smoking respiratory diseases
DESCRIPTION
PPT is not mine.TRANSCRIPT
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMCONTINUED
What is the stimulus for breathing?
• In an experiment, it was observed that the breathing rate decreases when the subject is breathing 100% oxygen, but increases when the subject is breathing a mixture of 92% oxygen and 8% carbon dioxide.
What is the stimulus for breathing?
• The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide, the higher the breathing rate.
• Hence, the stimulus for breathing is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood or in the alveolar air, not a lack of oxygen.
EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE ON HUMAN HEALTH
Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
Properties of the Chemicals
Effects on the Body
Nicotine • Addictive drug• Causes the
release of the hormone adrenaline
• Makes blood clot easily
• Increase in heartbeat & blood pressure
• Increased risk of blood clots in blood vessels
Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
Properties of the Chemicals
Effects on the Body
Carbon Monoxide • Combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin – reduces oxygen transport efficiency of red blood cells
• Death if concentrations in the air are increased by 1%
Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
Properties of the Chemicals
Effects on the Body
Carbon Monoxide • Increases the rate of fatty deposits on the inner arterial wall
• Damages the lining of blood vessels
• Increased risk of atherosclerosis
• Increased risk of blood clotting in the arteries
Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
Properties of the Chemicals
Effects on the Body
Tar • Contains cancer-causing (carcinogenic) chemicals which induce uncontrolled cell division of the epithelium
• Blockage in the air sacs & reduction in gas exchange efficiency
Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
Properties of the Chemicals
Effects on the Body
Tar • Paralyzes cilia lining the air passages
• Dust particles trapped in the mucus lining the airways cannot be removed
Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
Properties of the Chemicals
Effects on the Body
Irritants (e.g. hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde)
• Paralyzes cilia lining the air passages
• Increased risk of chronic bronchitis & emphysema
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
• Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes
• Symptoms include:
- the epithelium lining the airways becomes inflamed
- excessive mucus is secreted by the epithelium
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
- The cilia on the epithelium are paralyzed. Mucus & dust particles cannot be removed.
- The airways become blocked, making breathing difficult
- The person has to cough persistently to clear his airways in order to breathe.
EMPHYSEMA
• a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs
EMPHYSEMA• Symptoms include:
- Violent coughing breaks the partition walls between the air sacs.
- The surface area for gaseous exchange decreases.
- The lungs becomes inflated with air.
- The lungs lose their elasticity.
- Breathing becomes difficult. The person wheezes and suffers severe breathlessness.
LUNG CANCER
• Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages.
• The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they divide rapidly and form tumors.
Number of cigarettes smoked per day
Risk of lung cancer compared with a
non-smoker
10 10 times greater
20 20 times greater
30 30 times greater
LUNG CANCER• Symptoms include:
- may have no symptoms but tumor can be seen in a chest X-ray- cough
- shortness of breath- wheezing- chest pain