respiration in organisms
DESCRIPTION
I tried to present this content in Simple form. Read and understand how the Respiration Takes place in Organisms Simple Guide to LearnersTRANSCRIPT
RESPIRATION
By: Avinash Thappa Central University of Jammu
Contents
1. Definition2. Types of respiration a. Aerobic respiration b. Anaerobic respiration4. Respiration in Plants.5. Respiration in Animals6. Human respiratory system
Definition
The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration.
OrIt is the process of oxidation of
respiratory substrate (mainly glucose) in the cells resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water and energy.
Lightenergy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O Cellular
respirationin mitochondria
Organicmolecule
s
+ O2
ATP powers most cellular work
Heatenergy
ATP
Mitochondrion
Substrate-levelphosphorylatio
n
ATP
Cytosol
Glucose Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Electronscarried
via NADH
Substrate-levelphosphorylatio
n
ATP
Electrons carried
via NADH andFADH2
Oxidativephosphorylatio
n
ATP
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
Burning of Food A demonstration of energy released
from food
Burning
energywater
carbon dioxide
oxyge
n
food
(sugar)
food(sugar) +
oxygencarbon dioxide + water + energy (heat
+ light)
Breathing: It is the process by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide is called breathing. It is physical process and involves movement of muscles and skeleton in order to increase the gaseous exchange.
Cellular respiration: It takes place inside the living cells where mitochondria is involved for the break down (oxidation) of simple food molecules(mainly glucose) and Carbon dioxide and energy is released in the form of ATP molecules.
Types of cellular respiration 1. Aerobic respiration: 2. Anaerobic respiration:
Aerobic Respiration: •Takes place in presence of oxygen
reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
main food substance which oxidized in
cells is glucose
C6H12O
6
+ 6O2
enzymes
6CO2 + 6H2O
+ energy as it takes place in all living cells, it is
called cellular respiration which is used
to produce energy for cells to use
Comparison of Burning and Respiration
Similarities
- both involve oxidative processes
- both require the use of oxygen and food and they produce the same products of carbon dioxide and water
- both reactions release energy
Differences
Burning Respiration
takes place in air or oxygen
takes place in cells
a single-step process
a series of chemical reactionsno enzymes
involvedcontrolled by
enzymes
Burning Respiration
Differences
energy release is
vigorous and not
under control
energy release is
slower and under
control energy is released
in form of heat and
light (a flame can
result)
energy is released
in form of heat and
an energy-rich
compound
ATP energy is mainly released as heat
and ATP during respiration in cells
however, during respiration, some
ATP should be consumed first before
other ATP can be formed
the ATP consumed is used to form
other ATP from ADP and phosphate
groups
ADP + energy (from
breakdown of glucose)
+
phosph
ate
ATP
ATP is a high-energy compound while
ADP is a low-energy one
ATP can only store energy for a short
period
ATP is made inside organelles,
mitochondria, which is scattered in
the cytoplasm of a cell
Anaerobic Respirationrespiration in human is mainly
aerobic respiration as oxygen is
essential
when oxygen is not needed during
respiration, it is called anaerobic
respiration
yeast and muscle cells are examples
which they can respire anaerobically
for a short time
Alcoholic Fermentation without oxygen, yeast cells respire as
follows:C6H12O
6
+ energy+ 2C2H5OH
(ethanol)
2CO2
enzymes
amount of energy released
anaerobically is smaller when
compared with the aerobic method
anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
amount of energy
released
large small
oxidation of glucose completely partly
place of occurrence
mitochondria cytoplasm
Industrial Use of Yeast Fermentation alcohol produced is used for:
brewing beer
making wine
carbon dioxide released is used
for:
baking bread
Lactic Acid Fermentation
extra oxygen is required for undertaking
sternuous exercise
people cannot supply enough oxygen
to muscles even they breathe faster
and deeper
lactic acid will cause muscle fatigue and
muscle cramps if they are allowed to
accumulate
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + energy
enzymes
muscle need to produce energy
anaerobically by breaking down
glucose into lactic acid
a large amount of oxygen is needed to
break down the accumulated lactic acid
into carbon dioxide and water or turn to
glycogen in liver for storage so we pant
after doing exercise the amount of oxygen required to get
rid of lactic acid is called oxygen debt
Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Similarity
Sugar is broken down to release
energy
ATP is made
Both are controlled by enzymes
Differencesaerobic
respirationanaerobic respiration
complete oxidation
incomplete oxidation
oxidation of sugar
essentialoxygen
requirement
nil
energy released
large amount
small amount
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
in most living cells
in lower organisms (e.g.
bacteria and yeast) and vertebrate muscles
occurrence
inorganic: CO2 and
H2O
end products
organic: ethanol or lactic acid
Differences between Respiration and Photosynthesisaerobic
respirationphotosynthe
sis
energy is released
energy (light) is absorbed
produces carbon dioxide
and water
requires carbon dioxide and
water
an oxidative process
a reductive process
aerobic respiration
photosynthesis
occurs in all living cells at all times
occurs in green plants only when light is available
a breaking down process
a synthetic process
occurs in mitochondria
occurs in chloroplast
s
Respiration in Plants:
•Diffusion•Day time : oxygen release•Night time: C02 release
Respiratory Organs
Identify each type of respiratory adaptation, and relate to lifestyle.
Compare (if applicable) ventilation, gas exchange at the respiratory organ, transport of gases, and gas exchange at the tissues.
Tracheal System in Insects
Each cell has a nearly direct meansof gas exchange via the tracheal system (2-4 spiracles on the thorax, 6-8 on abdomen).
What is the advantage of such a system for a small, fast animal?Do insects have respiratory pigments in their hemolymph? Significance?
p. 984
(May serve as storage reserve)
Challenges of Gas Exchange related to
EnvironmentAir vs. Water: 20X more oxygen in air than in water
(at the same temp.) Diffusion of gas molecules is more
rapid in air Air is less viscous than water
ventilation (air) requires 1/10 the energy of water breathing
Gill Structure in Fish
p. 983
If fish gills are so efficient at gas exchange, why can’t most fish survive out of water?
Mechanics of Respiration:positive pressure breathing
Do amphibians have completely separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems?
What other organ(s) may be used in respiration?
Ventilation in Birds
Compare the size and complexity of the respiratory system in birds and amphibians (previous slide), and explain any differences.Compare the direction of airflow in birds and mammals. What does this imply regarding the pressure gradients at the transport epithelium?
p. 987
Mammalian Respiratory System
p. 985
Mechanics of Respiration:negative pressure
breathing
How do the serous membranes that cover the surfaces of the lungs and line the thoracic cavity facilitate breathing?
p. 986
Respiratory System
Function: to provide oxygen gas need for cellular respiration and remove carbon dioxide from the body
Invertebrate Organs: gills and trachae
Main Vertebrate Organs: Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, gills, diaphragm
Respiration in animals
Whether they live in water or on land, all animals must respire. To respire means to take in oxygen and give
off carbon dioxide. Some animals rely of simple diffusion
through their skin to respire. While others… Have developed large complex organ
systems for respiration.
Invertebrate respiration
Invertebrate respiratory organs have large surface areas Are in contact with air or water If require diffusion they must be moist.
Aquatic invertebrates
Aquatic animals have naturally moist respiratory surfaces, and some respire through diffusion through their skin. Example: jellyfish and anemones
Some larger aquatic animals like worms and annelids exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through gills. Gills are organs that have lots of blood
vessels that bring blood close to the surface for gas exchange.
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Terrestrial invertebrates have respiratory surfaces covered with water or mucus. (This reduces water loss)
There are many different respiratory specialized organs in terrestrial invertebrates. Spiders use parallel book lungs Insects use openings called spiracles where air
enters the body and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange
Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an extensive surface area of blood vessels.
How does respiration in aquatic invertebrates differ from that in terrestrial invertebrates?
Section 29-2
Mollusk
Insect
Spider
Gill
Siphons
Movement of water
Booklung
Airflow
Trachealtubes
Spiracles
Figure 29–9 Invertebrate Respiratory Systems
Vertebrate respiratory systems
Chordates have one of two basic structures for respiration: Gills – for aquatic chordates
Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians Lungs - for terrestrial chordates
Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Aquatic Gills
Water flows through the mouth then over the gills where oxygen is removed
Carbon dioxide and water are then pumped out through the operculum
Vertebrate lungs
As you move from amphibians to mammals the surface area of the lungs increases Insures a greater amount of gas exchange
(or a two way flow of air). Birds, by contrast have lungs and air
sacs which have only a one-way flow of air. This allows for them to have constant
contact with fresh air. This adaptation enables them to fly at high
altitudes where there is less oxygen.
Section 33-3
Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate
Nostrils, mouth, and throatTracheaLungAir sac
Figure 33–10: Vertebrate Lungs
Section 37-3
Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System
The Human Respiratory System
Section 37-3
Flowchart
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at
alveoli
Oxygen-richair from
environment
Bronchioles
Nasalcavities Pharynx Trachea Bronchi
BronchiolesAlveoli
PharynxNasal
cavities
Carbon dioxide-rich
air to the environment
Bronchi
Trachea
Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide In and Out of the Respiratory System
BIG QUESTION
…WHY DO ANIMALS BREATHE?