respiratory system anatomy
DESCRIPTION
lectureTRANSCRIPT
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
SY
ST
EM
C
ON
DU
CT
ING
PO
RT
ION
R
ES
PIR
AT
OR
YP
OR
TIO
N
SK
EL
ET
AL
MU
SC
LE
S A
ND
BO
NE
S A
RE
RE
QU
IRE
D
FO
R
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
SY
ST
EM
FU
NC
TIO
N
ST
ER
NU
M
INT
ER
CO
ST
AL
MU
SC
LE
S
DIA
PH
RA
GM
RIB
S
GE
NE
RA
L O
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
NA
L P
AT
TE
RN
O
F C
ON
DU
CT
ING
PO
RT
ION
O
F R
ES
PIR
AT
OR
Y S
YS
TE
M
M
UC
OS
AL
um
inal sh
eet
ep
ith
eli
um
(typ
ically
“re
spirato
ry e
pith
eliu
m”)
Lam
ina p
rop
ria
(lo
ose F
EC
T)
S
UB
MU
CO
SA
(m
od
. d
en
se F
EC
T)
(not
alw
ays
pre
sen
t or
merg
ed
with
lam
ina p
ropri
a,
sero
us
or
mix
ed g
lan
ds
may
be p
rese
nt
in t
he la
min
a p
rop
ria
or
subm
uco
sa)
“M
US
CU
LA
RIS
”E
XT
ER
NA
(m
ay b
e s
mo
oth
mu
scle
, cart
ilag
e, o
r b
on
e)
A
DV
EN
TIT
IA o
r S
ER
OS
A (
ab
sen
t in
nasal
cavit
y)
CE
LL
TY
PE
S F
OU
ND
IN
“R
ES
PIR
AT
OR
Y E
PIT
HE
LIU
M”
PR
ED
OM
INA
NT
CE
LL
TY
PE
S
C
ilia
ted
co
lum
na
r cells
–m
ove
m
uc
us
G
ob
let
ce
lls
–s
ecre
te m
uc
us
B
asa
l cells
–re
pla
ce
da
ma
ge
d c
ells
LE
SS
CO
MM
ON
CE
LL
TY
PE
S
B
rus
h c
ells
–s
en
so
ry r
ec
ep
tor
ce
lls
D
en
se
co
re g
ran
ule
ce
lls
(S
ma
ll g
ran
ule
ce
lls)
–en
tero
en
do
cri
ne
ce
lls
C
lara
ce
lls
(tr
ac
hea
an
d b
ron
ch
i) –
pro
tein
se
cre
tin
g c
ells
, s
ec
rete
su
rfac
tan
t
PR
ED
OM
INA
NT
CE
LL
TY
PE
S
FO
UN
D I
N
“RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
EP
ITH
EL
IUM
”
Sourc
e: L
entz
. 1
971. C
ell
Fin
e S
truct
ure
.
Cil
iate
d c
olu
mn
ar
cell
Go
ble
t cell (
Mu
co
us c
ell
)
Basal
cell
“RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
EP
ITH
EL
IUM
”
Sourc
e: W
eis
s. 1983. H
isto
logy.
C
ell
and T
issu
e B
iolo
gy.
5th
Editi
on.
Cil
iate
d c
ell
s
Go
ble
t cell/
Mu
co
us c
ell
Basal
cell
Bru
sh
cell
s
Sm
all
gra
nu
le
cell
(su
rfac
tan
t)
“RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
”E
PIT
HE
LIU
M
Cil
ia
Base
men
t m
em
bra
ne
Go
ble
t cell
s
Cil
iate
d c
ell
s
Sm
all
g
ran
ule
cell
Basal
cell
EP
ITH
EL
IA O
F R
EG
ION
S W
ITH
IN
NA
SA
L C
AV
ITIE
S
V
ES
TIB
UL
E o
rN
OS
TR
IL
Str
ati
fied
sq
ua
mo
us
sh
eet
ep
ith
eliu
m
R
ES
PIR
AT
OR
Y
SE
GM
EN
T”R
es
pir
ato
rye
pit
he
liu
m”
O
LF
AC
TO
RY
S
EG
ME
NT
O
lfa
cto
rye
pit
he
liu
m
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
S
EG
ME
NT
OL
FA
CT
OR
Y
SE
GM
EN
T
NO
ST
RIL
NA
SA
L C
AV
ITIE
S/
NA
SA
L P
AS
SA
GE
WA
YS
Sou
rce
: P
late
88
, F
igure
1 in
Ro
ss e
t a
l.
1995
. H
isto
logy.
A
Te
xt a
nd
Atla
s. 3
rdE
diti
on
.
OE
p=
olf
ac
tory
e
pit
he
liu
m
OM
= o
lfact
ory
m
uco
sa
Re
p =
“re
spir
ato
ry
ep
ithe
lium
”
EB
= b
on
e
CE
LL
TY
PE
S F
OU
ND
IN
O
LF
AC
TO
RY
EP
ITH
EL
IUM
S
uste
nta
cu
lar
or
su
pp
ort
ing
cells
O
lfacto
ry c
ell
s
B
as
al
cell
s
B
rush
cell
s
Mu
co
sa
of
the
Olf
ac
tory
Se
gm
en
to
f th
e N
as
al
Ca
vit
y
Mu
co
sa
of
the
Olf
ac
tory
Se
gm
en
t o
f th
e N
as
al
Ca
vit
y
Sou
rce
: P
late
88
, F
igure
2 in
Ro
ss e
t a
l.
1995
. H
isto
logy.
A
Te
xt a
nd
Atla
s. 3
rdE
diti
on
.
SC
= s
up
po
rtiv
e
ce
lls
OC
= o
lfa
cto
ry
ne
uro
n c
ell
bo
die
s
BC
= b
as
al
ce
lls
BG
= o
lfa
cto
ry
gla
nd
s (
se
rou
s)
N =
pe
rip
he
ral
ne
rve
s
V =
blo
od
ve
ss
els
C =
ca
pil
lari
es
NA
SA
L C
AV
ITIE
S/N
AS
AL
PA
SS
AG
EW
AY
S
are
se
pa
rate
d f
rom
ora
l c
av
ity b
y P
AL
AT
E
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
S
EG
ME
NT
OL
FA
CT
OR
Y
SE
GM
EN
T
NO
ST
RIL
Mo
difi
ed
fro
m:
Fig
ure
18
.1 in
Ro
ss e
t a
l. 1
995
. H
isto
logy.
A
Te
xt a
nd
Atla
s.
3rd
Ed
itio
n.
HA
RD
PA
LA
TE
SO
FT
PA
LA
TE
SO
FT
PA
LA
TE
Sou
rce
: H
am
me
rse
n. 1
980
. H
isto
logy.
“Resp
irato
ry
ep
ith
eli
um
”o
f N
asal
Mu
co
sa
OR
AL
C
AV
ITY
s
ide
NA
SA
L
CA
VIT
Y
sid
e
PH
AR
YN
X
”Re
sp
irato
rye
pit
he
liu
m”
Str
ati
fie
d s
qu
am
ou
ss
he
et
ep
ith
eliu
m
Mo
difi
ed
fro
m:
Fig
ure
18
.1 in
Ro
ss e
t a
l. 2
003
. H
isto
logy.
A
Te
xt a
nd
Atla
s.
4th
Ed
itio
n.
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
SY
ST
EM
N
AS
AL
CA
VIT
IES
/ N
AS
AL
PA
SS
AG
EW
AY
S
P
HA
RY
NX
-n
aso
ph
ary
nx,
oro
ph
ary
nx
L
AR
YN
X
T
RA
CH
EA
E
XT
RA
PU
LM
ON
AR
YB
RO
NC
HI
L
UN
GS
LA
RY
NX
an
d T
RA
CH
EA
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
Fo
od
ca
rtil
ag
e
ca
rtil
ag
e
ca
rtil
ag
e
bo
ne
Su
rface
Vie
wM
id-l
on
gitu
din
al S
ect
ion
EP
IGL
OT
TIS
of
LA
RY
NX
Sou
rce
: H
am
me
rse
n. 1
980
. H
isto
logy.
A
Co
lor
Atla
s of
Cyt
olo
gy,
His
tolo
gy
and
Mic
rosc
op
ic A
na
tom
y. 2
nd
E
diti
on
.
Str
ati
fied
sq
uam
ou
sep
ith
eli
um
Ela
sti
c C
art
ila
ge
Str
ati
fied
sq
uam
ou
so
r p
seu
do
str
ati
fied
co
lum
nar
ep
ith
eli
um
LA
RY
NX
Sou
rce
: H
am
me
rse
n. 1
980
. H
isto
logy.
A
Co
lor
Atla
s of
Cyt
olo
gy,
His
tolo
gy
and
Mic
rosc
op
ic A
na
tom
y. 2
nd
E
diti
on
.
Ven
tric
ula
r fo
ld/
fals
e v
ocal
co
rd
Vo
cal
fold
/ tr
ue v
oc
al
co
rd
Ep
iglo
ttis
Str
ati
fied
sq
uam
ou
ssh
eet
ep
ith
eliu
m
Pseu
do
str
ati
fied
cil
iate
d
co
lum
nar
sh
eet
ep
ith
eli
um
LA
RY
NX
Sou
rce
: H
am
me
rse
n. 1
980
. H
isto
logy.
A
Co
lor
Atla
s of
Cyt
olo
gy,
His
tolo
gy
and
Mic
rosc
op
ic A
na
tom
y. 2
nd
E
diti
on
.
Intr
insic
gla
nd
s i
n
Lam
ina p
rop
ria
of
Mu
co
sa
Vo
cali
sm
uscle
Ep
iglo
ttis
Vo
cal
lig
am
en
t
Cart
ilag
ino
us p
late
in
“M
uscu
lari
s”
Exte
rna
Str
iate
d s
kele
tal
mu
scle
tis
su
e i
n
“Mu
scu
lari
s”
Exte
rna
Cart
ilag
ino
us p
late
in
“M
uscu
lari
s”
Exte
rna
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
SY
ST
EM
N
AS
AL
CA
VIT
IES
/ N
AS
AL
PA
SS
AG
EW
AY
S
P
HA
RY
NX
-n
aso
ph
ary
nx,
oro
ph
ary
nx
L
AR
YN
X
T
RA
CH
EA
E
XT
RA
PU
LM
ON
AR
YB
RO
NC
HI
L
UN
GS
Tra
ch
ea
M
uco
sa
“Resp
irato
ry”
ep
ith
eli
um
(+
/-C
lara
cells)
Lam
ina p
rop
ria
of
loo
se F
EC
T
S
ub
mu
co
sa
Lo
ose t
o m
od
era
tely
den
se
FE
CT
,d
en
ser
than
lam
ina p
rop
ria,
ma
y c
on
tain
co
mp
ou
nd
tu
bu
loacin
ar
gla
nd
s
“M
uscu
lari
s”e
xte
rna
Hyali
ne c
art
ilag
es
(h
ors
esh
oe-s
hap
ed
“ri
ng
s”)
Sm
oo
th m
uscle
acro
ss o
pen
en
ds o
f cart
ilag
es
Mo
dera
tely
den
se
FE
CT
co
nn
ects
ad
jacen
t ri
ng
s
A
dven
titi
aL
oo
se F
EC
T
TR
AC
HE
A
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
Ad
ven
titi
a“M
uscu
lari
s”
Exte
rna
(tra
ch
ea
lis
mu
sc
le)
Mu
co
sa
lum
ina
l e
pit
he
liu
m
in s
ub
mu
co
sa
TR
AC
HE
A
TR
AC
HE
A
Cil
ia
Base
men
t m
em
bra
ne
Go
ble
t cell
s
Cil
iate
d c
ell
s
Sm
all
g
ran
ule
cell
Basal
cell
LU
MIN
AL
EP
ITH
EL
IUM
OF
TR
AC
HE
A(“
Re
sp
ira
tory
”E
pit
he
liu
m)
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
SY
ST
EM
N
AS
AL
CA
VIT
IES
/ N
AS
AL
PA
SS
AG
EW
AY
S
P
HA
RY
NX
-n
aso
ph
ary
nx,
oro
ph
ary
nx
L
AR
YN
X
T
RA
CH
EA
E
XT
RA
PU
LM
ON
AR
YB
RO
NC
HI
L
UN
GS
Bro
nch
us (
very
sim
ilar
to T
rach
ea)
M
uco
sa
“Resp
irato
ry”
ep
ith
eli
um
(+
/-C
lara
cells)
Lam
ina p
rop
ria
of
loo
se F
EC
T
S
ub
mu
co
sa
Lo
ose t
o m
od
era
tely
den
se
FE
CT
,d
en
ser
than
lam
ina p
rop
ria,
ma
y c
on
tain
co
mp
ou
nd
tu
bu
loacin
ar
gla
nd
s
“M
uscu
lari
s”e
xte
rna
Hyali
ne c
art
ilag
es
(h
ors
esh
oe-s
hap
ed
“ri
ng
s”)
Sm
oo
th m
uscle
acro
ss o
pen
en
ds o
f cart
ilag
es
Mo
dera
tely
den
se
FE
CT
co
nn
ects
ad
jacen
t ri
ng
s
A
dven
titi
aL
oo
se F
EC
T
RE
SP
IRA
TO
RY
SY
ST
EM
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
PU
LM
ON
AR
Y L
OB
UL
E
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OF
LU
NG
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
3-9
= in
trap
ulm
on
ary
bro
nch
i
10 =
larg
e b
ron
ch
iole
tb=
term
inal
bro
nch
iole
rb=
resp
irato
ry b
ron
ch
iole
ad
= a
lveo
lar
du
ct
as =
alv
eo
lar
sac
a =
alv
eo
lus
l =
lo
bu
le
PU
LM
ON
AR
Y L
OB
UL
E
HIS
TO
LO
GIC
AL
FE
AT
UR
ES
O
F P
UL
MO
NA
RY
CO
MP
ON
EN
TS
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
O
F L
UN
G
Sou
rce
: G
art
ne
r &
Hia
tt.
1994
.
Co
lor
Atla
s of
His
tolo
gy.
2
nd
Ed
ition
.
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OF
LU
NG
Sou
rce
: F
ree
man
& B
race
gird
le.
1976
. A
n A
dva
nce
d A
tlas
of
His
tolo
gy.
alv
eoli
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OF
LU
NG
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
3-9
= in
trap
ulm
on
ary
bro
nch
i
PU
LM
ON
AR
Y L
OB
UL
E
Intr
ap
ulm
on
ary
Bro
nch
i
Mu
co
sa
“Resp
irato
ry”
ep
ith
eli
um
(+
/-C
lara
cells)
Lam
ina p
rop
ria
of
loo
se F
EC
T
“M
uscu
lari
s”
Sp
iral b
un
dle
s o
f sm
oo
th m
uscle
S
ub
mu
co
sa
Lo
ose t
o o
ccasio
nall
y m
od
era
tely
de
nse F
EC
T,
ma
y c
on
tain
co
mp
ou
nd
tu
bu
loacin
ar
gla
nd
s
“M
uscu
lari
s”e
xte
rna
Hyali
ne c
art
ilag
es (
ho
rsesh
oe-s
hap
ed
“ri
ng
s”)
Sm
oo
th m
uscle
ac
ross o
pen
en
ds o
f cart
ilag
es
Mo
dera
tely
den
se F
EC
T c
on
nects
ad
jacen
t ri
ng
s
A
dven
titi
aL
oo
se F
EC
T
INT
RA
PU
LM
ON
AR
Y B
RO
NC
HU
S
Sou
rce
: J
un
gue
ira
et a
l. 1
975
. B
asi
c H
isto
logy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
Mu
co
sa In
trin
sic
gla
nd
s i
n
Lam
ina P
rop
ria
FE
CT
Cart
ilag
ino
us p
late
in
“M
uscu
lari
s”
Exte
rna
Bro
nch
iole
b
ran
ch
ing
off
o
f b
ron
ch
us
Hya
lin
e C
art
ila
ge
Sm
oo
th M
usc
le
Lo
os
e F
EC
T Ps
eu
do
str
ati
fie
dC
olu
mn
ar
Ep
ith
eliu
m
An Intr
apulm
onary
Bro
nch
us
BR
ON
CH
IOL
ES
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
PU
LM
ON
AR
Y L
OB
UL
E
M
UC
OS
AL
um
inal sh
eet
ep
ith
eli
um
(r
an
ges f
rom
pseu
do
str
ati
fied
cilia
ted
co
lum
nar
in larg
eb
ron
ch
iole
s t
o s
imp
lecu
bo
idalw
ith
mix
ed
cilia
ted
an
d C
lara
cell
s in
term
inal
bro
nch
iole
s)
Lam
ina p
rop
ria
= lo
ose F
EC
T
“M
US
CU
LA
RIS
”=
bu
nd
les o
f sm
oo
th m
uscle
<1 m
m in
dia
mete
r
No
cart
ilag
e i
n w
all
TY
PE
S O
F B
RO
NC
HIO
LE
S
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
10
= l
arg
e b
ron
ch
iole
tb=
te
rmin
al
bro
nc
hio
lerb
= r
es
pir
ato
ry b
ron
ch
iole
L
AR
GE
BR
ON
CH
IOL
ES
Ps
eu
do
str
ati
fie
dc
ilia
ted
co
lum
nar
sh
eet
ep
ith
eliu
m t
o s
imp
le c
olu
mn
ar
sh
eet
ep
ith
eliu
m
T
ER
MIN
AL
BR
ON
CH
IOL
ES
Ma
inly
sim
ple
cu
bo
ida
ls
he
et
ep
ith
eliu
m
R
ES
PIR
AT
OR
Y B
RO
NC
HIO
LE
SS
imp
le c
ub
oid
als
he
et
ep
ith
eliu
m(m
ain
ly C
lara
ce
lls)
CE
LL
TY
PE
S F
OU
ND
IN
L
UM
INA
L E
PIT
HE
LIU
M O
F B
RO
NC
HIO
LE
S
C
ilia
ted
cell
s
B
asal
cell
s
G
ob
let
cell
s
B
rush
cell
s
S
mall g
ran
ule
cells
C
lara
cell
s
Sou
rce
: R
oss
et
al.
199
5.
His
tolo
gy.
A
Te
xt a
nd
Atla
s. 3
rdE
diti
on.
Cla
ra c
ell
Cil
iate
d c
ell
Cil
iate
d c
ell
BR
ON
CH
IOL
E
Sou
rce
: B
urk
itte
t a
l. 1
993
. W
hea
ter’s
Fun
ctio
nal H
isto
logy.
A
Te
xt a
nd
Co
lou
rA
tlas.
Alv
eoli
are
where
th
e a
ctio
n is
(at
least
in t
erm
s of
ga
s exc
ha
ng
e)
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OF
LU
NG
Sou
rce
: F
ree
man
& B
race
gird
le.
1976
. A
n A
dva
nce
d A
tlas
of
His
tolo
gy.
alv
eoli
AL
VE
OL
I o
r A
IR S
PA
CE
S
AS
= a
lve
ola
r s
ac
A =
alv
eo
lus
AL
VE
OL
I (A
IR S
PA
CE
S)
Sou
rce
: L
ee
son
& L
eeso
n.
198
1.
His
tolo
gy.
4
th E
diti
on
.
ad
= a
lve
ola
r d
uc
ta
s =
alv
eo
lar
sa
ca
= a
lve
olu
s
Occu
r in
th
e w
all
s o
f
R
esp
irato
ry b
ron
ch
iole
s
A
lveo
lar
du
cts
A
lveo
lar
sacs
CO
NS
IST
OF
:
A
lveo
lar
Ep
ith
eliu
m
T
hin
reg
ion
of
hig
hly
vascu
lari
zed
FE
CT
CE
LL
TY
PE
S F
OU
ND
IN
A
LV
EO
LA
R E
PIT
HE
LIU
M
T
yp
e I
Pn
eu
mo
cyte
s[g
as
ex
ch
an
ge
]
T
yp
e I
I P
ne
um
oc
yte
s[s
ec
rete
s
urf
ac
tan
t (m
ix o
f p
rote
ins
an
d l
ipid
s)]
B
rus
h C
ell
s [
se
ns
ory
re
ce
pto
rs]
P
ulm
on
ary
Ma
cro
ph
ag
es
[p
ha
go
cyto
sis
]
CE
LL
TY
PE
S F
OU
ND
IN
A
LV
EO
LA
R E
PIT
HE
LIU
M(a
s o
bs
erv
ed
at
TE
M le
ve
l)
Sou
rce
: L
en
tz.
1971
. C
ell
Fin
e S
tru
ctu
re.
Typ
e I P
ne
um
oc
yte
(an
d a
dja
cen
t cap
illa
ry)
Typ
e II P
ne
um
oc
yte
Alv
eo
lar
Wall S
tru
ctu
re –
Typ
e I C
ells
Alv
eoli
Lung I
nje
cted to S
how
Capill
aries
Ca
pill
ari
es
(re
d s
tru
ctu
res)
AL
VE
OL
I A
RE
SIT
ES
O
F G
AS
EX
CH
AN
GE
AIR
RB
C
BL
OO
DB
LO
OD
Alv
eo
lar
Wall
Str
uctu
re –
Typ
e II o
r G
reat
Alv
eo
lar
Cells
CE
LL
TY
PE
SF
OU
ND
IN
AL
VE
OL
I(a
s o
bs
erv
ed
at
the L
M le
ve
l)
In a
dditi
on t
o T
ype I a
nd T
ype
II a
lveo
lar
cells
(p
neum
ocy
tes)
, m
acr
opha
ges
are
fre
quently
obse
rved
mig
ratin
g a
long t
he a
lveo
lar
surf
ace
. M
acr
oph
ag
es
are
fr
equently
deta
che
d f
rom
the
surf
ace
durin
g p
roce
ssin
g.
Crite
ria for
Cla
ssify
ing Intr
apulm
onary
Str
uct
ure
s
Str
uct
ure
Lin
ing
Ep
itheliu
mO
ther
Featu
res
Bro
nch
ip
seu
dost
ratif
ied
hya
line
cart
ilag
e in
wa
llco
lum
nar
usu
ally
+ s
moo
th m
usc
le
Bro
nch
iole
sp
seu
dost
ratif
ied
no
hya
line
cart
ilag
e in
wa
llco
lum
nar
tosm
oo
th m
usc
le p
rese
nt
sim
ple
cu
bo
ida
l,n
o s
qu
am
ous
Resp
ira
tory
>50
% c
ubo
ida
lor
little
or
no
sm
oo
th m
usc
le,
Bro
nch
iole
sco
lum
nar,
<50
%u
sua
lly s
om
e lo
ose
FE
CT
squa
mou
s(b
ut
squa
mou
spre
sen
t)
Alv
eo
lar
Du
cts
<50
% c
ubo
ida
l,n
o s
mo
oth
mu
scle
, lo
ose
Alv
eo
lar
Sa
cs>
50
% s
qua
mo
us
FE
CT
sp
ars
e o
r a
bse
nt
AL
VE
OL
I &
BR
ON
CH
IOL
ES
TB
= t
erm
inal b
ron
ch
iole
RB
= r
es
pir
ato
ry b
ron
ch
iole
AD
= a
lve
ola
r d
uct
AS
= a
lve
ola
r s
ac