Respiratory Diseases in Cattle

Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine

Volume 3

other titles in this series

Volume 1 Control of Reproduction in the Cow edited by J. R. Sreenan

Volume 2 Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle edited by H. de Boer and J. Martin

Respiratory Diseases in Cattle

A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production held at Edinburgh, November 8-10, 1977

Sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, Coordination of Agricultural Research

Edited by

W.B. Martin Animal Diseases Research Association, Moredun Institute, Edinburgh

Martinus Nijhoff - The Hague/Boston/London 1978 for The Commission of the European Communities

Publication arranged by Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General Scientific and Technical Information and Information Management, Luxembourg.

EUR 6010 EN

©ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg, 1978 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978

LEGAL NOTICE

Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.

ISBN -13 :978-94-009-9752-3 e-ISBN -13: 978-94-009-9750-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-9750-9

Table of contents

Preface

Opening Remarks

SESSION 1 : INCIDENCE

Variation in the respiratory virus status of large bovine units in Belgium

IX

XI

F. Lomba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Respiratory diseases in calves - incidence and epidemiology in Denmark O. Aalund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Epidemiological survey of infectious bovine rhynotracheitis in France G. Dannacher and M. Fedida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Respiratory diseases in cattle, disease incidence and epidemiology - the situation in Germany H. Frerking .............................. 30

Respiratory diseases in cattle in the Republic of Ireland H. Thornberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statistical data on calf mortality and diseases in Italian beef and dairy herds

34

G. Rognoni and A. Bergamaschi .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39

Bovine respiratory diseases - the situation in the Netherlands A. van Nieuwstadt, P. Straver and C. Holzhauer ...... .

Disease incidence and epidemiology - the situation in the UK L. H. Thomas ......... . . . . . . . . . .

A serosurvey of viruses during outbreaks of acute respiratory/enteric disease in Swedish cattle J. Moreno-Lopez and B. Morein

Disease incidence and epidemiology - the situation in the USA D. G. McKercher

Discussion

SESSION 2A: PARASITIC AND ADULT.

The pneumonias of adult cattle I.E. Selman ........ .

The pulmonary lesions characteristic of parasitic bronchitis and the com­moner pneumonias of adult cattle in Britain

47

57

66

71

84

89

91

H.M.Pirie ............................... 102

VI Dictyocaulosis in Germany H.J. Burger and V. Bunke

Allergic pathophysiology of bovine lung P. Eyre

Discussion

SESSION 2B: ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . .

Influence of environment on respiratory disease A. Wiseman .. . ............ .

Influence of environment on respiratory disease D. G. McKercher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some factors influencing respiratory disease in growing bulls and the effect of treatment on liveweight

117

129

138

147

149

158

A.H.Andrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Studies of calf respiratory disease in a large commercial veal unit W. M. Miller, J. W. Harkness, M. S. Richards and D. G. Pritchard 181

Discussion

SESSION 3: PNEUMONIA/VIRUSES

On respiratory viral infections in cattle in Denmark V. Bitsch ................... .

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection and symptoms of atypical intersti­tial pneumonia C. Holzhauer

Epidemiology of respiratory diseases in calves in 1977 in the West of France C. Le Jan and A. Asso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The role of viruses in acute respiratory disease of cattle E. J. Stott, L. H. Thomas, A. P. Collins, S. Hamilton, J. Jebbett and P. D. Luther

The role of viruses as aetiologic agents for respiratory diseases in cattle O. C. Straub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The respiratory troubles in cattle in Belgium G. Wellemans, R. Strobbe and E. van Opdenbosch

Discussion

SESSION 4A: MYCOPLASMAS . . . . . . . . . .

Mycoplasmas involved in bovine pneumonia H. Ern(!). . .............. .

195

209

211

216

225

230

241

248

257

277

279

Respiratory disease and the incidence of pulmonary myco-plasmasmosis in intensively-reared calves in Italy P. Pignatelli . . . . . . . . . .

Isolation and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas from the res-piratory tract of calves R.N. Gourlay and C.J. Howard .

Some features of pulmonary mycoplasmosis in groups of naturally infected calves E.M. Allan

Defence mechanisms in calves against respiratory infections with myco­plasmas C.J. Howard, R.N. Gourlay and G. Taylor

Discussion

SESSION 4B: BACTERIAL.

Pulmonary bacterial flora of pneumonic and non-pneumonic calves

VII

284

295

305

317

326

343

E. M. Allan ........................... 345

The role of pasteurallae in respiratory diseases of cattle N.J.L. Gilmour 356

Discussion 363

SESSION 5A: PATHOLOGY

The pathology of calfhood pneumonias L. H. Thomas ........... .

Some pulmonary lesions of calves and their significance H.M. Pirie.

Discussion

SESSION 5B: THERAPY

Pharmacological considerations of current methods of therapy P. Eyre ......................... .

Treatment of infectious respiratory disease of calves

379

381

389

402

407

409

B. Martin 417

Discussion 423

SESSION 5C: IMMUNITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 429

Parainfluenza-3 virus neuraminidase and antineuraminidase in infection and protection of the bovine respiratory tract B. Morein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 431

VIII The respiratory tract immune system K.L. Morgan and F.J. Bourne

Anaphylactic antibodies in cattle - Their colostral transmission to calves and possible localisation in the respiratory tract

440

K. Petzoldt and C. von Benten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 452

Immunology in calf respiratory disease C. Le Jan and J. M. Asso 459

Discussion 476

SESSION 6A: VACCINATION 485

Bovine respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection and vaccination experi­ments A. van Nieuwstadt

Results of a small field trial with a multicomponent inactivated respiratory viral vaccine

487

S. P. Morzaria, B.A. Maund, M. S. Richards and J. W. Harkness . . . . .. 497

Vaccination against bovine enzootic pneumonia G. Wizigmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Experimental assessment of parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccines P. W. Wells, J. M. Sharp and W. D. Smith ......... ..

Enzootic bronchopneumonia in young cattle, a constant challenge to the clinician

509

515

H.J. Breukink 521

Discussion 527

SESSION 6B: APPLICATION OF RESEARCH AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 535

Application of research and future developments J.B. McFerran, D.G. Bryson and M.S. McNulty 537

Discussion

Summary D. G. McKercher

Closing remarks P. L'Hermite

List of participants

548

549

554

557

PREFACE

Not so many years ago little attention was paid to non-parasitic

respiratory diseases of cattle because they seemed of minor importance.

However, in the past twenty years, as the number of cattle kept on any farm

unit increased under economic pressures, there has been a concomitant rise

in the prevalence of respiratory illness.

Investigations into cattle respiratory diseases have become a significant

part of the research effort in most countries of Europe. Initially much work

went into finding, like the alchemist's stone, the orgdnism responsible for

causing cattle respiratory disease. Many viruses were isolated and over the

years a long list of those recovered from the respiratory tract of cattle

has been prepared. Unfortunately, few of these viruses on their own are

recognised as proven pathogens and no single virus provides the complete

aetiological answer to bovine respiratory disease.

More recently, perhaps in despair, g~eater attention has been directed

to the role of mycoplasma and, additionally. a revival of interest has taken

place in the significant part played by bacteria in the later stages of res­

piratory disease. Now, phrases such as "multifactorial disease" are being

commonly used to describe the complex situation with respiratory disease.

The respiratory infections of cattle do not respect international

boundaries. All countries involved in intensive beef or dairy production

are afflicted with the problem and the movement of large numbers of cattle

within, and between, countries disseminates infection and encourages outbreaks

of disease. Changes in agriCUltural methods as the result of economic pres­

sures must be accepted. Consequently. veterinary surgeons and others engaged

in combating livestock diseases must perforce be involved in finding effective

ways to reduce or eliminate the deaths and performance losses which follow in

the wake of intensive animal production.

It is with this aim in mind that this Seminar has been organised on

behalf of the Directorate General of Agriculture of the Commission of the

European Communities and the participants collected together for three days

of intensive discussion. By such exchange of information and ideas it is

hoped that all those involved in the problem of respiratory disease in cattle

X

will be brought up to date with the situation in each country and with the

current research findings throughout Europe.

Answers to the problems of respiratory disease must and will be found,

and it is through the stimulation of seminars such as this one that progress

will be hastened.

OPENING REMARKS

P. L'Hermite (EEC)

I would like to welcome you all to the Moredun Institute,

and to this seminar on respiratory diseases of cattle. I will

only say a few words about the problems and objectives of this

kind of seminar.

You know that we have a research programme at the Commission

on improvement in beef production. A certain part of this pro­

gramme is set aside to deal specifically with enteric diseases

in calves and respiratory diseases.

In 1975 we organised the first seminar on perinatal health

in calves, under the chairmanship of Dr. Rotin, and this rep­

resents the second seminar in the field of bovine pathology. We

are planning another seminar in France, in Thiverval Grignon in

April 1978, about the use and quality of colostrum. In Dublin

in November 1977 we are having another research workshop, organised

by Professor Kelly, on the problems of animals and human health

hazards caused by livestock effluents. It is the purpose of

the Commission to maintain the free exchange of animals between

the member States, and to avoid the communication of diseases to

humans.

For this purpose we are in permanent communication with

veterinarians within the Commission who are responsible for the

establishment of the Veterinary Code, and who are already setting

up four eradication programmes, one on bovine tuberculosis, one

on bovine cysticercosis, one on bovine brucellosis, and one on

classical swine fever.

I hope that we will obtain a better knowledge of some of

the problems connected with respiratory disease from this seminar,

in order to track down the origins of the diseases for the better­

ment of relations within the Commission.

XII

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Martin

for his co-operation in organising this seminar, both scientific­

ally and administratively, and I would also like to thank his

co-ordinators who have participated in the organisation of this

seminar.