anatomy of respiratory tract

8/8/2019 Anatomy of Respiratory Tract

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y Disorders of the upper and lower respiratory tracts arecommon and are encountered in any setting, at home,school, at work place and in the hospital admitted withdisorders or as a complication of existing illness.

y To assess upper and lower respiratory tract disorders, thenurse must be skilled at differentiating normal assessmentfindings from abnormal ones.

y Good assessment skills must be developed and used whencaring for patients with acute and chronic respiratory

problems.y In addition, an understanding of respiratory function and

the significance of abnormal pulmonary function andabnormal test results is essential.


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A. Nosey Air passage, filters, warms, humidifies air; sense of

smelly Mostly composed of cartilage, connective tissues,

the bony part- is the bridge of the nose.y nostrils or nares; inside is a cavity, called the vestibule,

which is lined by a skin.y Anteriorly hairs (cilia)y Posteriorly - mucous membranes that secretes mucusy Along the sides of the nose are turbinate -rich with blood

supply that warms the air as it enters the lungs.


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B. Sinuses

y are four pairs of bony cavities that are lined withnasal mucosa and ciliated pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium. These air spaces areconnected by ducts that drain into the nasal cavity.

y These are:- Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary

y lightens the head and the regulation of voice. The

sinuses are common sites of infection.


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C. Pharynx the throat

y A

tube like structure that connects the nasal and oralcavities to the larynx

y Has 3 sections nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx.y

Nasopharynx is located posterior to the nose andabove the soft palate.

y Oropharynx-- houses the facial, palatine and tonsils.

y Laryngopharynxextends from the hyoid bone to thecricoid cartilage.


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D. Larynx - The voice organ/voice boxy Contains the vocal cords (cartilages). -connects the pharynx and

the tracheay The major functions of the Larynx:

- Vocalization- protects the airway from foreign substances and facilitatescoughing

y consist of the following:

- Thyroid cartilage- the largest of the cartilage, part of itprotrudes in front of larynx, forming the Adams apple

y - Cricoid cartilage is the anatomic site for artificial opening intotrachea (tracheostomy)

y Acomplete cartilaginous ring located below the thyroid

cartilage.- Epiglottis- a valve f lap of cartilage that covers the opening to thelarynx during swallowing.

- Glottis- the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx.- Vocal cords- the ligaments controlled by muscular movements

that produce sounds, located in the lumen of the larynx.


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A. Starts with trachea

y The windpipe. Composed of smooth muscle with C-shaped rings of cartilage

y The trachea serves as the passage between the larynxand the bronchi


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B. Bronchi main stem

y

The 2 main stem Bronchi the point where the 2bronchi branches out is known as Carinawhere coughreflex is located.

y RIGHT bronchus is to the right lung, is shorter, wider

and straighter that during aspiration, food and foreignbody lodges immediately.

y LEFT bronchus is longer and narrower.


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C Bronchioles the final pathway to the alveoli, has no

cartilage thus can collapse and trap air duringexhalation.

y Terminal Bronchioles - last airways of theconducting system.

y From the nose to the terminal bronchioles there isno exchange of gases known as anatomic deadspace.


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D. Lungs- located within the thorax is separatedby a space known as Mediastinum,

y

RIGHT lung - has3 lobes the upper, middle andlower lobesy LEFT lung has 2 lobesy Each lobe of the lungs is divided into segments.y

the lungs are porous, spongy and elasticy being elastic they have the ability to expandduring inhalation, known as Lung Compliance

y during exhalation has the ability to relax or goback to its less expanded position known as

Lung Recoil


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y The blood supplies to the lungs are via thePulmonary Arteries which has poor oxygen in

the blood. It is oxygenated by inspired air onlyalveoli the functional unit of the lungs calledLung Parenchyma

y At birth, there are 24 millions of alveoli.y In adult, there are 300 millions or more of alveoli

arranged in clusters of 15- 20.y The entire alveolar unit respi zone is made

up of bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs.The alveolar wall is extremely thin with solid

network of capillaries the connection of both iscalled alveolar- capillaryunit orrespiratorymembrane.


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The alveoli is composed of3 cell typesy Type 1 pneumocytes lines the alveolus, thin and

incapable of reproduction but are effective for gasexchange.

y Type 2 pneumocytes Metabolically active --produces surfactant which is important for lung repair,and prevents alveolar collapsed

y Type 3 pneumocytesare large phagocytic cells thatingest foreign matter (mucus, bacteria), and acts asimportant defense mechanism.


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Lung Volume:

y Total lung capacity is 5900 ml. of air, = RV+ TV

+ IRV + ERV.y Residual volume is 1200 ml. of air remains in the

lungs after expiration. This prevents the collapsedof the lungs during expiration.

y Tidal Volume 500ml of air that moves in andout of the lungs during quiet breathing

y Inspiratory Reserved Volume- the amount ofextra air inhaled, which is about 3000ml.

y ExpiratoryReserved Volume- the extra air thatcan be exhaled after a normal breath, which isabout 1100 ml


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y provides protection for the lungs, heart and majorblood vessels.

y its outer part is made up of 12 pairs of ribs

y 1st 7 are attached to the sternum, the 8th, 9th, 10th arefalse ribs that are attached to each other by costalcartilage.

y 11th and 12th are floating ribs- they allow full

expansion of the lung during inhalation.


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y primary muscle of breathing.

y It is dome shaped in the relax position

y During inspiration, it f lattens to allow full expansion

of the lungs.y The nerve supply is the phrenic nervewhich comes

thru the spinal cord at the level of the 3rd cervicalvertebrae so spinal injuries at the C3 can impairventilation.


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y are thin, transparent serous membranes that enclose thelungs

y It is a two layer covering sac

-Visceral covers the lungs

- Parietal the outer lungy In between them is a potential space that contains serous

fluids that serves as a lubricant to prevent friction whichcan injure the lung tissues.

y The fluid also makes the 2 layers stick together so it cancreate a pull to help the lungs maintain an expandedposition.

y Extra fluid, air, blood that may accumulate in the space,can impair ventilation.


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anatomy of respiratory tract

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