respiratory tract pathology
DESCRIPTION
Respiratory tract pathology. Premed 2 Pathophysiology. Common Upper respiratory tract Disorders. Acute rhinitis -common cold -adenovirus Allergic rhinitis -type I hypersensitivity reaction -mast cells, basophils Bacterial infection -superimposed infection - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Respiratory tract pathology
Premed 2Pathophysiology
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Common Upper respiratory tract Disorders
• Acute rhinitis-common cold-adenovirus
• Allergic rhinitis-type I hypersensitivity reaction-mast cells, basophils
• Bacterial infection-superimposed infection-common bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Hemophilus
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• Sinusitis-inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
• Laryngitis-edema, inflammation, hoarseness
• Acute epiglotitis-severe, children-Hemophilus influenzae
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• Acute laryngotracheobronchitis-croup-inflammation of the larynx, trachea and epiglottis-viral infection
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Malignancies of the URT
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
-SEA and Africa-Epstein-Barr virus
• Squamous cell carcinoma-most frequently occurring tumor
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
• Airflow obstruction• Decrease in 1-minute forced expiratory
volume• Increased/normal forced vital capacity• Bronchial asthma• Chronic bronchitis• Pulmonary emphysema• Bronchiectasis
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Bronchial asthma
• Episodes of dyspnea• Wheezing on expiration• Smooth muscle hypertrophy• Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal
glands and goblet cells• Viscid mucus with Curschmann spirals
and Charcot-Leyden crystals
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Chronic bronchitis• Productive cough that occurs for 3 consecutive
months in 2 consecutive years• Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal
glandsincreased Reid index• Reid index: ratio of the thickness of the gland
layer to that of the bronchial wall• Cigarette smoking• Air pollution• Infection• Complication: cor pulmonale
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Chronic bronchitis
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Emphysema
• Dilatation of the air spaces• Destruction of the alveolar walls• Lack of elastic recoil• Increased antero-posterior diameter of the chest
• Hypoxia, cyanosis, respiratory acidosis• Cigarette smoking• Hereditary alpha-antitrypsin deficiency
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Bronchiectasis
• Permanent abnormal bronchial dilatation• Chronic infection• Inflammation and necrosis of the bronchial
wall• Copious pururlent sputum• Hemoptysis• Lung abscess
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• Predisposing factor:-bronchial tumor-Kartagener syndrome: sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Surfactant– decreases the surface tension of
the alveoli– needed for alveoli to fill with air
and expand (compliance)• Infant respiratory distress syndrome
(hyaline membrane disease)• Adult respiratory distress syndrome
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Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Hyaline membrane disease• Most common cause of death in
premature infants• Dyspnea, cyanosis, tachynea after birth• Deficiency of surfactant: dipalmitoyl
lecithin; from type II pneumocytes
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HMD
• Predisposing factorsprematuritymaternal diabetescaesarean section
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Pneumoconiosis
• Anthracosis: carbon dust• Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis: coal dust• Silicosis: free silica dust• Asbestosis: asbestos fibers ferruginous
bodies-brochogenic carcinoma-malignant mesothelioma
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Directly proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the number of years
• Air pollution• Radiation: radium, uranium• Asbestos• Nickel, chromates
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
• 5-year survival rate: 10 %• Cough
hempotysisbronchial obstruction
• Local extension: pleura, pericardium, ribs
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Bronchogenic carcinoma