead,�and�returnto�the�diodes.�The�time�is�used�with�thevehicle�speed�to�calculate�closing�speedand�distance�with�the�vehicle�ahead.

When�diagnosing�City�Safety,�the�lasersensor�may�be�hindered�by:

• weather-related�conditions,�suchas�heavy�rain,�snow,�or�fog.

• dirt�or�ice�on�the�windshield�infront�of�the�sensor.

If�there�is�a�problem�with�the�City�Safetysystem,�a�text�message�appears�in�thedriver�information�module�indicating�afault.�Specific�system�malfunctions�areindicated�by�a�stored�DTC.

2014�Volvo�S80

The�windshield�for�a�vehicle�equipped�with�CitySafety�must�be�replaced�with�the�same�type�ofwindshield.

When�replacing�parts�of�the�City�Safetysystem,�the:

• windshield�must�be�replaced�withthe�same�type�of�windshield�toavoid�signal�degradation.

• closing�velocity�modulereplacement�requires�downloadingsoftware�to�the�module.

Module�Wrap�Up

Topics�discussed�in�this�moduleincluded:

• blind�spot�detection�systems.• cross�traffic�alert�systems.• parking�assist.• lane�departure�warning.• attention�assist.• adaptive�cruise�control.• pre-collision�systems.• Volvo�City�Safety.

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Module�2�-�VisionAssist�And�Advanced

Restraints�Systems

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This�page�is�intentionally�left�blank.

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Adaptive�Front�Lighting

The�learning�objectives�for�this�moduleinclude�identifying�and�understandingoperations�of:

• adaptive�front�lighting.• high�beam�assist.• night�view�assist.• active�head�restraints.• knee�airbags.

One�of�the�functions�of�the�adaptive�front�lightingsystem�is�to�rotate�the�headlamps�in�the�directionthat�the�vehicle�is�turning.

Adaptive�front�lighting�was�developed�tocreate�better�visibility�while�cornering�byturning�the�headlamps�in�the�direction�ofthe�turn.�This�system�also:

• automatically�levels�the�lowbeam�headlamps�(up�/�down)�tocompensate�for�varying�vehicleloads,�in�addition�to�quick�startsand�sudden�stops.

• has�a�fail-safe�feature�that�incase�of�communication�error,�thesystem�returns�the�headlamps�tothe�straight-ahead�position.

Some�vehicles�may�be�equipped�withonly�the�auto-leveling�feature,�while

some�contain�both�the�auto�leveling�andcornering�feature.

Refer�to�"Video:�Adaptive�Front�Lighting"in�the�presentation.�This�video�shows�howadaptive�front�lighting�operates.

The�rotation�of�the�right�and�left�headlampassemblies�may�differ�depending�on�the�vehiclesystem.

The�headlamp�swivel�assembly�controlmodule�drives�the�headlamp�swivelactuator�and�moves�the�headlamp�to�theleft�and�right�operational�limit.�Then�itreturns�to�the�proper�position.�On�somesystems,�the�right�and�left�headlamps�donot�rotate�simultaneously.�The�headlampswivel�actuator�responds�as�follows�whileturning:

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• Right�turn�-�0°�fixed�on�the�leftside,�0°�-�10°�to�right

• Left�turn�-�0°�to�15°�to�left,�0°�fixedon�the�right

The�amount�of�headlamp�movement�isdependent�on�steering�wheel�rotation.Some�systems,�such�as�Volvo�and�Ford,have�their�motorized�lamps�turn�up�to�15°in�either�direction�when�driving.

On�the�Cadillac�systems,�the�headlampcontrol�module�controls�the�left�headlampmovement�by�15°�to�the�left�and�5°�to�theright,�and�the�right�headlamp�movementby�5°�to�the�left�and�15°�to�the�right.

The�adaptive�front�lighting�system�isdesigned�to�work�when:

• the�engine�is�running.• the�steering�angle�is�7.5°�or�more.• vehicle�speed�is�6�mph�or�more.• the�system�is�turned�on.

The�rotation�of�the�headlamp�is�controlled�by�thesteering�wheel�angle�sensor.

For�the�system�to�work,�the:

• headlamp�control�module�receivesinformation�from�a�variety�ofsources�such�as�the:• engine�control�module

(ECM).• transmission�control�module

(TCM).• electronic�brake�control

module�(EBCM).• body�control�module�(BCM).• steering�wheel�angle�sensor.• headlamp�switch�status.• transmission�gear�selection.• speed�sensor.

• headlamp�control�modulecalculates�the�headlamp�angle�andsends�commands�to�the�left�andright�headlamp�actuators.

• direction�the�headlamps�move�iscontrolled�by�the�steering�wheelangle�sensor.

• headlamp�actuators�drive�theheadlamps�to�the�positioncommanded�by�the�headlampcontrol�module.

For�the�automatic�vertical�alignment�of�theheadlamp�system�to�function,�the:

• leveling�sensors�send�an�output�tothe�headlamp�leveling�controllersas�the�vehicle�suspensioncompresses�and�rebounds.

• controllers�calculate�the�differencein�vehicle�pitch�and�send�acommand�to�the�high-intensitydischarge�(HID)�ballast.

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• HID�ballast�drives�the�headlampleveling�actuators�to�the�positioncommanded�by�the�controllers.The�headlamp�leveling�system�alsomonitors�the�performance�of�theHID�bulb�and�ballast.

The�adaptive�front�lighting�system�provides�morelighting�in�the�direction�of�the�turn.

The�adaptive�front�lighting�generallydoes�not�operate�with�the�transmissionin�reverse�or�at�vehicle�speeds�less�than2�mph.�This�may�vary�by�vehicle�maker.Movement�of�the�headlamps�may�berestricted�at�low�vehicle�speeds�andfull�movement�of�the�lamps�may�not�beallowed�until�vehicle�speed�is�greater�thanabout�30�mph.

On�the�2013�Cadillac�ATS,�the�followingconditions�must�be�met�before�theadaptive�front�lighting�system�willoperate:

• Headlamp�switch�in�the�AUTOposition�and�high�or�low�beamheadlamps�being�active

• Steering�angle�position�beingreceived�from�the�control�module

• Vehicle�speed�being�received�fromthe�control�module

• Transmission�gear�position�beingreceived�from�the�transmissioncontrol�module

The�adaptive�front�lighting�system�includes�an�on�/off�switch.

Adaptive�front�lighting�parts�include:

• swiveling�and�leveling�actuators.• sensors�such�as:

• steering�wheel�angle�sensor.• vehicle�speed�sensor.• vehicle�height�sensor.�The

height�sensor�linkage�isinstalled�on�the�front�and�rearaxle.

• control�modules.

The�adaptive�front�lighting�system�controlmodule�is�located�behind�the�instrumentpanel�on�the�2010�-�2013�HyundaiGenesis.�This�requires�instrument�panelremoval�if�it�must�be�replaced.�Theswiveling�actuator�is�located�beneath�theheadlamp�and�the�leveling�actuator�islocated�next�to�the�headlamp.

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2013�BMW�74

The�headlamp�assembly�should�be�checked�forproper�operation�following�any�front�end�collision.

When�checking�for�damage�to�adaptivefront�lighting�systems,�check�for:

• physical�damage�to�the�headlampassembly.

• damaged�sensors.• damaged�motors.

An�initialization�procedure�may�berequired�when�parts�are�replaced.

The�headlamp�control�module�monitorsthe�headlamp�actuator�motor�controlcircuits�for�proper�circuit�continuity�andfor�shorts�to�ground�or�proper�voltage.If�a�malfunction�is�detected,�a�DTC�willbe�stored�in�memory�and�the�driver�willbe�notified�with�a�message�displayed�onthe�driver�information�center�(DIC).�If�afault�is�detected,�the�system�will�default�tosetting�the�headlamps�to�a�straight-aheadposition.

High�Beam�Assist

The�high�beam�assist�sensor�is�used�to�turn�the�highbeams�on�and�off.

The�automatic�high�beam�assist�is�used�toturn:

• off�the�vehicle�high�beams�withoncoming�traffic.

• off�the�vehicle�high�beams�whenapproaching�a�vehicle�from�therear.

• on�the�vehicle�high�beams�afterthe�vehicle�has�been�passed.

On�the�General�Motors�IntelliBeamsystem,�the�high�beams�will�only�activatewhen�driving�over�25�mph.�The�highbeam�headlamps�will�remain�on,�underthe�automatic�control�of�IntelliBeam,�untilany�of�the�following�situations�occur:

• The�system�detects�approachingvehicle�headlamps

• The�system�detects�a�precedingvehicle�tail�lamps

• The�outside�light�is�bright�enoughthat�the�high�beam�headlamps�arenot�required

• The�vehicle�speed�drops�below�13mph

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• The�headlamp�stalk�is�movedforward�to�the�high�beam�position

The�high�beam�headlamps�may�need�to�bemanually�disabled�or�canceled�by�turningthe�low�beam�headlamps�on,�if�any�of�theabove�conditions�exist.

The�camera�for�the�high�beam�assist�system�on�thisvehicle�is�mounted�by�the�interior�rearview�mirror.

High�beam�assist�systems�use�a�forward-facing�camera�that�detects�light�color,intensity,�and�movement.�The�camera�istypically�located�near�the�interior�rearviewmirror.

The�ECU�may�be�located�beneath�theinstrument�panel.

The�high�beam�assist�on�most�vehicles�requires�a�testdrive�for�proper�initialization.

If�an�electrical�problem�is�detected�by�thecontrol�units,�a�DTC�is�stored.

The�only�way�to�properly�test�the�GeneralMotors�IntelliBeam�system�is�at�nightwhen�the�vehicle�is�moving.�This�is�dueto�the�system�using�a�digital�light�sensoron�the�back�of�the�rearview�mirror.�Thismeans�that�covering�the�sensors�on�themirror�during�daylight�conditions�will�notwork.

An�initialization�procedure�may�berequired�after�part�replacement.

Night�View�Assist

Night�view�assist�provides�a�video�display�of�objects,people,�and�animals�that�may�not�otherwise�bevisible�in�the�dark.

Night�view�assist�uses�infrared�technologyto�help�detect�objects�in�the�dark.�Nightview�assist�systems:

• may�use�far-infrared�technology,which�detects�heat�emitted�fromobjects.�This�type�of�technologymay�be�referred�to�as�thermalimaging.

• may�use�near-infrared�technology,Night�vision�enhancement�systems

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that�use�this�technology�requirespecial�infrared�“floodlamps”�toproject�infrared�light�onto�thesurrounding�area.�The�projectedlight�is�similar�to�what�is�used�formany�household�remote�controls.This�type�of�system�is�available�onthe�2014�Lexus�LS460.

• are�activated�when�low�beamheadlamps�are�on.

• may�detect�objects�a�set�distanceahead�in�darkness.�One�systemcan�detect�objects�nearly�500�feetin�front�of�the�vehicle.

• when�activated,�display�the�imageson�a�black-and-white�screen�in�theinstrument�cluster.

The�Night�Vision�2�system�on�the�BMW7�Series�provides�the�driver�with�ablack-and-white�image�of�the�drivingenvironment�ahead�of�the�vehicle�in�thecontrol�display�or�central�informationdisplay.�This�system:

• uses�far-infrared�technologywithout�active�infraredillumination.�It�essentially�convertsthermal�radiation�into�electronicsignals.�The�sensor�elements�alterthe�resistance�in�proportion�tothe�temperature.�The�higher�thetemperature,�the�higher�the�signal,creating�a�whiter�pixel.

• shows�objects�ahead�in�varyingdegrees�of�brightness�dependingon�the�temperature�of�theseobjects.

• provides�a�warning�in�the�head-updisplay�and�the�central�informationdisplay.

• has�a�heater�element�on�theinside�of�the�protective�windowto�prevent�the�camera�lens�frommisting�over�or�freezing�up.

Night�view�assist�system�parts�include�on�/�offbuttons�and�a�display�panel.�These�systems�aredesigned�to�see�several�hundred�feet�ahead�of�thevehicle.

For�the�night�view�assist�system�to�beactive:

• the�sensor�detects�proper�lightingconditions.

• the�ON�button�is�pressed.• speed�parameters�must�be�met.�Forexample,�the�Lexus�system�cannotactivate�the�system�if�vehiclespeed�is�below�9�mph.

Other�parameters�include�the:

• system�can�be�restricted�byenvironmental�conditions�such�asheavy�rain�and�snow�or�extremetemperatures.

• daytime�running�lights�must�beswitched�off.

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The�camera�is�one�of�the�primary�parts�of�the�BMWNight�View�system.

Night�view�assist�system�parts�mayinclude:

• the�night�vision�camera.�The�nightvision�camera�may�be�mountedon�or�behind�the�grille,�or�locatedinside�the�passenger�compartmentnear�the�windshield.

• IR�floodlamps�located�near�theheadlamps.�These�are�normalhalogen�bulbs,�equivalent�toordinary�high-beam�headlamps,but�use�filters�to�prevent�visiblelight�rays�from�passing�through.�IRfloodlamps�are�only�used�for�near-infrared�night�vision�systems,�suchas�on�the�2013�Lexus�LS460.

• a�control�module�beneath�theinstrument�cluster.

• a�video�switch�on�the�instrumentpanel.

• a�washer�jet�for�the�camera�lens.• a�sensor�system.

This�particular�camera�has�a�removable�lens�coverthat�can�be�replaced�if�damaged.

When�checking�the�night�view�assistsystem�for�damage:

• note�that�the�camera�on�somesystems�is�located�on�or�behindthe�grille.�This�area�is�subject�todamage.

• note�that�IR�floodlamps�may�bemounted�to�the�bumper�cover.There�are�no�specific�aimingprocedures�for�IR�floodlamps,but�deformed�bumpers�shouldbe�repaired�or�replaced�to�ensurethat�they�are�pointed�in�the�properdirection.

• there�may�be�a�protective�coverover�the�camera�lens�that�can�bereplaced.�This�particular�feature�isavailable�on�the�BMW�7�Series.

• camera�replacement�or�alignmentmay�require�a�vehicle�maker-specific�scan�tool.

• system�defects�are�displayed�onthe�message�center.

Camera�replacement�on�the�BMWsystem�requires�the�camera�software�beinitialized.

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Active�Head�Restraints

Active�head�restraints�are�designed�to�providewhiplash�protection�in�the�event�of�a�rear�collision.

Active�head�restraints:

• reposition�the�headrest�in�theevent�of�a�rear�collision�to�provideoptimum�protection�againstwhiplash.

• move�the�headrest�up�and�forward.Some�systems�are�built�into�thebackrest�and�headrest,�whileothers�are�completely�enclosed�inthe�headrest.

• are�either�electronic�ormechanical.

Electronic�active�head�restraints�may�be�deployedusing�a�pyrotechnic�charge�such�as�used�on�thisBMW�system.

With�an�electronic�active�head�restraintsystem,�in�the�event�of�a�rear�impact,�thefront�section�of�the�head�restraint,�drivenby�a�spring,�is�moved�towards�the�front�byup�to�2"�within�a�very�short�space�of�time,even�before�the�head�is�jerked�backwardsdue�to�the�impact.

The�crash�safety�module�is�responsiblefor�deploying�the�active�head�restraint�byigniting�the�head�restraint�pyro-actuatorsquib.�The�actuator�releases�the�headrestraint�spring�force�by�activating�therelease�plate.�The�head�restraint�drivesprings�can�only�reset�once�the�pyro-actuator�has�been�replaced.

This�type�of�system:

• is�activated�by�sensors�and�a�crashdetection�module�where�the�crashsafety�module�ignites�the�headrestraint�actuator�squib.

• has�most�replacement�partslocated�within�the�seat�andseatback.

BMW�is�an�example�of�a�vehicle�makerthat�uses�an�electronic�head�restraintsystem�with�a�pyro-actuator.

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Many�active�head�restraints�use�a�mechanical-typesystem�that�automatically�resets�after�the�collision.

With�a�mechanical�system,�the�activeheadrests�move�up�and�forward�almostinstantly�in�the�event�of�a�rear�collisionwhen�the�force�of�the�occupant�body�isapplied�to�the�seatback.

The�active�headrests,�such�as�Toyota’s,consist�of�a:

• lower�unit.• cable.• upper�unit.

For�this�system�to�operate,�the:

1. lower�unit�built�into�the�seatbackis�pressed�by�the�occupant’slumbar�as�the�occupant’s�bodyslides�down�during�a�rear-endcollision.

2. cable�is�pulled�and�the�headrestis�moved�up�and�forward�by�theupper�unit,�reducing�the�distancebetween�the�occupant’s�head�andthe�headrest.

There�is�no�post-collision�repair�forthis�type�of�system.�After�the�collision,the�system�returns�to�normal�operatingcondition�provided�there�is�no�physicaldamage�to�the�seat.

This�Hyundai�active�head�restraint�must�be�resetfollowing�a�collision,�but�the�unit�can�be�usedmultiple�times.

Some�systems�require�the�system�to�bereset�once�it�has�been�deployed.�Forexample,�the�Hyundai�system�can�be�resetby�hand.�With�this�system,�the:

1. head�restraint�is�removed�fromthe�vehicle�and�positioned�on�aflat�surface�with�the�head�supportfacing�down.

2. locking�springs�on�the�left�andright�side�are�unlocked�by�pushinginward�while�applying�downwardforce�on�the�headrest�backside.

3. backside�is�pushed�until�a�click�isheard,�indicating�that�the�activeheadrest�is�back�in�position.

On�the�BMW�system�that�uses�a�pyro-actuator,�the�drive�springs�can�onlybe�reset�if�the�pyro-actuator�has�beenreplaced.

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Knee�Airbags

Knee�airbags�are�designed�to�restrict�bodymovement�in�the�event�of�a�frontal�collision.

Knee�airbag�systems:

• may�be�used�for�the�driver�andthe�front�passenger�seats.�Somesystems�may�only�be�on�the�driverside�such�as�the�2010�-�2014Toyota�Highlander.

• deploy�simultaneously�with�thefront�airbags�in�a�frontal�collision.

• are�designed�to�restrict�theoccupant’s�lower�body�movement,thus�enhancing�the�protectionprovided�by�the�seat�belts�andfront�airbags.

• provide�support�to�protect�theknees.

Knee�airbags�are�located�beneath�the�steeringcolumn�(left).�Some�systems�also�have�a�knee�airbaglocated�near�the�passenger�side�footwell�trim�(right).

The�knee�airbag:

• is�designed�as�a�single-stageairbag�with�inflator�assembly.�Theairbag�is�triggered�in�the�event�of�acollision�of�sufficient�severity.

• is�triggered�by�the�airbag�sensor.• on�the�driver�side�is�located�belowthe�steering�column�in�the�footwelltrim�and�on�the�passenger�side�inthe�footwell�trim.

• may�deploy�even�if�the�seat�belt�isnot�worn.

• may�have�a�higher�deploymentthreshold�if�a�seat�belt�is�worn.

These�are�common�parts�of�a�knee�airbag�system.

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The�driver�and�passenger�knee�airbagmodules�must�be�replaced�followingdeployment�in�addition�to�other�partsthat�must�be�replaced�following�airbagmodule�deployment,�such�as�front�airbagsensors.�Follow�the�information�listedin�the�I-CAR�Airbag�Parts�ReplacementRecommendations�listed�at �www.i-car.com.�This�information�is�also�found�atthe�vehicle�maker’s�service�informationwebsites.

Module�Wrap�Up

Topics�discussed�in�this�moduleincluded:

• adaptive�front�lighting.• high�beam�assist.• night�view�assist.• active�head�restraints.• knee�airbags.

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Module�3�-Convenience�Systems

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Keyless�Entry�Systems

The�learning�objectives�for�this�moduleinclude�identifying�and�understandingoperations�of:

• keyless�entry�systems.• theft�deterrence�systems.• rain�sensing�wipers.• climate-controlled�seats.

Key�fobs�used�today�are�considered�either�passive�oractive.

Keyless�entry�can�be�divided�into�twocategories,�active�and�passive.

Active�keyless�entry�is�the�traditionalkeyless�entry�where�a�key�fob�is�pressedto�unlock�the�doors,�trunk,�or�to�start�theengine.

Passive�keyless,�which�is�becoming�morepopular,�allows�vehicle�entry�withoutpushing�buttons�on�a�key�fob.�Simplycarrying�a�pass�key�will�unlock�the�doorand�start�the�engine�with�a�push�button.This�system�may�also�be�part�of�thevehicle�push-button�starting�system.

A�passive�key�fob�does�not�require�a�button�to�bepushed�on�the�key�fob�to�enter�the�vehicle.

A�passive�keyless�entry�system:

• uses�multiple�low�frequencyantennas�to�receive�signals�from�akeyless�entry�transmitter.

• transmitter�must�be�within�range�ofthe�antennas.

• operates�when�a�door�handle�ordeck�lid�is�opened.�The�antennassend�out�a�signal�verifying�thetransmitter�is�within�range.

The�doors�unlock�when�a�front�outsidedoor�handle�is�gripped.�If�the�driver�dooris�gripped,�only�the�driver�door�willunlock.�If�the�passenger�door�is�gripped,all�doors�unlock.�All�doors�lock�when�thelock�sensor�on�a�front�outside�door�handleis�touched�or�if�the�back�door�lock�switchis�pushed.

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These�are�common�parts�of�a�passive�keyless�entrysystem.

Parts�of�a�passive�keyless�entry�systeminclude:

• keyless�entry�transmitters.• antennas�(located�throughoutthe�interior�to�cover�the�entirevehicle).

• an�exterior�antenna.• control�modules.• exterior�lighting�(if�equipped).

Diagnosing�problems�with�a�passive�keyless�entrysystem�may�require�retrieval�of�DTCs.

When�analyzing�damage�to�the�passivekeyless�entry�system:

• verify�that�the�keyless�entry�systemworks.

• non-operation�requires�asymptoms�table�for�diagnosis.

Repair�may�require�a:

• scan�tool.• calibration.

Key�parts�susceptible�to�collision�damageinclude�the:

• electronic�control�module.• junction�box.• wireless�door�lock�buzzer.• door�and�handles.

All�of�the�electrical�parts�are�generallylocated�under�the�hood�on�the�driver�sideby�the�strut�tower.�However,�the�system�istied�into�the�power�door�locks,�switches,exterior�and�interior�electrical�keyoscillators�(which�receives�request�signalsfrom�the�certification�ECU�and�createsan�actuation�area�around�the�doors�orthe�vehicle�interior),�etc.�These,�too,can�become�damaged�in�a�collision�andtypically�require�a�scan�tool�and�serviceinformation�to�diagnose�malfunctioningparts.

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The�key�fob�must�be�inside�the�vehicle�in�order�touse�the�push-button�start�feature.

Vehicles�with�passive�keyless�entry�maybe�equipped�with�a�push-button�startfeature.�In�order�to�use�the�push-buttonstart,�the:

• key�must�be�in�the�vehicle.• brake�pedal�is�depressed.

The�vehicle�power�management�receivesa�signal�from�the�control�module�thatthe�proper�key�is�in�the�vehicle�and�theengine�starts.

Some�push-button�start�problems�are�indicated�by�aflashing�LED�lamp�on�the�button.

If�there�are�problems�with�the�push-buttonstart�feature:

• a�malfunction�code�may�be�storedin�the�power�management�controlmodule.

• an�indicator�lamp�on�the�startbutton�flashes�when�a�fault�isdetected,�if�equipped.

This�is�the�MyKey�key�that�is�used�by�Ford�to�providerestricted�driving.

Ford�has�introduced�a�concept�calledMyKey.�MyKey�was�introduced�on�the2009�Focus,�but�is�now�standard�on�manyFord�/�Lincoln�models.�MyKey:

• is�a�separate�ignition�key�that�isgiven�to�a�family�teenager�or�fleetoperator.�The�key�has�a�built-in�microchip�that�gives�specialinstructions�to�the�vehicle.

• can�be�switched�to�limit�the�topspeed�of�the�vehicle.

• limits�the�audio�volume�of�thesound�system�to�44%�of�themaximum.

• encourages�seat�belt�use�with�achiming�pattern�and�muting�of�thesound�system.

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• includes�additional�features�suchas�an�earlier�low-fuel�warning�andspeed�alert�chime.

Another�system�by�General�Motorsoperates�key�comfort�features.�The�2010�-2014�Chevrolet�Equinox�is�equipped�witha�Smart�Remote�Starting�system�that�alsoactivates�the�HVAC�system�and�optionalheated�seats�depending�on�the�outsidetemperature.

Theft�Deterence

The�General�Motors�telematics�system�is�used�tohelp�recover�stolen�vehicles.

The�typical�theft�deterrent�system�isdesigned�to�sound�an�alarm�and�/�or�flashthe�exterior�lights�during�forced�entry.These�theft�deterrent�systems�have�beenimproved�over�the�years�to�include�moreadvanced�electronics�to�detect�intrusionand�limit�theft.�Some�advances�include:

• General�Motor’s�telematicssubscription�service,�which�has�aStolen�Vehicle�Slowdown�featurethat�allows�OnStar�to�slow�down,stop,�and�recover�stolen�vehiclesthat�might�be�involved�in�high-speed�chases.�This�feature�is�inaddition�to�OnStar’s�feature�that

uses�GPS�technology�to�locate�lostor�stolen�vehicles.

• a�listening�device�that�detects�thesound�of�glass�breaking,�and�tripsan�alarm�if�the�sound�is�heard.

• engine�immobilizers,�for�whenanything�other�than�the�proper�keyis�used�to�start�the�vehicle.

Most�theft�deterrence�systems�are�equipped�withan�LED�indicator�to�show�that�the�alarm�system�hasbeen�activated.

The�theft�deterrence�system�operates:

• when�the�doors�are�locked,�eithermanually�or�remotely.

• by�monitoring�movement,noise,�latches,�and�/�or�vehiclemovement.

• by�setting�off�an�alarm�whenspecific�criteria�are�met.

On�the�Volvo�system,�the�switches�arechecked�three�times�per�second�to�makesure�switches�are�closed.�Volvo�also�hasa:

• movement�sensor�that�detectsmovement�inside�the�vehicle.

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This�particular�system�requireswindows�to�be�closed�for�properoperation.

• heartbeat�sensor.�The�heartbeatsensor�is�used�to�detect�thepresence�of�someone�inside�thevehicle,�with�an�indicator�on�thekey�fob.

These�are�common�parts�of�a�theft�deterrent�system.

Parts�that�make�up�a�theft�deterrent�systeminclude:

• door�lock�control�system�parts.• a�control�module.• a�security�horn.�On�the�Volvo,�thismay�be�powered�independently�ofthe�battery.

• a�security�indicator�lamp.• door,�hood,�trunk�ajar�switches.• a�glass�breakage�sensor,�ifequipped.�If�so,�there�will�also�bea�glass�breakage�sensor�ECU.

Check�for�proper�operation�of�the�theft�deterrentsystem�following�any�collision.

Common�faults�may�include�the:

• system�not�arming.• alarm�not�sounding�and�/�orproper�lights�not�flashing.

• system�arming�when�doors�/�lidsare�open.

The�theft�deterrent�control�module�on�this�Audi�R8�isbeing�inspected.

During�damage�analysis,�note�that:

• horns�are�most�susceptible�todamage.

• most�theft�deterrent�system�partsare�integrated�with�other�systems.

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Rain�Sensing�Wipers

The�rain�sensor�is�typically�mounted�to�thewindshield�next�to�the�rearview�mirror.

A�popular�option,�especially�in�rainyareas,�is�rain�sensing�wipers.�Rain�sensingwipers�are�designed�to�detect�moisture�onthe�windshield�and�auto-start�the�wiperswhen�on.

Contrary�to�the�name,�it�is�not�the�wipersthat�sense�rain�on�the�windshield�butan�infrared�sensor�module.�The�sensormodule�is�mounted�on�the�interior�side�ofthe�windshield,�in�a�housing�either�nextto,�or�part�of,�the�base�of�the�rearviewmirror.�The�module�connector�is�alsousually�in�the�same�housing.

The�rain�sensing�wiper�system�detects�moisturewhen�the�infrared�rays�of�the�sensor�are�deflected�bymoisture�droplets�on�the�windshield.

With�rain�sensing�wiper�systems:

• the�system�is�set�to�the�desiredsensitivity.

• when�the�sensor�module�detectsmoisture�on�the�windshield,�asignal�is�sent�to�the�wiper�motormodule�to�automatically�startthe�wipers.�The�wipers�alsoautomatically�stop�when�the�rainstops.

• the�wiper�switch�usually�has�tobe�in�one�of�the�on�settings,�oran�automatic�setting,�to�allow�theautomatic�function�to�work.

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The�switch�must�be�turned�on�for�the�rain�sensingwiper�system�to�activate.

Parts�included�in�the�rain�sensing�wiperassembly�include�the:

• wiper�assembly�(blades,�linkage,etc.).

• wiper�motor.• rain�sensor.• junction�boxes.• wiper�motor�module.

A�squirt�bottle�can�be�used�to�test�the�system.

The�presence�of�a�housing�next�tothe�rearview�mirror�with�an�electricalconnection,�or�a�flat�sensor�pressedagainst�the�glass�on�the�front�side�of�themirror,�are�indications�that�the�vehicle�isequipped�with�a�rain�sensor.

When�checking�for�damage,�look�fordamage�to�the:

• windshield.�Cracks�or�breaks�inthe�windshield�near�the�sensormodule�would�affect�its�operation.

• housing�and�the�electricalconnection.

Initial�troubleshooting�described�bysome�vehicle�makers�is�as�simple�asapplying�water�to�the�windshield.�Volvo,for�example,�says�to�apply�water�out�ofa�spray�bottle�three�times�and�see�if�thewipers�start.

During�part�replacement:

• a�special�windshield�is�generallynot�required.

• calibration�of�the�system�isgenerally�not�required.

• the�sensor�is�generally�adheredwith�special�tape�that�is�suppliedwith�the�part.

Climate-Controlled�Seats

Climate-controlled�seats�can�be�heated�or�cooled.

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Advancements�in�seat�technology�aremostly�designed�to�increase�comfortand�reduce�driver�fatigue.�One�suchtechnology�is�climate-controlled�seats.Climate-controlled�seats:

• provide�heat�and�ventilation.• may�be�tied�into�the�HVAC�system.• cannot�heat�and�cool�at�the�sametime.

2014�Kia�Optima

This�closeup�of�the�seat�shows�ventilation�holes.

Heated�and�cooled�seat�operationinclude:

• switches�located�on�the�instrumentpanel,�center�console,�or�doorpanels.

• seat�temperature�monitored�by�theseat�module.

The�2009�-�2014�Lexus�RX�350�has�aclimate�control�seat�system�that�uses�seatheaters�to�provide�heat�and�ventilation(blower�units)�to�provide�cooling.�Thecooling�system�uses�interior�ambient�air,rather�than�air�from�the�A/C�unit.�Similarly,

the�heat�function�does�not�use�heatedair.

The�climate-controlled�seat�system�seatheaters�have�adjustable�temperature�areasand�fixed�temperature�areas.�Adjustabletemperature�areas�are�used�for�theshoulder�and�lumbar�areas�and�the�area�ofthe�thighs�and�knees�that�easily�becomecold.

Ford�/�LincolnFord�/�Lincoln�uses�a�thermo-electricdevice�to�heat�or�cool�the�air�supply.The�climate-controlled�seat�system�isable�to�heat�and�cool�the�front�seats.Each�climate-controlled�seat�is�operatedby�push�buttons�on�the�HVAC�modulelocated�on�the�instrument�panel.�Eachfront�seat�temperature�is�then�monitoredand�controlled�by�the�Dual�Climate-Controlled�Seat�Module�located�on�thepassenger�front�seat�track.

Switches�for�seat�climate�control�are�located�on�thecenter�console.

The�serviceable�climate-controlled�seatsystem�parts�may�include:

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• an�air�filter.• cushion�and�backrest�manifolds.• cushion�and�backrest�foam�padsand�trim�covers.

• a�heat�/�cool�seat�switch.• fuses.• ventilation�ducts.• blowers.

As�seat�design�becomes�more�complex,�so�doessystem�diagnostics.

Issues�with�the�operation�of�the�climate-controlled�seats�requires:

• a�scan�tool.�Problems�may�setDTCs.

• a�check�for�signs�of�obviousphysical�damage�such�as�torn�seatcovers,�damaged�seat�frames,�orpunctures�in�the�seat�cushions.

• referencing�diagnostic�charts�todiagnose�the�problem.

Mercedes-Benz�has�a�seat�comfort�system�calledAirscarf�that�blows�warm�air�through�the�headrestraint.

Blower�vents�for�the�Airscarf�system�can�be�seenfrom�the�backside�of�the�head�restraint.

Switches�for�the�climate-controlled�seat�and�Airscarfsystem�are�located�on�the�interior�door�trim�panel.

Beginning�with�the�2010�Ford�Taurus,some�Ford�/�Lincoln�vehicles�now�havea�seat�option�called�Active�Motion.�Withthis�particular�feature,�the�bottom�cushionprovides�a�massaging�motion�to�help�a

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Damage�Analysis�of�Advanced�Automotive�Systems�(DAM07e) 62

driver�avoid�back�pain.�Other�vehiclemakers,�such�as�Mercedes-Benz,�are�alsoincluding�this�type�of�option�into�their�seatsystems.

An�optional�offering�on�the�Mercedes-Benz�SL�Class�is�Airscarf,�which:

• blows�warm�air�through�the�fronthead�restraints.�There�is�a�faninside�each�front�head�restraint,and�warm�air�ducted�to�the�fans.

• is�referred�to�as�a�neck-levelheating�system.

• forms�an�invisible�“scarf”�aroundthe�driver�and�passenger.

Module�Wrap�Up

Topics�discussed�in�this�moduleincluded:

• keyless�entry�systems.• theft�deterrence�systems.• rain�sensing�wipers.• climate-controlled�seats.